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Indigenous Peoples and Poverty

Indigenous Peoples and Poverty

Robyn Eversole | John-Andrew McNeish | Alberto D. Cimadamore

(2008)

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Book Details

Abstract

This book brings together two of today's leading concerns in development policy - the urgent need to prioritize poverty reduction and the particular circumstances of indigenous peoples in both developing and industrialized countries. The contributors analyse patterns of indigenous disadvantage worldwide, the centrality of the right to self-determination, and indigenous people's own diverse perspectives on development. Several fundamental and difficult questions are explored, including the right balance to be struck between autonomy and participation, and the tension between a new wave of assimilationism in the guise of 'pro-poor' and 'inclusionary' development policies and the fact that such policies may in fact provide new spaces for indigenous peoples to advance their demands. In this regard, one overall conclusion that emerges is that both differences and commonalities must be recognised in any realistic study of indigenous poverty.
'This book brings together two leading concerns in development policy....In addition to the general analayses put forward, there is a rich collection of specific country and particular indigenous populations' experiences from the Americas, Australasia, South East Asia, Europe and Russia.' Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
Robyn Eversole is a research fellow at RMIT University, Australia John-Andrew McNeish lectures at the Institute of Anthropology, University of Bergen Alberto Cimadamore is professor at the University of Buenos Aires; and advisor to the Latin American Council of Social Sciences

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Contents v
Tables and maps vii
1 | Introduction: indigenous peoples and poverty 1
Why write about indigenous peoples and poverty? 1
Defining indigenous peoples 5
Poverty and policy 10
The story of this book 17
Notes 21
References 22
2 | Overview – patterns of indigenous disadvantage worldwide 29
Indigenous peoples in Latin America 29
Indigenous peoples in Asia 31
Indigenous peoples in Africa 32
Indigenous peoples in wealthy nations 34
Patterns of indigenous disadvantage 35
Notes 36
References 36
3 | The conditions of life and health for indigenous women in areas of high marginalization, Chiapas, Mexico 38
Goals and work methodology 39
Results 41
Discussion of the results 47
Conclusion 50
Note 51
References 51
4 | Scarred landscapes and tattooed faces: poverty, identity and land conflict in a Taiwanese indigenous community 53
Indigenous peoples in Taiwan: the underside of a miracle 53
Taiwan’s Tayal tribe 55
Asia Cement in Hsiulin township 59
Aboriginal identity: a new form of social capital 59
Appropriating Taroko ‘identity’: the tattooed faces of Asia Cement 62
Conclusion 63
Notes 64
References 65
5 | Nutritional vulnerability in indigenous children of the Americas – a human rights issue 69
What does a human rights approach have to offer? 72
Infant mortality and stunting among indigenous children of the Americas 74
States and their health- and food-related human rights obligations 79
Rights: via political decisions or legal mechanisms 85
Conclusion 86
Notes 88
References 90
6 | Overview – the right to self-determination 97
The limits of liberalism 98
Rethinking the basis of indigenous rights 101
Peoples and collective rights 102
Conclusion 105
Notes 106
References 106
7 | Poverty and international aid among Russia’s indigenous peoples 108
Indigenous peoples in the Russian Federation 108
Soviet indigenous policy 110
Poverty among the Russian indigenous peoples 113
Poverty alleviation among the Russian indigenous peoples 115
The Russian indigenous peoples and ODA eligibility 118
Factors relevant to extending ODA to the Russian indigenous peoples 120
Conclusions 121
Glossary 122
Notes 122
References 123
8 | Indigenous peoples of South-East Asia: poverty, identity and resistance 126
Indigenous peoples, the state and marginalization 129
Indigenous peoples and globalization 138
Conclusion: identity, resistance and empowerment 148
Notes 153
References 154
9 | Tackling indigenous disadvantage in the twenty-first century: ‘social inclusion’ and Maori in New Zealand 158
The traditional parameters of Maori affairs policy 159
Maori affairs at the turn of the century: the Closing the Gaps strategy 163
Conclusion 176
Glossary of Maori words 178
Notes 179
References 180
10 | Political participation and poverty in Colombian indigenous communities: the caseof the Zenú and Mokaná peoples 185
Poverty and ethnic diversity in Colombia 186
Recognizing diversity in Colombia 188
The case of the Zenú people 189
The case of the Mokaná people 191
Towards a definition of poverty from the ethnic diversity perspective 193
Conclusion 195
Notes 196
References 197
11 | Indigenous peoples, poverty and self-determination in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States 199
Differences 200
Commonalities 201
Indigenous assertion and state response 203
Indigenous poverty and self-determination: the US case 206
The transferability of US results 210
Conclusion: policy implications 215
Notes 217
References 219
12 | Overview: indigenous peoples’ perspectives on poverty and development 229
Indigenous knowledge and development 230
Indigenous participation in development 232
Development on their own terms 235
Notes 236
References 236
13 | Ecological wealth versus social poverty: indigenous development in Central America and Mexico 239
Social deterioration in the region 239
Environmental deterioration 241
Cultural diversity and diversity of species 242
Conservation of nature and indigenous peoples 242
Protected natural areas and indigenous peoples 245
Conservation of nature and indigenous peoples: are they linked by a direct relationship? 247
The Mesoamerican model for the management of natural resources 249
Economic alternatives for indigenous peoples 249
Development versus indigenous expectations? 253
Conclusion 254
Notes 255
References 255
14 | Indigenous anti-poverty strategies in an Australian town 260
Indigenous poverty and grass-roots strategies 260
Solving poverty from the inside? Indigenous initiatives in one town 262
Issues 264
Projects and actions 265
Conclusion: insider initiative and the complex terrain of social change 268
Notes 270
References 271
15 | Sami responses to poverty in the Nordic countries 274
Cultural strengthening 275
Financial resources 285
Conclusion 286
Notes 287
References 288
16 | Conclusions: poverty, peoples and the meaning of change 290
References 294
About the contributors 295
Index 301