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Impossible Peace

Impossible Peace

Mark Levine

(2009)

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Abstract

In 1993 luminaries from around the world signed the 'Oslo Accords' - a pledge to achieve lasting peace in the Holy Land - on the lawn of the White House. Yet things didn't turn out quite as planned. With over 1, 000 Israelis and close to four times that number of Palestinians killed since 2000, the Oslo process is now considered 'history'. Impossible Peace provides one of the first comprehensive analyses of that history. Mark LeVine argues that Oslo was never going to bring peace or justice to Palestinians or Israelis. He claims that the accords collapsed not because of a failure to live up to the agreements; but precisely because of the terms of and ideologies underlying the agreements. Today more than ever before, it's crucial to understand why these failures happened and how they will impact on future negotiations towards the 'final status agreement'. This fresh and honest account of the peace process in the Middle East shows how by learning from history it may be possible to avoid the errors that have long doomed peace in the region.
'In this excellent book, Mark LeVine presents us with a high-quality, original and penetrating historical account of the failed "peace process" in Israel/Palestine. He displays an impressive ability to weave together historical, geographical and political knowledge. LeVine skillfully analyzes the ‘history of the present’ as a contemporary expression of long-term Western colonial ambitions in the Middle East and convincingly argues that such latter day colonialism - by its very nature - prevents genuine reconciliation.' Oren Yiftachel, Ben-Gurion University 'Impossible Peace offers a lucid analysis of the trajectory of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since the end of the Cold War, well grounded in that conflict's regional and global political and economic contexts. Its assessment of the contradictions of the "Oslo process" helps provide a deeper understanding of a conflict that many people have come to see as hopelessly intractable.' Zachary Lockman, New York University 'Mark LeVine challenges the simplistic view of Oslo, arguing that it never had a chance to produce peace. His historical analysis demonstrates the deleterious impact of globalization and neoliberalism on the "peace process". A very readable book.' Nubar Hovespian, Chapman University 'A highly readable work that situates the current malaise within the global context of a seemingly regional conflict. Levine helps us read the meaning of the violence behind the headlines, and uncover the underlying causes among local contestants.' Salim Tamari, University of California
Mark LeVine is Professor of modern Middle Eastern history, culture and Islamic Studies at the University of California, Irvine. He is a contributing editor for Tikkun magazine, and has written for the Los Angeles Times, Le Monde and Christian Science Monitor. He is the author and editor of half a dozen books, including: Heavy Metal Islam (2008), Why They Don't Hate Us (2005), Overthrowing Geography (2005), Religion, Social Practices and Contested Hegemonies (2004) and Twilight of Empire (2003).

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
About the author iii
Acknowledgments vii
Chronology viii
Abbreviations and acronyms xi
Map xiii
Introduction: an impossible peace 1
Navigating a tortured landscape 2
Writing a history of the present 4
The need for a new Oslo narrative 8
Oslo through the prism of globalization 10
Structure of this book 16
1 | From modernity to the Messiah on the Mediterranean 19
Statehood and exile: Israel/Palestine 1948–67 30
2 | From handshake to security state 43
Defining Oslo 43
Touching an illusion: looking back from Oslo 47
The intifada years: an old wall comes down, the foundation for a new one is laid 49
The Oslo era, from dream to reality 53
Camp David: what was on the table and why Arafat said no 62
Collapse and chaos: the Dome of the Rock, the al-Aqsa intifada and the end of the dream 67
The impact of 9/11 on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 69
3 | No land, no peace 75
Allon’s plan: separation or assimilation? 78
The shape of things to come: settlements during the Oslo period 81
Table 3.1 Population and number of settlements in the West Bank excluding Jerusalem during the Oslo period 82
Map: The political geography of the West Bank in 2008 84
Table 3.2 Allocation of land in the West Bank, 1999 88
The fortress mountain and the encirclement of Palestinian Jerusalem 88
The matrix of control 91
Roads and walls 93
The wall and the end of Palestine 95
Conclusion: the demise of the Second Israeli Republic 98
4 | The economics of failure: neoliberalism and the new Middle East 102
Globalization and the transformation of the Israeli and Palestinian economies 103
The distorted development of the Israeli and Palestinian economies 104
Oslo and the birth of the new Palestinian economic elite 112
Table 4.1 Real GDP growth in the Occupied Territories 115
Text and structure: why the economic vision of Oslo was bound to fail 117
Closing off the future 121
Getting the ‘miller’s share’ 124
Conclusion: the spectacle of the Oslo economy 127
5 | Religion, culture, and territory in a globalized context 130
Culture, religion and globalization 131
The rise of the Islamic Resistance Movement – Hamas 132
From civil society to electoral power to civil war 142
The Israeli settlement movement 145
The birth and history of Shas 148
The many forms of resistance in Israel/Palestine 152
Conclusion 155
6 | Violence, chaos, and the history of the future 157
The violence of globalization and foundations of chaos 157
The failure of the Palestinian Authority, and of Oslo 166
Corruption and the roots of chaos 167
The dashed hopes of civil society 169
Development in the context of a weak para-state and a weakened society 172
Women and the search for freedom 176
Conclusion: Oslo and the burdens of history 180
Notes 183
Introduction 183
Chapter 1 185
Chapter 2 190
Chapter 3 193
Chapter 4 197
Chapter 5 201
Chapter 6 205
Conclusion 208
Suggestions for further reading 209
Introduction 209
Chapter 1 209
Chapter 2 211
Chapter 3 212
Chapter 4 212
Chapter 5 213
Chapter 6 214
Index 215