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Science and Technology for Development

Science and Technology for Development

Professor James Smith

(2009)

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Book Details

Abstract

How can science realize its potential and help us tackle global inequality, environmental change and crippling poverty? How can more appropriate technologies be developed for those most in need? Science has long promised much -- new crops, new medicines, new sources of energy, new means of communication -- but the potential of new technologies has frequently bypassed the poorest people and the poorest countries. In Science and Technology for Development, James Smith explores the complex relationship between society and technology, and the potential for science to make sustainable contributions to global development. Drawing on case studies from Africa, Latin America and Asia, the author argues that we need to think carefully about science and development, otherwise the perpetual promise of future technological breakthroughs may simply work to distance meaningful development from the present. This book is essential reading for all students of development.
James Smith is co-director of and a senior lecturer in the Centre of African Studies at the University of Edinburgh. He is also a director at the ESRC Innogen Research Centre at Edinburgh and a visiting fellow in development policy and practice at the Open University. His research explores the relationships between knowledge, science and development, particularly in relation to agricultural research and how it is practised. He has worked with many international organisations and research centres including Oxfam, DFID, IDRC and the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research.
'This is one of the rare books I have read which brings out the complex web of relationships among science, technology and development with great clarity and originality.' M S Swaminathan, Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha), Chairman, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation 'This is a book that has long been needed. It is short but succinct. In simple language it shows the reader that there is no substitute for careful analysis of the local context before making interventions. I shall certainly use it in my own courses and training materials but I imagine it will be extensively used in overseas universities and related institutions.' Norman Clark, The Open University

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Prelims\r i
About the series ii
About the author ii
Acknowledgements vi
Acronyms vii
Foreword ix
Introduction | Development and the Promise of Technology 1
Science and technology studies 7
Studying science, technology and development 9
Further reading 11
1 | Rethinking Technology for Development 12
Modernization, linear progressions and ‘technological determinism’ 14
Asian Tigers and the role of technology 16
Different stripes: the four Asian Tigers 18
Technological determinism and societal change 20
The reflexivity of the Green Revolution 21
Black boxes and telecentres in Tanzania 24
A telecentre in Tanzania 26
Tissue culture bananas and the promise of ex ante studies 28
Hybrid maize, hybridity and diversity in Southern Africa 30
Green Revolution: from Rhodesia to Zimbabwe 31
Conclusion 36
Further reading 37
2 | The Internationalization of Science 38
The World Health Organization and the Malaria Eradication Programme 41
The Malaria Eradication Programme 43
The Green Revolution, institutions and modernization 45
HYVs: crops for the modern world? 46
Creating an institution: rice research in Asia 49
IR8: from field plot to paddy field 54
The International Livestock Research Institute and ‘Mode 1’ and ‘Mode 2’ research 57
Table 1 Comparison of ‘Mode 1’ and ‘Mode 2’ institutions 60
Conclusion 61
Further reading 63
3 | Making Technology Work for the Poor? 65
Thinking about a ‘knowledge impasse’ 67
Small is beautiful: the appropriate technology movement 70
Table 2 The evolution of research and extension 72
Collaborative research: mother and baby trials 73
Mother and baby trials: ‘natural birth’ for new technology? 74
Thinking about innovation 75
Innovation and treadle pumps in Bangladesh 77
Mobile phones, fishermen and farmers’ markets 79
Catching up – with a mobile phone … 80
… or a mobile bank 81
Markets, incentives and the private sector 83
New organizational forms: global public health partnerships 86
Intellectual property rights and other incentives 89
Conclusion 91
Further reading 93
4 | Governing Technologies for Development 94
Biofuels: ‘a crime against humanity?’ 96
The cost of oil: the price of food? 97
Risk and regulation 100
Whose risk? The oral polio vaccine in northern Nigeria 102
Biosafety and biotechnology in Kenya 103
The ungovernable rise of governance 106
From governments to governance 106
GM food aid and Zambia: heterarchical governance? 108
Mali, GM crops and citizens’ juries 112
Dealing with complexity in the twenty-first century 114
Conclusion 116
Further reading 118
Conclusion | Can Technology Transform Development? 119
Sleeping sickness and unwanted hirsutism 119
Can science be transformational? 121
Technology as emancipation 125
Glossary 127
Notes 129
to Introduction 129
to Chapter 1 129
to Chapter 2 130
to Chapter 3 130
to Chapter 4 132
to Conclusion 133
Bibliography 134
Index 145