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Power and Contestation

Power and Contestation

Nivedita Menon | Aditya Nigam

(2008)

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Abstract

1989 marks the unraveling of India's 'Nehruvian Consensus' around the idea of a modern, secular nation with a self-reliant economy. Caste and religion have come to play major roles in national politics. Global economic integration has led to conflict between the state and dispossessed people, but processes of globalization have also enabled new spaces for political assertion, such as around sexuality. Older challenges to the idea of India continue from movements in Kashmir and the North-East, while Maoist insurgency has deepened its bases. In a world of American Empire, India as a nuclear power has abandoned non-alignment, a shift that is contested by voices within. Power and Contestation shows that the turbulence and turmoil of this period are signs of India's continued vibrancy and democracy. The book is an ideal introduction to the complex internal histories and external power relations of a major global player for the new century.
'This is a sophisticated yet accessible survey of contemporary Indian politics and society. It will be an excellent textbook and a handy reference work to a complex field of study' Faisal Devji, New School University 'This book approaches the daunting task of analyzing the contradictory, diverse, and divergent history of India since 1989 with uncommon intelligence. To its great merit, Power and Contestation addresses the multiple trends in Indian politics while also offering a coherent and sustained argument about the principal driving forces. To manage to accomplish all this while maintaining a perspective at once local and global is no mean feat.' Gyan Prakash, Princeton University 'Menon and Nigam provide us a much-needed, readily accessible, deeply informed, and critically sophisticated insiders' analysis of political reality in India during its rapid rise to global stardom as a neo-liberal icon of economic success.' David Ludden, New York University 'This book, written by two academics who are also campaigners, offers the best survey of recent Indian history that I have seen.' Barry Pavier, International Socialism 'A great introduction to the complex contradictions that make up contemporary India .. A critical, insightful, and yet accessible description of India's present history ... Brilliant analysis ... A forceful book.' Labour/Le Travail
Nivedita Menon is Reader in the Department of Political Science at the University of Delhi . She is author of Recovering Subversion: Feminist Politics Beyond the Law (2004) and editor of Gender and Politics in India (1999). A feminist scholar and political theorist, she has been involved in a wide range of political and social movements, especially against the rise of sectarian politics, against mass displacement of workers and in the anti-nuclearization movement. Aditya Nigam is currently a Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in Delhi. He has written and published on issues relating to Marxism, modernity, nationalism and identity, and is currently working on a book on the left in a post-utopian world. He is author of The Insurrection of Little Selves (2006). He was a full-time political activist with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) for over a decade and has worked with various social movements before reentering academia.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Contents v
Acknowledgments vi
Abbreviations vii
Timeline x
India at a glance xiii
Map of India xiv
Introduction: a genealogy of the 1990s 1
Collapse of the “Nehruvian consensus” 3
The long 1980s – after the Emergency 5
Enter the 1990s 12
1 | The recalcitrance of caste 15
The “backward castes” in power 15
The Dalit upsurge 19
Dalits, OBCs and secularism/communalism 21
Backward castes and the Women’s Reservation Bill 27
“Mandal II” and the electoral calculus 32
2 | Politics of Hindutva and the minorities 36
Key features of Hindutva ideology 36
Organizations of the Hindu Right 41
The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) debate 45
Ayodhya, Babri Masjid and Ramjanmabhoomi 48
BJP in power: the National Democratic Alliance 50
Muslim politics: the secular/communal question 54
Caste politics and secularism 57
Hindus and Hindutva 58
3 | Globalization I: accumulation by dispossession 61
Accelerated development 61
Private corporations and Special Economic Zones 64
Democracy, protest, and the nation 68
Dispossession by law: the case of the NVP 69
Displacement, compensation, and relocation 72
Courts and environment 74
The city beautiful: producing the global city 76
4 | Globalization II: new economiesof desire 83
Unshackling the imagination 85
Hindi and the media explosion 89
Desire, sex, and the city 91
Feminist rethinking on sexuality 93
Dalit celebration of consumption 95
“Dalit capitalism” 97
Bhopal Conference 100
5 | Old Left, New Left 103
The “historic blunder” 103
The metamorphosis 105
Greater role in national politics 108
West Bengal: from controlled militancy to neoliberalism 110
Emergence of a New Left 114
Non-party movements and heterodox voices 115
Naxalbari and the Far Left 118
Maoism – the third phase of Naxalism 121
Citizens’ initiatives and NGOs 124
Conclusion 133
6 | When was the nation? 135
The “north east” 138
Insurgency and state repression 140
Ethnic identity and conflict 147
“Conflict management” in the north east 150
Jammu and Kashmir 152
7 | India in the world 166
The cold war era 166
The new unipolar world 167
The Indo-US nuclear deal 168
Pakistan and India 170
“Looking east” 171
India and “Southasia” 172
Conclusion: a heterogeneous present 176
Globalization and growth 176
The UPA, the Left, and social movements 176
Hindutva and caste politics 178
Violence against women and feminist initiatives 180
Resistance to corporate globalization 181
Notes 182
Introduction 182
1 The recalcitrance of caste 182
2 Politics of Hindutva and the minorities 183
3 Globalization I\r 185
4 Globalization II 186
5 Old Left, New Left 187
6 When was the nation? 189
7 India in the world 191
Conclusion\r 192
Bibliography 193
Index 209