BOOK
Megacities
Robert Gay | Professor Caroline Moser | Janice Perlman | Asef Bayat | Jo Beall | Mariano Aguirre | Owen Crankshaw | Susan Parnell | Kees Koonings | Dirk Kruijt
(2009)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For the first time in history, the majority of the world's population lives in cities, the result of a rapid process of urbanization that started in the second half of the twentieth century. 'Megacities' around the world are rapidly becoming the scene for deprivation, especially in the global South, and the urban excluded face the brunt of what in many cases seems like low-intensity warfare.
Featuring case studies from across the globe, including Latin America, the Middle East and Africa, Megacities examines recent worldwide trends in poverty and social exclusion, urban violence and politics, and links these to the challenges faced by policy-makers and practitioners.
'Trends in the social and political landscapes of today's cities will underpin significant aspects of our global future now that the world's population is mainly urban and are therefore ever more pressing arenas for social science research. This book provides a compelling, and at times devastating, appraisal of contemporary evidence about the social, political and economic exclusion of the poor urban majority in the global south. Of particular significance is the book's focus on the ways in which violence has become an increasing element in the exclusion of the urban poor from the potential benefits of an urban existence in certain megacities. Particularly in large Latin American cities, the everyday experience of the residents in low-income settlements is so affected by violence - from drug-related gangs, from private armed militias and from deeply corrupt and inadequate police forces that it has become the worst of the many problems they face. When Janice Perlman who, in the 1970s, championed the idea that the concept of urban marginality was a myth argues that violence in Rio de Janeiro has made marginalization a reality, we should take note and listen. Megacities also provides insightful analysis of developments in our understanding of urban politics in the global south, and the various explicit and covert ways the urban poor with varying degrees of success seek to improve their livelihoods in globalizing urban centres. There are crucial questions involved such as who has a right to the city, are there separate categories of citizens and pseudo-citizens, and can cities fulfil their potential as sites where democracy might be facilitated, rather than areas where people's options are closed down by the fear and violence that deepening inequality inevitably brings?'
Dr Deborah Potts, King's College London.
'This edited volume is a useful academic insertion into discussions in the development community about poverty alleviation and good governance in the so-called megacities of the Global South. A fine roster of scholars articulates the ways in which poverty is intertwined with inequality, social and political exclusion as well as crime and increasing violence in cities in Latin America, the Middle East, and Southern Africa. Their work is quite valuable for its analysis of the contradictions embedded in the ways in which a rhetorical advance of participatory, democratic governance aimed at poverty reduction runs smack into the real wall of repression, insecurity, and injustice.'
Garth Myers, University of Kansas
Kees Koonings is Associate Professor of Development Studies and Latin American Studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences of Utrecht University. He has published on development issues, ethnicity, the military, democracy and violence in Latin America. He has previously co-edited Societies of Fear (1999), Political Armies (2002), Armed Actors (2004) and Fractured Cities (2007). His current research interests include the armed conflict and peace processes in Colombia, and social mobilization and citizenship in Brazil.
Dirk Kruijt is Honorary Professor of Development Studies at the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of Utrecht University. He has published on social exclusion, poverty and Informalisation, military dictatorship, guerrilla movements, civil wars and ethnic conflicts, peace negotiations and post-war reconstruction. He has previously co-edited Societies of Fear (1999), Political Armies (2002), Armed Actors (2004) and Fractured Cities (2007) and published Guerrillas (2008) with Zed Books.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Prelims | i | ||
About the editors | i | ||
Figures and tables | vi | ||
Introduction | ix | ||
1 | The rise of megacities and the urbanization of informality, exclusion and violence | 8 | ||
Megacities | 9 | ||
Patterns of urbanization: the forerunner case of Latin America | 11 | ||
The shifting debate on poverty, inequality and social exclusion in megacities | 15 | ||
The ‘grey zones’ of urban exclusion | 19 | ||
Figure 1.1 Grey areas of urban exclusion and contestation | 20 | ||
Figure 4.1 Map of dangerous locations\r | 77 | ||
Livelihood, mobilization, violence | 22 | ||
Notes | 26 | ||
PART ONE: The social dynamics of exclusion and violence in megacities | 27 | ||
2 | From popular movements to drug gangs to militias: an anatomy of violence in Rio de Janeiro | 29 | ||
How violent? | 30 | ||
Slums of hope | 31 | ||
Slums of despair | 32 | ||
Police violence | 35 | ||
Police corruption and violence | 38 | ||
Recent attempts at reform (and their violent consequences) | 40 | ||
Marginality and violence | 45 | ||
Notes | 47 | ||
3 | Megacity’s violence and its consequences in Rio de Janeiro | 52 | ||
The ‘Marvellous City’ as a violent city | 52 | ||
The police: the violent face of the state in the favelas | 53 | ||
Ten interacting factors of violence | 55 | ||
The vicious cycle of violence and its consequences | 62 | ||
Notes | 67 | ||
4 | Coping with urban violence: state and community responses to crime and insecurity in Guayaquil, Ecuador | 69 | ||
Background issues | 70 | ||
Violence and insecurity in Indio Guayas contextualized in the broader urban environment | 71 | ||
The state’s response to drugs and violence in Guayaquil | 75 | ||
Increasing levels of violence and insecurity in Indio Guayas | 76 | ||
Figure 4.1 Map of dangerous locations | 77 | ||
Example of a violent incident in Indio Guayas and the community’s response | 79 | ||
Concluding comments | 80 | ||
Notes | 81 | ||
5 | Middle Eastern megacities: social exclusion, popular movements and the quiet encroachment of the urban poor | 82 | ||
Urban ‘activism’ in the Middle East | 82 | ||
Urban mass protests | 84 | ||
Trade unionism | 86 | ||
Community activism | 87 | ||
Islamist movements and social development | 90 | ||
The politics of the NGOs | 94 | ||
Quiet encroachment | 97 | ||
Conclusions | 100 | ||
Notes | 102 | ||
PART TWO: Political and policy dimensions of urban exclusion and violence | 105 | ||
6 | Urban governance and the paradox of conflict | 107 | ||
The creative potential of cities | 107 | ||
The ambiguity of urban governance | 110 | ||
The destructive power of urban violence | 115 | ||
Conclusion | 118 | ||
7 | Shoot the citizen, save the customer: participatory budgeting and bare citizenship in Porto Alegre, Brazil | 120 | ||
Bare citizenship as a neoliberal dystopia | 120 | ||
Urban governance, citizenship and participatory budgeting | 122 | ||
From the Third Wave to the Third Way: the emergence of decentralization and participatory governance in Brazil (1989–2007) | 124 | ||
Table 7.1 Distribution of total available tax revenue in Brazil, after transfers | 125 | ||
The battle over participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre | 126 | ||
Figure 7.1 Evolution of the membership renewal rate of the Participatory Budgeting Council | 136 | ||
Figure 7.2 Evolution of public participation in participatory budgeting assemblies | 137 | ||
Final considerations | 137 | ||
Notes | 139 | ||
8 | Crisis of the state, violence in the city | 141 | ||
‘Mini-Venices’ | 141 | ||
Fragile states and the violent city | 143 | ||
Post-9/11 and state fragility | 145 | ||
Peace-building and urban violence | 147 | ||
Human security: the people at the centre | 147 | ||
Box 8.1 Practices of peace-building in post-conflict scenarios | 148 | ||
Security and poverty | 150 | ||
Notes | 151 | ||
9 | Urban exclusion and the (false) assumptions of spatial policy reform in South Africa | 153 | ||
The spatial impasse of the developmental state in South Africa | 154 | ||
Table 9.1 Typology of settlements showing urban dominance, 2008 | 156 | ||
Patterns of exclusion – information to inform debates on spatial policy | 161 | ||
Figure 9.1 National employment by economic sector, 1946–2006 | 161 | ||
Table 9.2 The changing labour force | 162 | ||
Table 9.3 The growing significance of the three major city regions, 1921–2001 | 165 | ||
Figure 9.2 Changing proportion of primary, secondary and tertiary jobs in South Africa, 1946–2006 | 163 | ||
Figure 9.3 The urban population by race, 1921–2001 | 164 | ||
Figure 9.4 Total urban versus rural population, 1921–2001 | 166 | ||
Figure 9.5 Urban/rural trends in the black population, 1920–2000 | 167 | ||
Figure 9.6 Urban/rural trends in the African population, 1921–2001 | 168 | ||
Figure 9.6 Urban/rural trends in the African population, 1921–2001\r | 168 | ||
Notes | 169 | ||
Acknowledgements | vii | ||
About the authors | viii | ||
Conclusions: governing exclusion and violence in megacities | 171 | ||
Livelihood | 171 | ||
Mobilization and participation | 173 | ||
Violence | 174 | ||
Political and policy implications | 175 | ||
Bibliography | 178 | ||
Index | 195 |