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The Middle East

The Middle East

Professor Shahrough Akhavi

(2009)

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Book Details

Abstract

Amidst recent hype about events in the Middle East, there have been few attempts to get below the surface and develop a fuller understanding of what politics means there. The Middle East: The Politics of the Sacred and Secular redresses this balance and provides essential historical and theoretical context. In this book, Shahrough Akhavi shows that the way people think about politics in the Middle East has developed in response to historical experience. Islam has obviously played a pivotal role and the book does much to disentangle myth and reality about Islamic responses to politics. Refreshingly, however, the book focuses on the universal concepts of the individual, civil society, the state, justice, authority and obligation and how these have been interpreted by Middle Eastern thinkers in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Akhavi builds a dynamic picture of a politically exciting and engaged region. The fresh perspective this book brings to global political theory, and the background it gives students of politics in the Middle East make it an important addition to the World Political Theories series.
'In a sweeping survey of political ideas from early Islam until now, from Ibn Taymiyya to Shariati and Shahrur, this book makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of how the Middle East has discussed such fundamental notions as authority, individual, society, and the state. Navigating between political history and political ideas, this is an engaging exercise in the Middle Eastern sociology of knowledge.' Asef Bayat, Leiden University 'There is no doubt that this book is essential reading for anyone studying the history of intellectual thought in the Middle East' Nicola Pratt, editor of 'Women and War in the Middle East' 'Shahrough Akhavi masterfully examines the political thought of the Middle East in this lucid and illuminating book. He makes the critical point that, while 'traditionalists' invoke modern concepts and 'modernists' rely on traditional concepts to validate their views, both ignore the historical circumstances in which ideas arise and exert influence. Understanding the interplaying of political theory and context, which this work so compellingly documents, will help us to appreciate that religious and secular ideas have subtly interacted over the centuries, but also that current intellectuals in the Middle East risk deteriorating into mere apologists if they offer nostrums based on ahistorical essences.' James Piscatori, The Australian National University
Shahrough Akhavi is Professor of Political Science at the University of South Carolina, Columbia. His research focuses on the sociology of Islam and social theory, particularly in Iran and Egypt. He was President of the International Society for Iranian Studies from 2002-2003. He is the author of Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran and many related articles and book chapters. He has also edited several book series, dictionaries and resources on Islam.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
About the Series\r ii
Acknowledgments vii
1 | Introduction 1
What is political theory? 3
Comparative political theory 4
Middle Eastern political theories 5
The sociology-of-knowledge approach 7
The classical period, 610–750 11
Historical developments in the medieval period, 750–1258 17
Intellectual developments in historical context: the jurists, political philosophers, and theologians of Islam 20
The Ottoman period 29
European imperialism and Middle Eastern reaction 32
The interrelationship of social and intellectual trends reprised 47
Conclusion 49
2 | The sacred and the secular 51
The Sunni juristic theory of the caliphate 52
The Shi‘ite theory of the Imamate 56
The classical philosophers and political theory 61
Conclusion 70
3 | History and social change 74
Some Algerian, Moroccan, Syrian, and Egyptian thinkers on historicization 75
Hasan Hanafi and Muhammad ‘Imara in the light of ahistorical analysis 86
Historicization in Muhammad ‘Imara’s modernist Ash‘arism 94
The contemporary Shi‘ite tradition 105
Khomeini, historicization, and the motor force of change 107
Shari‘ati, historicization, and the motor force of change 109
Soroush and historicization 115
Conclusion 116
4 | The individual 119
Conclusion 145
5 | Society 149
Classical Muslim theories of social contract 151
Western theories of social contract 155
Sunni theories of social contract 157
Muhammad Ahmad Khalaf Allah 162
Tariq al-Bishri 168
Shi‘ite perspectives on social contract 176
Conclusion 192
6 | The state 195
Sunni Islamist perspectives on the state 197
‘Ali ‘Abd al-Raziq’s Sunni reformist theory of the state 200
Two conservative Sunni rejoinders to ‘Abd al-Raziq’s thesis 202
Muhammad Shuhrur’s reformist theory of limits and the Arab Islamic state 212
Ayubi’s thesis of the overstated Arab state 227
A Shi‘i reformist rejoinder to Khomeini’s theory of the mandate of the jurist 230
Conclusion 232
7 | Conclusions 234
Notes 250
to chapter 1 250
to chapter 2 254
to chapter 3 255
to chapter 4 262
to chapter 5 264
to chapter 6 269
to chapter 7 272
Bibliography 274
Index 283