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Book Details
Abstract
Taner Akçam is one of the first Turkish academics to acknowledge and discuss openly the Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman-Turkish government in 1915. This book discusses western political policies towards the region generally, and represents the first serious scholarly attempt to understand the Genocide from a perpetrator rather than victim perspective, and to contextualize those events within Turkey's political history. By refusing to acknowledge the fact of genocide, successive Turkish governments not only perpetuate massive historical injustice, but also pose a fundamental obstacle to Turkey's democratization today.
Taner Akçam is Visiting Professor at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
'Taner Akçam is one of the new generation of scholars from Turkey developing a new understanding of Turkish history, and who are trying to explore the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic. In Turkey, this subject has been made taboo politically and in official historical writing, and efforts at seeking historical truth and justice are full of personal risks. We hope that his example of courage and intellectual honesty will contribute to a better understanding between peoples in the region.'
Yair Auron, The Open University of Israel
'This book is original, discriminating, and confronts profound issues. It should be accessible to a wide audience, not scholars alone. From Empire to Republic is a book that could have a large impact on how both Turkish history and the Armenian Genocide are understood'
Roger W. Smith, Professor Emeritus, Department of Government, College of William and Mary
'Taner Akçam‘s approach to the analysis of the lingering Turkish-Armenian conflict is as novel as it is phenomenal. He proposes a new kind of scholarly dialogue that is based on non-partisan, authentic official documents and upon scholars, both Turkish and Armenian, whose commitment to unadulterated truth is optimal'
Vahakn N. Dadrian, Zoryan Institute
'Dr. Akçam has been working tirelessly, and against tremendous odds,to overcome prejudices and biases in order to initiate dialoguebetween the Turks and the Armenians. He has diligently delved into primary sources to understand, illuminate and analyze some of the darker aspects of human behavior in general and the Armenian tragedy in particular. His critical focus on this particular silence in Turkish history is bound to bolster the democratic forces in that society. Dr. Akçam‘s scholarship is meticulous, his perspectives illuminating, and his moral fortitude inspiring. In all, what is most remarkable is not only his perseverance, but also his genuine sense of optimism'
Fatma Müge Göçek, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
'Offers informative reading for those interested in debates surrounding the Armenian genocide.'
Hilmar Kaiser
'Taner Akçam has gained prominence in academic circles as the first Turkish historian to publicly argue that the disappearance of the Armenian population from Anatolia in the last decades of the Ottoman Empire was the result of genocide. This book, a set of inter-related essays on the place of the Armenian question in Turkish public life, will not make Akçam any less controversial a figure. He focuses on the mentality of the perpetrator rather than the victim, and argues that the humiliating transformation 'From Empire to Republic' was the key experience leading to the emergence of a genocidal mentality among the Young Turks.'
Bill Kissane, Nation's and Nationalism, Volume 14, April 2008
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Contents | v | ||
Preface | ix | ||
Introduction | 1 | ||
Notes | 10 | ||
1. What Are Turkey’s Fundamental Problems? A Model for Understanding Turkey Today | 11 | ||
The Fundamental Problem: the Failure to Decide on a System | 12 | ||
Hypocritical Behavior: Societal Schizophrenia | 16 | ||
A Civil–Political Culture of Impropriety | 18 | ||
The Reasons for This State of Affairs Must Be Sought in the Republic’s Formative Years | 21 | ||
The Republic Was Founded on Taboos | 23 | ||
Reading the History of the Republic as the History of Revolts against Taboos | 25 | ||
The Situation: Stalemate | 27 | ||
The Rebirth of the ‘Eastern Question’ | 30 | ||
The Western Connection: The Crucial Condition for Democratization | 32 | ||
Comparison between Germany and Turkey | 33 | ||
Notes | 37 | ||
2. A Theoretical Approach to Understanding Turkish National Identity | 39 | ||
The Difficulty in Comprehending Acts of Genocide | 41 | ||
The Perspectives of ‘Victim’ and ‘‘Perpetrator’ | 43 | ||
Genocide as a Product of National Identity | 44 | ||
Understanding Turkish National Identity | 46 | ||
The Five Main Elements for Understanding Turkish National Identity | 49 | ||
‘Annihilation Psychosis’ and the Decision for Genocide | 54 | ||
Notes | 57 | ||
3. Some Aspects of Turkish National Identity and the Armenian Genocide | 59 | ||
Turkish National Identity and Some of its Characteristics | 61 | ||
‘Delayed’ Turkish National Identity and the Aggressiveness Resulting from the Anxiety about Closing the Gap | 62 | ||
Turkish National Identity: A Reaction to Continual Humiliation | 67 | ||
The Nation Destined to Rule: The Turks | 73 | ||
Turkish National Identity Developed against a Fear of Extinction | 76 | ||
Turkish National Identity and Christian Enmity | 78 | ||
Turkish National Identity: Caught Between the Glory of the Past and the Humiliation of the Present | 87 | ||
The Desire to Avenge Massacres and Territorial Losses | 92 | ||
The West’s Double Standard and the Tactics of the Christian Minorities | 96 | ||
Turkish National Identity and the Perception of Humiliation in Relation to Human Rights and Democracy | 100 | ||
Spiritual Unity and Integrity against the Foreign and Internal Enemy | 103 | ||
Notes | 107 | ||
4. The Homogenizing and Ethnic Cleansing of Anatolia | 115 | ||
On the Process of Nation Building | 116 | ||
The Second Wave of Nation Building | 117 | ||
Religion and Nation Forming | 119 | ||
The Second Wave of Nation Forming and the Kurdish Question | 122 | ||
A Common Characteristic of Both Nation-forming Processes | 124 | ||
How Did Anatolia Become Homogenized? | 127 | ||
Ottomanism for the ‘Union of Peoples’ | 128 | ||
The Idea of a Homogeneous National State in Place of the ‘Union of Peoples' | 130 | ||
Turkism Replaces Ottomanism | 134 | ||
The Theoretical Framework for Turkism | 137 | ||
Turkification Put into Practice | 139 | ||
Concrete Plans for the Homogenization of Anatolia | 141 | ||
Economic Measures | 141 | ||
Political Steps | 143 | ||
The Last Wave of Turkification: The Armenian Genocide | 149 | ||
Notes | 151 | ||
5. The Decision for Genocide in the Light of Ottoman-Turkish Documents | 158 | ||
The Reorganization of Tes¸kilat-ı Mahsusa | 158 | ||
The Gangs of the Special Organization | 160 | ||
Three Sources for Recruitment of the Gangs | 161 | ||
First Actions of the Gangs | 163 | ||
Making the Decision for Genocide | 164 | ||
The Decision Was Made After Long Deliberations | 166 | ||
Everything Is Reorganized | 168 | ||
How Was the Genocide Organized? | 168 | ||
The Role of the CUP Secretaries and Bahaettin S¸akir | 171 | ||
Talât Pas¸a as General Coordinator and His Telegrams | 174 | ||
Notes | 175 | ||
6. The Treaties of Sèvres and Lausanne: An Alternative Perspective | 180 | ||
The Views of the Entente Powers Concerning the Punishment of the Turks | 182 | ||
What was the Concrete Understanding of Punishment? | 185 | ||
Attitudes toward Punishing ‘the Turks’ | 190 | ||
Various Attitudes on the Question of War Guilt | 192 | ||
Attitudes Regarding Those Guilty of Massacre | 194 | ||
The Armenian Genocide as a Handicap for the Anatolian Movement | 196 | ||
An Attempt at a Conclusion | 200 | ||
Notes | 204 | ||
7. The Causes and Effects of Making Turkish History Taboo | 208 | ||
On Taboos | 210 | ||
The Desire to Forget History: A Defense Mechanism | 211 | ||
Hysterical-Neurotic Behavior | 213 | ||
The Reasons That Turkish Society Desires to Erase History from Its Memory | 216 | ||
Toward a Conclusion | 222 | ||
Notes | 224 | ||
8. The Genocide and Turkey | 226 | ||
A Simple Model by Which to Understand Turkey | 229 | ||
Why Do ‘Turks’ Get So Upset When The Subject Is Brought Up? | 233 | ||
We Do Not Want the Identity That We Have Created to Be Dissolved | 237 | ||
Notes | 241 | ||
9. Some Theoretical Thoughts on the Obstacles to Armenian–Turkish Reconciliation | 243 | ||
Thinking in Collective Categories:The Terms ‘Turks’ and ‘Armenians’ | 244 | ||
How Do We Define Collective Identities? | 246 | ||
Constructing the ‘Other’ | 249 | ||
Dialogue and Reconciliation | 250 | ||
Notes | 252 | ||
Select Bibliography | 254 | ||
Index | 265 |