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Abstract
Clodomir Santos de Morais is to organizational and entrepreneurial literacy what his Brazilian confrere, Paulo Freire, is to ordinary literacy. This book introduces for the first time in English the experiences of grassroots development workers who have applied his ideas of the Organization Workshop (OW) and capacitation in highly diverse social settings. One of the most exciting aspects of de Morais's methods of working with the most marginalized sectors of society is their relevance not just to Third World countries, but also to Eastern Europe's economies in transition and the most deprived areas of the industrialized countries.
This highly distinctive grassroots development approach to empowering socially excluded strata in economic and organizational terms holds out the prospect of becoming a very important factor in the struggle against poverty.
Raff Carmen currently coordinates the Masters and post-graduate research programmes in Adult Education, Adult Literacy and Rural Social/Community Development at the University of Manchester.
'The kind of book that comes only once in a while. Important for progressive educators, community organizers, and all those concerned with non-formal education.'
Carlos Alberto Torres, Latin American Center, UCLA
'In the link de Morais establishes between autonomy, self-organization, and creative
enterprise building may well lie feasible guidelines for the much needed task of thinking beyond development and the neoliberal economy.'
Arturo Escobar, author of 'Encountering Development'
'At last a book that offers the English-speaking world a window into a startling body of theory and practice on building democratic forms of economic organization.'
Simon Zadek, New Economics Foundation, London
'One of the few books to cross the boundary between social and organizational change, and a 'must' for all organization and social development practitioners.'
Bill Cooke, Institute for Development Policy and Management, Manchester University.
'The success of these worker-owned enterprises makes this book essential reading for anyone concerned with issues of poverty and development.'
Frank Youngman, author of 'The Political Economy of Adult Education and Development'
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| Notes | xiii | ||
| Preliminary Note on Translating ‘Latino’ Terms into English | xv | ||
| The Concept and Practice of ‘Capacitation’ (and ‘Discapacitation’) | xv | ||
| ‘Situated Learning’ and ‘Capacitation’ | xvii | ||
| Formación/formação | xviii | ||
| Assistencialismo/clientelismo/sociolismo | xviii | ||
| References | xix | ||
| Notes on the Contributors | xx | ||
| Abbreviations | xxiii | ||
| Part I: Context and History | 1 | ||
| 1: Those Who Don’t Eat and Those Who Don’t Sleep | 2 | ||
| The Demise of the Welfare State | 4 | ||
| A Sound Market Built on Sound Sociological Foundations | 7 | ||
| ‘Where There is no Workplace’, and Hence no Future | 10 | ||
| Conclusion | 12 | ||
| Note | 12 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| 2: Clodomir Santos de Morais: The Origins of the Large-scale Capacitation Theory and Method | 14 | ||
| Introduction | 14 | ||
| Years of Exile and of Further Development of the Method | 15 | ||
| The Theory | 16 | ||
| The Organization Workshop Method | 17 | ||
| Why a Method That Has Shown Such Excellent Results Has Not Spread More Widely | 21 | ||
| Is It Possible to Overcome the Allergy? | 23 | ||
| Notes | 24 | ||
| Part II: Theoretical Perspectives | 25 | ||
| 3: The Large Group Capacitation Method and Social Participation: Theoretical Considerations | 26 | ||
| Large Group Capacitation | 26 | ||
| Guiding Principles for the Analysis of the Concept of Organiza-tional Consciousness | 27 | ||
| The Need to Realign Workers’ Ideological Behaviour | 31 | ||
| Social Engineering | 34 | ||
| The Methodological Phases | 35 | ||
| Notes | 38 | ||
| 4: From Paulo Freire to Clodomir Santos de Morais: from Critical to Organizational Consciousness | 39 | ||
| A Final Treasured Moment with Paulo Freire, March 1997 | 39 | ||
| Extension and Extensionism | 40 | ||
| Extension, Popular Education and Capacitation | 46 | ||
| Objective Activity | 47 | ||
| Theory-building, Research and Evaluation | 48 | ||
| Notes | 48 | ||
| Part III: The Organization Workshop in Practice | 51 | ||
| The OW in Central and South America | 51 | ||
| 5: From Navvies to Entrepreneurs: The OW in Costa Rica | 52 | ||
| Conclusion | 58 | ||
| Note | 58 | ||
| 6: Sacked Agricultural Workers Take on the Multinationals in Honduras | 60 | ||
| Short Overview of Development in Honduras in the 1970s | 60 | ||
| Campesino Organizations and Context of the Reforms | 60 | ||
| The Workshop | 61 | ||
| The OW and the Private Sector | 62 | ||
| Strengthening of Group Management | 63 | ||
| The ‘Centre’ Workshops | 64 | ||
| An Example: The Agro-industrial Complex of Guaymas | 65 | ||
| Limitations and Problems | 66 | ||
| Lessons to be Drawn | 67 | ||
| Notes | 68 | ||
| 7: The Mexican Experience | 70 | ||
| The First Field Workshops in the Lacandona Forest (Chiapas) | 70 | ||
| The Field OW of Tampaón San Luís Potosí | 71 | ||
| The Tampaón OW | 73 | ||
| Twenty Years on: Some Preliminary Evaluations | 75 | ||
| Interlude: Official Recognition by the Mexican Authorities | 77 | ||
| The Enterprise Workshop and Entrepreneurial Management Workshop (EMW) in Huatusco, Vera Cruz | 78 | ||
| Conclusion | 79 | ||
| Note | 80 | ||
| 8: The OW in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru | 81 | ||
| The Agrarian Reform in Panama | 81 | ||
| Colombia | 81 | ||
| Venezuela | 82 | ||
| Peru | 84 | ||
| Note | 87 | ||
| 9: Three Decades of Work with OWs in Latin America | 88 | ||
| Note | 90 | ||
| The OW in Africa | 91 | ||
| 10: ‘Doing Enterprises’ in Wartime and Post-war Mozambique | 92 | ||
| First-wave Involvement in Mozambique | 92 | ||
| The CRS invites IATTERMUND | 93 | ||
| The Polana Canizo OW (1991) | 94 | ||
| The Caritas Mozambique ‘Course’ OW for TDEs and the First PROGEI/SIPGEI | 95 | ||
| Second-wave Involvement: Matzinho, Munguine, Boroma and Nhatambala | 96 | ||
| The Matzinho Village Enterprise in War-torn Mozambique | 96 | ||
| The Munguine OW in Post-war Mozambique (January 1995) | 99 | ||
| Boroma and Nhatambala (October 1995) | 102 | ||
| The Boroma OW | 102 | ||
| The Nhatambala OW | 105 | ||
| Conclusion | 107 | ||
| Notes | 107 | ||
| 11: In Angola, Guinea Bissau and São Tomé e Principe | 109 | ||
| Angola: An Abundance of Jobs But No One to Fill Them | 109 | ||
| The OW Called in by the Angolan Trade Union Movement | 111 | ||
| Guinea Bissau and São Tomé e Principe: The ‘Course’ OWs in Guinea Bissau | 112 | ||
| Unemployment in Bissau: 1989 onwards | 113 | ||
| Back to Brazil | 113 | ||
| Note | 114 | ||
| 12: Hard Learning in Zimbabwe (SADET) and in Post-civil War Mozambique | 115 | ||
| ‘Why Zimbabwe, of All Places?’ | 115 | ||
| The First OWs in Southern Africa | 117 | ||
| Hard Learning | 118 | ||
| The Adaptation Process | 120 | ||
| The Mass Capacitation Operation in Hurungwe District, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe | 124 | ||
| Other Experiences | 126 | ||
| Ventures in Mozambique | 127 | ||
| Results | 129 | ||
| Notes | 130 | ||
| 13: Organization Development (OD) and the Moraisean OW in South Africa and Botswana | 131 | ||
| The Learning Organization | 132 | ||
| Changes in the Enterprise of the Participants | 132 | ||
| Changes in the Hosting NGO | 134 | ||
| Changes in the Participants’ Enterprises of Origin | 136 | ||
| An Approach to OD? | 136 | ||
| Defining Characteristics | 137 | ||
| A Note on the Human Relations Movement (HRM) | 140 | ||
| Giving Priority to Learning | 141 | ||
| Concluding Remarks | 142 | ||
| Notes | 142 | ||
| The OW in Europe and Other Industrial Countries | 145 | ||
| 14: The Potential of the OW in the Former Soviet Bloc Countries and in Economies in Crisis | 146 | ||
| The Workers’ Councils in Poland and the Path Blocked in Russia | 146 | ||
| Natural Disasters | 148 | ||
| Hurricane Mitch in Central America: From ‘Aid’ to Autonomy | 149 | ||
| Note | 151 | ||
| Reference | 151 | ||
| 15: Post-Salazar Portugal: The First European SIPGEI | 152 | ||
| The End of the Salazar Dictatorship and the Independence of the Portuguese Colonies | 152 | ||
| The Large Scale Capacitation Project: International Aid | 153 | ||
| The Ultimate Destination of the Newly Formed Cadres | 154 | ||
| State Power versus Civil Society: Two Opposing Forces? | 156 | ||
| Further Developments of the INSCOOP Initiative | 157 | ||
| Some Examples of the Influence of the OW in Portugal | 159 | ||
| Subsequent Engagements of the Overseas Participants in the Portuguese OWs | 160 | ||
| Notes | 160 | ||
| 16: The Crisis of Work and the Welfare Reform Plans in Western Countries | 162 | ||
| ‘Grim and Getting Grimmer’ | 162 | ||
| Experiential and Experimental Workshops | 164 | ||
| The OD ‘Experiential’ Learning Workshops | 165 | ||
| The ‘Experimental’ OWs | 166 | ||
| Welfare Reforms and Welfare-to-Work | 167 | ||
| Conclusion | 170 | ||
| Notes | 171 | ||
| References | 171 | ||
| Part IV: From Local OWs to National Employment-generation Systems | 173 | ||
| 17: The Brazilian PROGEI-SIPGEIs of the 1980s and 1990s | 174 | ||
| Background | 174 | ||
| The UNB, IATTERMUND, Jânio Quadros and the MST | 175 | ||
| Mayors Erundina and Maluf | 176 | ||
| The PROGEIs of Paraíba, Cuiabá and Alagoas | 177 | ||
| The PROGEIs of Paulo Afonso, Vitória and Rondônia | 178 | ||
| The Amazonian PRONAGER | 185 | ||
| ‘More Than a Job: A Future’ | 186 | ||
| Notes | 187 | ||
| 18: The PAE and the Self-employment Project in Brazil | 188 | ||
| Note | 192 | ||
| 19: The OW and Civil Society in Brazil | 193 | ||
| Introduction | 193 | ||
| Membership Associations of the Excluded in Late-1980s Brazil | 194 | ||
| The OW as an Unfolding Form of Associationism and Cooperativism in Brazil | 196 | ||
| Types of OW | 198 | ||
| Conclusion | 201 | ||
| 20: The OW’s Potential: Concluding Observations | 204 | ||
| The Social Composition of the Groups and Large-scale Social Participation Projects | 205 | ||
| The Concepts of ‘Capacitation’ and ‘Discapacitation’ | 208 | ||
| Capacitation and Discapacitation: Two Faces of the Same Coin | 212 | ||
| Organizational and Management Capacitation as a Civil Society Enabler | 213 | ||
| The PROGEI and SIPGEI as Mechanisms of Social Auditing and of State Reform | 214 | ||
| Note | 217 | ||
| Reference | 217 | ||
| Selective Bibliography of Works by and on Clodomir Santos de Morais | 218 | ||
| Index | 223 |