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Abstract
In 1993 luminaries from around the world signed the 'Oslo Accords' - a pledge to achieve lasting peace in the Holy Land - on the lawn of the White House. Yet things didn't turn out quite as planned. With over 1, 000 Israelis and close to four times that number of Palestinians killed since 2000, the Oslo process is now considered 'history'.
Impossible Peace provides one of the first comprehensive analyses of that history. Mark LeVine argues that Oslo was never going to bring peace or justice to Palestinians or Israelis. He claims that the accords collapsed not because of a failure to live up to the agreements; but precisely because of the terms of and ideologies underlying the agreements. Today more than ever before, it's crucial to understand why these failures happened and how they will impact on future negotiations towards the 'final status agreement'. This fresh and honest account of the peace process in the Middle East shows how by learning from history it may be possible to avoid the errors that have long doomed peace in the region.
'In this excellent book, Mark LeVine presents us with a high-quality, original and penetrating historical account of the failed "peace process" in Israel/Palestine. He displays an impressive ability to weave together historical, geographical and political knowledge. LeVine skillfully analyzes the ‘history of the present’ as a contemporary expression of long-term Western colonial ambitions in the Middle East and convincingly argues that such latter day colonialism - by its very nature - prevents genuine reconciliation.'
Oren Yiftachel, Ben-Gurion University
'Impossible Peace offers a lucid analysis of the trajectory of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since the end of the Cold War, well grounded in that conflict's regional and global political and economic contexts. Its assessment of the contradictions of the "Oslo process" helps provide a deeper understanding of a conflict that many people have come to see as hopelessly intractable.'
Zachary Lockman, New York University
'Mark LeVine challenges the simplistic view of Oslo, arguing that it never had a chance to produce peace. His historical analysis demonstrates the deleterious impact of globalization and neoliberalism on the "peace process". A very readable book.'
Nubar Hovespian, Chapman University
'A highly readable work that situates the current malaise within the global context of a seemingly regional conflict. Levine helps us read the meaning of the violence behind the headlines, and uncover the underlying causes among local contestants.'
Salim Tamari, University of California
Mark LeVine is Professor of modern Middle Eastern history, culture and Islamic Studies at the University of California, Irvine. He is a contributing editor for Tikkun magazine, and has written for the Los Angeles Times, Le Monde and Christian Science Monitor. He is the author and editor of half a dozen books, including: Heavy Metal Islam (2008), Why They Don't Hate Us (2005), Overthrowing Geography (2005), Religion, Social Practices and Contested Hegemonies (2004) and Twilight of Empire (2003).
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
About the author | iii | ||
Acknowledgments | vii | ||
Chronology | viii | ||
Abbreviations and acronyms | xi | ||
Map | xiii | ||
Introduction: an impossible peace | 1 | ||
Navigating a tortured landscape | 2 | ||
Writing a history of the present | 4 | ||
The need for a new Oslo narrative | 8 | ||
Oslo through the prism of globalization | 10 | ||
Structure of this book | 16 | ||
1 | From modernity to the Messiah on the Mediterranean | 19 | ||
Statehood and exile: Israel/Palestine 1948–67 | 30 | ||
2 | From handshake to security state | 43 | ||
Defining Oslo | 43 | ||
Touching an illusion: looking back from Oslo | 47 | ||
The intifada years: an old wall comes down, the foundation for a new one is laid | 49 | ||
The Oslo era, from dream to reality | 53 | ||
Camp David: what was on the table and why Arafat said no | 62 | ||
Collapse and chaos: the Dome of the Rock, the al-Aqsa intifada and the end of the dream | 67 | ||
The impact of 9/11 on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict | 69 | ||
3 | No land, no peace | 75 | ||
Allon’s plan: separation or assimilation? | 78 | ||
The shape of things to come: settlements during the Oslo period | 81 | ||
Table 3.1 Population and number of settlements in the West Bank excluding Jerusalem during the Oslo period | 82 | ||
Map: The political geography of the West Bank in 2008 | 84 | ||
Table 3.2 Allocation of land in the West Bank, 1999 | 88 | ||
The fortress mountain and the encirclement of Palestinian Jerusalem | 88 | ||
The matrix of control | 91 | ||
Roads and walls | 93 | ||
The wall and the end of Palestine | 95 | ||
Conclusion: the demise of the Second Israeli Republic | 98 | ||
4 | The economics of failure: neoliberalism and the new Middle East | 102 | ||
Globalization and the transformation of the Israeli and Palestinian economies | 103 | ||
The distorted development of the Israeli and Palestinian economies | 104 | ||
Oslo and the birth of the new Palestinian economic elite | 112 | ||
Table 4.1 Real GDP growth in the Occupied Territories | 115 | ||
Text and structure: why the economic vision of Oslo was bound to fail | 117 | ||
Closing off the future | 121 | ||
Getting the ‘miller’s share’ | 124 | ||
Conclusion: the spectacle of the Oslo economy | 127 | ||
5 | Religion, culture, and territory in a globalized context | 130 | ||
Culture, religion and globalization | 131 | ||
The rise of the Islamic Resistance Movement – Hamas | 132 | ||
From civil society to electoral power to civil war | 142 | ||
The Israeli settlement movement | 145 | ||
The birth and history of Shas | 148 | ||
The many forms of resistance in Israel/Palestine | 152 | ||
Conclusion | 155 | ||
6 | Violence, chaos, and the history of the future | 157 | ||
The violence of globalization and foundations of chaos | 157 | ||
The failure of the Palestinian Authority, and of Oslo | 166 | ||
Corruption and the roots of chaos | 167 | ||
The dashed hopes of civil society | 169 | ||
Development in the context of a weak para-state and a weakened society | 172 | ||
Women and the search for freedom | 176 | ||
Conclusion: Oslo and the burdens of history | 180 | ||
Notes | 183 | ||
Introduction | 183 | ||
Chapter 1 | 185 | ||
Chapter 2 | 190 | ||
Chapter 3 | 193 | ||
Chapter 4 | 197 | ||
Chapter 5 | 201 | ||
Chapter 6 | 205 | ||
Conclusion | 208 | ||
Suggestions for further reading | 209 | ||
Introduction | 209 | ||
Chapter 1 | 209 | ||
Chapter 2 | 211 | ||
Chapter 3 | 212 | ||
Chapter 4 | 212 | ||
Chapter 5 | 213 | ||
Chapter 6 | 214 | ||
Index | 215 |