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Abstract
Each year, millions of people are internally displaced and resettled in the wake of wars and floods or to make way for large-scale development projects, and this number is increasing. Humanitarian and development specialists continue to struggle with designing and executing effective protection strategies and durable solutions.
Relocation Failures explains how internal displacement and efforts to engineer resettlement are conceived and practiced by policy makers and practitioners. The author argues that policies for internally displaced peoples are weak and diluted by narrow interpretations of state sovereignty and collective action dilemmas, and in the case of Sri Lanka, unintentionally intensified ethnic segregation and ultimately war.
This unique new book considers the origins and parameters of internal displacement and resettlement policy and practice and proposes an explanation for why it often fails. In highlighting the ways that development assistance can exacerbate smoldering conflicts, the volume provides an important caution to the aid community.
Dr. Robert Muggah is the Research Director of the Geneva-based Small Arms Survey. Previously, he was a Global Security and Cooperation Professional Fellow (SSRC) at the Refugee Studies Centre, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
'This book [analyzing the consequences and amelioration] of the several kinds of 'internal displacement' is a welcome addition to the literature. There are instructive similarities, but also important differences, among forced resettlement as a result of development projects, armed conflict, or natural disasters. [It is a sad commentary on our times that development studies is having to extend its scope to the restoration of governance capabilities, economic productivity and social relationships, rather than just figuring out how to advance each of these dimensions [of national existence] to more satisfactory levels.] Muggah brings insightful social science analysis to this subject, plus an incisive historical perspective. His choice of Sri Lanka as a case study is [, sadly for that country,] very apt, since this country offers relevant examples of all three kinds of internal displacement for us to learn from.'
Norman Uphoff, Cornell University
'Can one author concomitantly wield the analytical lenses of several disciplines? This insightful study brilliantly conquers this daunting methodological challenge. Muggah's major book is the sharpest theoretical, political, and sociological analysis of the conundrum of displacements and resettlement processes caused by development, conflicts, and natural disasters, that are integral not only to Sri Lanka's social fabric but epitomize the status of our today's World at large.'
Michael M. Cernea, George Washington University
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| About the author | i | ||
| Tables, figures and maps | vi | ||
| Acknowledgements | vii | ||
| Acronyms | ix | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Volume structure | 1 | ||
| Methodological considerations | 6 | ||
| Ethics in forced migration research | 11 | ||
| 1 | A unified approach to displacement and resettlement | 13 | ||
| Definitions and labels | 14 | ||
| Defining displacement | 16 | ||
| Table 1.1 Labelling migrants and displaced persons | 17 | ||
| Parameters of resettlement | 21 | ||
| Table 1.2 Labelling settlers and resettlers | 24 | ||
| Table 1.3 Forced migration terminology in Sri Lanka | 24 | ||
| Conclusions | 38 | ||
| 2 | Protection and durable solutions: regimes for internally displaced and resettled populations | 40 | ||
| Regimes and forced migration | 42 | ||
| An international refugee regime | 43 | ||
| Table 2.1 Comparing forced migration regimes | 44 | ||
| A regime for CIDR | 53 | ||
| A regime for NIDR | 61 | ||
| Conclusions | 65 | ||
| 3 | A short history of settlement and resettlement in Sri Lanka | 68 | ||
| Settling the past and present | 69 | ||
| The colonial epoch: 1815–1947 | 71 | ||
| The dry zone and the peasant: 1815–1947 | 74 | ||
| Figure 3.1 Population growth in Sri Lanka (1871–2001) | 75 | ||
| Figure 3.2 Large-scale settlement/resettlement schemes (1920–80) | 79 | ||
| Figure 3.2 Large-scale settlement/resettlement schemes | 79 | ||
| Figure 3.3 Population growth in the dry zone (1871–2001) | 81 | ||
| The era of the grand development project: 1948–82 | 82 | ||
| Figure 3.4 Population growth in Trincomalee (1911–81) | 89 | ||
| Figure 3.5 Population growth in Ampara (1911–81) | 91 | ||
| Resettlement during times of war: 1983–present | 93 | ||
| Resettlement after the tsunami: 2004–present | 100 | ||
| Conclusions | 103 | ||
| 4 | Resettlement for development: Systems L and B | 105 | ||
| Situating the Mahaweli programme | 106 | ||
| The preparation of the Mahaweli Master Plan | 108 | ||
| Map 4.1 Mahaweli Master Plan (1969) | 109 | ||
| Settlement under the MDIP | 110 | ||
| Map 4.2 MDIP Systems (1975–2005) | 112 | ||
| System L: from Manal Aru to Weli Oya | 119 | ||
| Map 4.3 System L | 120 | ||
| System B: resettling the right bank | 127 | ||
| Map 4.4 System B | 129 | ||
| Conclusions | 135 | ||
| 5 | Resettlement during war: Trincomalee and Batticaloa | 137 | ||
| Contemporary CIDR trends | 139 | ||
| Figure 5.1 Estimating refugee and IDP trends (1983–2006) | 141 | ||
| Figure 5.2 Welfare centres and relocation villages (1992–2005) | 145 | ||
| Map 5.1 IDP households outside welfare centres/relocation villages (2005) | 146 | ||
| Map 5.2 IDP households in welfare centres/relocation villages (2005) | 148 | ||
| The policy and bureaucratic logic of CIDR | 150 | ||
| The case of Cod Bay in Trincomalee | 164 | ||
| Map 5.3 Relocation villages in Trincomalee | 166 | ||
| Resettlement experiments in Batticaloa | 175 | ||
| Map 5.4 Relocation villages in Batticaloa | 176 | ||
| Conclusion | 183 | ||
| 6 | Resettlement after the wave: reflections on the north and east | 186 | ||
| Enter the NIDR regime | 188 | ||
| Map 6.1 Tsunami-displaced (2006) | 189 | ||
| Map 6.2 Number and location of transitional shelters (2006) | 194 | ||
| Map 6.3 Total number of permanent houses required vs donor-driven houses completed (2007) | 196 | ||
| Endogenous limitations of the NIDR regime | 199 | ||
| Exogenous limitations of the NIDR regime | 202 | ||
| Case studies of NIDR | 207 | ||
| Map 6.4 Permanent housing in Trincomalee (2006) | 209 | ||
| Map 6.5 Permanent housing in Ampara (2006) | 211 | ||
| Map 6.6 Permanent housing in Batticaloa (2006) | 213 | ||
| Conclusions | 214 | ||
| Conclusions | 216 | ||
| Comparing internal displacement and resettlement | 217 | ||
| Regime convergence in the twenty-first century | 227 | ||
| Closing reflections | 235 | ||
| Appendix: mapping ethnic distributions, 1911 to 2001 | 239 | ||
| Map 1a Demographic changes (Sinhalese): 1911–2001 | 240 | ||
| Map 1b Demographic changes (Sri Lankan Tamils): 1911–2001 | 241 | ||
| Map 1c Demographic changes (Muslims): 1911–2001 | 242 | ||
| Map 1d Demographic changes (other ethnic groups): 1911–2001 | 243 | ||
| Notes | 244 | ||
| Introduction | 244 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 245 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 247 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 249 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 255 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 260 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 267 | ||
| Conclusions | 270 | ||
| Bibliography | 272 | ||
| Index | 313 |