Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The Kyoto Protocol, the world's first tentative step towards avoiding the threat of climate change, has failed. We urgently need a new course of action.
In Kyoto2 the author presents us with a strikingly original new solution. Using a system of finite production rights for greenhouse gases, which would be traded by organisations on a global auction, Kyoto2 seeks to succeed where the original agreement failed. Regulated by an independent body, the funds could be poured back into healing the wounds inflicted by climate change. In his combination of idealism with realistic proposals, Tickell exposes the flaws in current approaches, and envisions a fairer and more effective system.
Kyoto2 promises to banish the dejection of the post-Kyoto era, reviving hope that the cure for the crisis facing our planet is still achievable.
Oliver Tickell is a freelance environment journalist, one-time environment correspondent at The Independent, and a regular columnist in Resurgence magazine where he writes about 'Sensible Solutions' to the world's problems.
'The most intelligent treatment of the politics and economics of climate change I have ever read. Brilliant, clear and unanswerable’
George Monbiot
'Elegantly simple and eminently workable, this is a proposal that could change the world. Kyoto2 should be read by anyone with an interest in climate change policy'
Mark Lynas
'A fresh, accessible, cogent and bold case for a radical departure from most established thinking. Very seldom is an argument made with such gusto, sharpness and wisdom. Whether you agree with Oliver Tickell or not, your understanding of and thinking about this vital global challenge will be greatly enhanced by reading this book'
Caspar Henderson
'Kyoto2 is bang on the nail. Exactly the kind of fresh, radical thinking that is now so urgently required'
Jonathon Porritt
'Kyoto2 hits the nail on the head: we need to crank down the global supply of fossil fuels. This is much simpler and more effective than trying to cap emissions, an almost hopeless task. Climate change is a global problem that must be treated globally. Kyoto2 shows how this can be done.'
Peter Barnes, Entrepreneur and writer
'Informative and illuminating, this is a radical assessment of where we're going on climate change (ever-further down the destructive slope) and where we could be headed with prompt and vigorous action (into a far healthier and still sustainable future).'
Norman Myers, Oxford University, and at the Said Business School
'This is a fantastic book--timely, important, and far-reaching, a key reference for anyone seeking to understand the complexities of dangerous climate change and current efforts to reduce it. Critical in tone and thought, Kyoto2 sharply examines one of the most urgent issues of our time.'
William F. Laurance, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
'Analytical and prophetic, Kyoto2 proposes a green economics of climate change that could just save our planet.'
Miriam Kennet, Green Economics Institute
'This is the book we need, and not a moment too soon. It takes seriously the latest science, and sets out to achieve what is necessary, not what's easy.'
Bill McKibben, environmentalist, writer and founder of 350.org
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Contents | v | ||
Boxes | vi | ||
Acknowledgements | vii | ||
Introduction | 1 | ||
Kyoto2 summary | 8 | ||
Purpose | 8 | ||
Main mechanism | 9 | ||
Non-market solutions | 11 | ||
Allocating resources | 12 | ||
Box 0.1 Climate Convention – objectiveand principles | 14 | ||
Box 0.2 In a nutshell | 16 | ||
1 | What’s the problem? | 17 | ||
2 | The policy response | 30 | ||
The Climate Convention | 30 | ||
The Kyoto Protocol | 33 | ||
The Bali Roadmap | 45 | ||
The EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme | 48 | ||
The Montreal Protocol | 52 | ||
The biofuel disaster | 54 | ||
UK taxes, levies and subsidies | 58 | ||
California | 61 | ||
Direct regulation – other examples | 65 | ||
The Climate Neutral Network | 66 | ||
Box 2.1 The Renewables Obligation | 62 | ||
3 | The atmospheric commons | 68 | ||
Commons or free-for-all? | 68 | ||
Contraction and Convergence | 71 | ||
Cap and Share | 76 | ||
Cap and Dividend | 78 | ||
Carbon rationing with tradable quotas | 79 | ||
4 | Applying market economics | 81 | ||
Why a cap on greenhouse gas emissions? | 84 | ||
Who should be held accountable for greenhouse gas emissions? | 88 | ||
Upstream or downstream – where should greenhouse gas emissions be assessed? | 90 | ||
Allocation of greenhouse gas permits – allocation or sale? | 92 | ||
How should permits be sold? | 95 | ||
What should we do with the money? | 103 | ||
Box 4.1 Arthur Pigou and ‘Pigouvian’ taxes | 112 | ||
Box 4.2 The ‘double dividend hypothesis’ | 116 | ||
Box 4.3 Ronald Coase and the Coase Theorem | 118 | ||
Box 4.4 Which auction? | 121 | ||
Box 4.5 Pareto and Kaldor-Hicks efficiency | 126 | ||
Box 4.6 Costing the future | 132 | ||
5 | Non-market solutions | 139 | ||
The market is not all-powerful | 139 | ||
Efficiency standards on goods | 143 | ||
Efficiency standards in buildings | 144 | ||
The transport sector – particular considerations | 146 | ||
The Montreal Protocol | 151 | ||
Emissions from deforestation | 152 | ||
Agriculture | 155 | ||
Redirecting capital investment | 157 | ||
Only clean coal | 159 | ||
Reducing cement emissions | 160 | ||
Ending energy subsidies | 162 | ||
Energy market reform | 163 | ||
Box 5.1 Ronald Coase on direct regulation | 168 | ||
6 | Allocating resources | 169 | ||
How much? | 169 | ||
Who? | 172 | ||
Adaptation Fund | 175 | ||
Clean Energy Fund | 180 | ||
Energy conservation in buildings | 182 | ||
Clean Energy Research Fund | 184 | ||
Forests and other terrestrial sinks | 187 | ||
Agricultural reform | 193 | ||
Geo-engineering | 198 | ||
Sulphate aerosol | 202 | ||
Emergency Relief Fund | 205 | ||
Limiting population increase | 208 | ||
Financing additional healthcare costs caused by climate change | 210 | ||
Totals | 213 | ||
7 | The Great Dying | 215 | ||
8 | Questions and answers | 224 | ||
What is Kyoto2? | 224 | ||
How long should Kyoto2 run for? | 224 | ||
Who might the winners and losers be at the national level, and who is therefore most likely to support or oppose it? | 225 | ||
What would the effect be on energy prices? | 226 | ||
What about the effect of higher fuel prices? Won’t poor people be hardest hit? | 228 | ||
Is there not a danger that imposing Kyoto2 could push the global economy into recession, or at least severely impact economic growth? | 229 | ||
Given that rich countries are enjoying the fruits of fossil-fuelled prosperity achieved over decades of industrialization, how can this be accounted for to the satisfaction of countries that still consider themselves underdeveloped? | 231 | ||
Does the global cap supersede all the various national targets that countries have, such as the UK’s 2050 target? | 233 | ||
Given that Kyoto2 primarily passes on the cost of carbon through the price mechanism, is it compatible with other national-level schemes? | 233 | ||
If funding is to be given to the victims of climate change, how might this be assessed?\r | 233 | ||
Assuming the whole world does not sign up to Kyoto2 at once,how would countries who have signed up trade with countries who have not? | 234 | ||
Why not just have a modest $2 carbon tax on fossil fuels and industrial gases and spend the money on low-carbon energy research – as Bjorn Lomborg advocates? | 235 | ||
Why not just back Contraction and Convergence? | 236 | ||
How does Kyoto2 reflect the restoration of global equity, which must surely be a key part of any new climate agreement? | 237 | ||
Why does Kyoto2 propose geo-engineering the planet? | 238 | ||
Why does Kyoto2 propose to charge for the production of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels and other concentrated industrial sources, but not for greenhouse gases emitted from forestry, agriculture and other diffuse land-based sources? | 239 | ||
What would happen to the carbon market under Kyoto2? | 240 | ||
What about the ‘carbon entrepreneurs’ now producing emissions reductions under the Clean Development Mechanism? Would they all go bust under Kyoto2? | 240 | ||
What would be the role of ‘voluntary carbon offsets’ under Kyoto2? And could people in effect create their own voluntary offsets by buying permits, and retiring them? | 241 | ||
You don’t say much about nuclear power – why not? | 242 | ||
What form might the move you want towards renewable energy take? | 243 | ||
If we are facing a future of fossil fuel scarcity, do we really need Kyoto2? If accessible and economic oil and coal simply run out, as many people think they will, won’t that solve the problem? | 245 | ||
What if climate scientists are wrong and the world is not really warming up after all? Then Kyoto2 would be a huge waste of time, effort and money, wouldn’t it? | 246 | ||
Surely global warming is not altogether bad? Without global warming caused by human emissions, we might be going into an ice age by now. | 247 | ||
How might Kyoto2 actually happen? | 248 | ||
Notes | 250 | ||
Notes to Introduction | 250 | ||
Notes to Chapter 1 | 250 | ||
Notes to Chapter 2 | 252 | ||
Notes to Chapter 3 | 255 | ||
Notes to Chapter 4 | 256 | ||
Notes to Chapter 5 | 258 | ||
Notes to Chapter 6 | 260 | ||
Notes to Chapter 7 | 264 | ||
Notes to Chapter 8 | 265 | ||
Glossary | 266 | ||
Index | 280 |