Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Rarely has such a contentious and complex issue emerged in twenty-first century development as that of water. In this book, co-editors David Hemson, Kassin Kulindwa, Haakon Lein, and Adolfo Mascarenhas use a global spread of case studies to illustrate that water is not simply an issue of physical scarcity, but rather a complex and politically-driven issue with profound future implications, both in the developing world and outside it.
The book argues that for the international community to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, governments must step in to protect the rights of the poor. Here, the links between poverty and access to clean water are explored with an eye to political reform that can end the exploitative policies of big business and help to shape a more equitable world for all.
David Hemson is a researcher who works within an emancipatory and developmental paradigm with a keen interest in the transformation of social and industrial relations. He has developed expertise and managed research teams in the field of rural development, gender studies, social policy, social movements and the evaluation of water and sanitation delivery. Within the HSRC he carries responsibility for appraising service delivery particularly in rural areas in the context of the shift in responsibility to local government. He is committed to the critical exploration of the unprecedented development of market relations on a world scale, the process of uneven development, and the prospects for new forms of intervention for social equality.
Kassim Kulindwa is a senior research fellow and lecturer in economics at the Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Salaam. His main research interest is in the field of natural resources and environmental economics in relation to the sustainable development question. He has authored and co-authored books, chapters, and articles on structural adjustment and sustainable development, poverty, energy, biodiversity, environment, water resources and fisheries resources in Tanzania among others.
Haakon Lein is associate professor at the Department of Geography at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. His main interests lies within the field of natural resource management, rural development and climate change and disasters. He has for the last 20 years been in involved in research on the role of water in rural development in Bangladesh as well water management reforms in Tanzania and China (Xingjiang)
Adolfo Mascarenhas, was the first Tanzania Director of the Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning (BRALUP) and the founder Director of the Institute of Resource Assessment at the University of Dar es Salaam. Since 1966 BRALUP pioneered several research projects on water. In 1978-79 he was appointed as the first non-engineer consultant by UNICEF/ WHO to draft the policy paper on Water and Sanitation as Part of Primary Health Care. On his return he was entrusted through BRALUP by two donors, with the task of implementing the UNICEF/WHO policy in 5 Regions in Tanzania. His major interest and publications have been on natural resources, famines/disasters and regional planning. He is now retired from the University and works independently on Environmental and Knowledge for development issues in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and South Africa.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Contents | v | ||
Boxes, tables and figures | vi | ||
1. Water and poverty: the inextricable link | 1 | ||
Introduction | 1 | ||
Water and poverty | 2 | ||
Water and health | 4 | ||
Water for agriculture | 7 | ||
Notes | 10 | ||
References | 11 | ||
2. Water for all: from firm promises to ‘new realism’? | 13 | ||
Introduction | 13 | ||
What progress has been made from the ‘development decade’ to the ‘water decade’? | 15 | ||
Neo-liberal policies and poverty | 20 | ||
Lessons from the Water Decade | 22 | ||
Recovering costs, managing demand | 26 | ||
Placing the sting on the poorest | 28 | ||
Costing a public good | 30 | ||
Domineering vested interests | 31 | ||
The new period: cost recovery, privatisation and human rights | 32 | ||
Reinforcing the contradictory tendencies | 34 | ||
Privatisation: a new panacea? | 35 | ||
From a trickle to a storm | 38 | ||
A renewed urgency: the state and delivery | 40 | ||
Pre-eminence of water issues | 42 | ||
Notes | 44 | ||
References | 45 | ||
3. It takes two to tango: steps towards change in the water sector | 47 | ||
Introduction | 47 | ||
Background | 47 | ||
Trust | 50 | ||
Shame | 58 | ||
Conclusion | 62 | ||
Notes | 62 | ||
References | 63 | ||
4. The link between poverty and water supply: the Nigerian example | 65 | ||
Introduction | 65 | ||
Conceptual framework | 66 | ||
Methodology | 68 | ||
Nigeria’s poverty profile | 71 | ||
Case studies | 73 | ||
Managing Nigeria’s water resources | 78 | ||
New policy directions | 80 | ||
Conclusions | 84 | ||
Notes | 85 | ||
References | 85 | ||
5. Water, agricultural development and rural poverty in Bangladesh | 87 | ||
Introduction | 87 | ||
Poverty and agricultural growth | 88 | ||
Water and agricultural change in Char Bhramondi | 92 | ||
Why has this been good for the poor? | 95 | ||
The emergence of a water market | 97 | ||
Conclusion | 99 | ||
References | 100 | ||
6. Opportunities for reforming the irrigation sector: the case of the Fish-Sundays scheme of the Eastern Cape | 103 | ||
Introduction | 103 | ||
The Fish-Sundays scheme | 104 | ||
Model | 107 | ||
Results | 109 | ||
Transforming irrigation | 113 | ||
Conclusion | 117 | ||
Appendix | 118 | ||
Note | 118 | ||
References | 118 | ||
7. Rural water supply projects appraisal and poverty eradication in Tanzania | 121 | ||
Introduction | 121 | ||
The situation in Tanzania | 121 | ||
The need for explicit inclusion of health effects in cost-benefit analysis | 123 | ||
Women are affected more | 124 | ||
Theory and practice of cost-benefit analysis | 125 | ||
The necessity of social dimensions in cost-benefit analysis | 126 | ||
The existing water supply situation and potential in Kilosa district | 127 | ||
Profile and water supply situation in two surveyed villages | 127 | ||
Analysis of water supply options | 129 | ||
Methodology of the analysis | 130 | ||
Assessment of economic benefits | 131 | ||
Basic assumptions | 133 | ||
Economic viability of sub-projects for Kilosa district | 134 | ||
Investment costs | 135 | ||
Investment benefits are more than monetary returns | 135 | ||
Summary of cost-benefit analysis results | 136 | ||
Conclusions | 139 | ||
Notes | 141 | ||
References | 142 | ||
8. Easing the burden on women? Water, cholera and poverty in South Africa | 144 | ||
Introduction | 144 | ||
A consistent pro-poor policy? | 146 | ||
Deepening disparities? | 148 | ||
Benefits accruing from water, sanitation and hygiene education | 150 | ||
The cholera epidemic and the rural poor | 152 | ||
Women, time poverty and social intervention | 159 | ||
Free basic water: the results | 162 | ||
Conclusions | 163 | ||
Notes | 165 | ||
References | 165 | ||
9. Water pricing, inequality and economic welfare: how can the new South African water policy support the well-being of the urban poor? | 168 | ||
Introduction | 168 | ||
South Africa and urban water | 170 | ||
Water distribution in Durban | 171 | ||
The basics of the model | 174 | ||
The social welfare function | 176 | ||
The urban residential water demand | 178 | ||
The short-run demand structure | 179 | ||
The supply of water | 179 | ||
Comparing the IBT price structures | 180 | ||
How different factors influence the optimal IBT | 181 | ||
The budget constraint of the water utility | 184 | ||
Policy implications of the results | 185 | ||
Note | 189 | ||
References | 189 | ||
10. Conclusion: water for the poor pays | 191 | ||
The rich have water | 191 | ||
From crisis to crisis | 192 | ||
Slogans and doctrinaire positions | 193 | ||
Do the poor have any rights? | 194 | ||
The slogan ‘water for all’ has mesmerised us all | 194 | ||
Learning from the ground | 195 | ||
The privatisation of water | 195 | ||
It is simply not enough to have policies | 196 | ||
Water helps, but there is need to look beyond | 196 | ||
The value of targeted research | 197 | ||
Need to review policies | 198 | ||
References | 199 | ||
About the contributors | 200 | ||
Index | 204 |