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Book Details
Abstract
Trade, along with the free movement of capital, is at the heart of today's international economy. But international trade is an intensely political and contested subject. In this book, Greg Buckman details possible future directions in global energy supplies and balance-of-payments imbalances. He argues that, just as current trading arrangements have been the product of past decisions emerging out of apparently unrelated considerations, so factors like future fossil fuel costs, global warming, and the economic imbalances between North and South are likely to impel a radical reshaping of the WTO and the principles enshrined in its agreements as well as the global trading system in general.
A key contribution to thinking about possible trade policy reforms are the reforms and alternatives - themselves not always agreed or sufficiently thought through -- advocated by the global justice movement. This book outlines these diverse proposals to make global trade more sustainable in some detail.
This book has been written to be both informative and empowering. It is an important contribution to clearer thinking, more effective campaigning, and fundamental policy reform in the field of international trade.
Greg Buckman is former national finance manager for the Wilderness Society of Australia and is currently treasurer of the Australian Greens. He is also a past co-editor of their magazine, Green. He has undertaken extensive economic research, particularly on issues concerning globalization, forestry and energy. His long involvement with the environment movement goes back to the successful international fight to save the Franklin River in Tasmania in the early 1980s. He is also the author of Globalization: Tame it or Scrap it? published by Zed Books in 2004.
'An interesting new approach to global trade issues - part textbook, part critique of mainstream policies and part alternative perspective on where we might go from here. All of these angles are desperately needed and they rarely come together in mainstream texts. Here they do, updated for the main debates both in the corridors of power, the halls of academia and the meeting rooms of NGOs. This makes the book extremely valuable.'
Graham Dunkley, author of The Free Trade Adventure (2000) and Free Trade: Myth, Reality and Alternatives (2004)
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Contents | v | ||
Figures and Tables | viii | ||
Introduction | xi | ||
1. A history of global trade | 1 | ||
Early continental trade networks | 2 | ||
Early trade links between continents | 3 | ||
European global exploration | 6 | ||
World trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries | 7 | ||
World trade in the eighteenth century | 11 | ||
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations | 13 | ||
World trade in the nineteenth century | 15 | ||
World trade in the twentieth century | 20 | ||
Changing global trade players | 29 | ||
Notes | 32 | ||
2. Global trade negotiations | 37 | ||
Trade negotiations since the Second World War | 37 | ||
The Bretton Woods Agreement and the International Trade Organisation | 37 | ||
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | 40 | ||
The Uruguay Round | 44 | ||
The Doha Round | 46 | ||
New issues in the Uruguay Round | 48 | ||
New issues in the Doha Round | 62 | ||
Negotiating tactics within the WTO | 68 | ||
WTO rulings | 70 | ||
The retreat from trade multilateralism | 72 | ||
Regional trade deals | 74 | ||
High- and low-income country global trade shares | 77 | ||
Different trade patterns of high- and low-income countries | 78 | ||
Notes | 80 | ||
3. High-income countries and trade | 85 | ||
Trade fights between high-income countries | 85 | ||
Trade fights between high- and low-income countries | 89 | ||
High-income countries’ ‘client state’ relationships with low-income countries | 91 | ||
The trade power of transnational corporations | 92 | ||
The protectionist history of high-income countries | 96 | ||
The downsides of trade liberalisation in high-income countries | 99 | ||
Notes | 103 | ||
4. Low-income countries and trade | 106 | ||
The emergence of Third and Fourth World low-income countries | 106 | ||
Future trade relations between low-income countries | 112 | ||
Current trade relations between low-income countries | 114 | ||
Trade fights between low- and high-income countries | 115 | ||
The myth of low-income country manufacturing export growth | 120 | ||
The free trade experience of Mexico | 125 | ||
Challenges confronting low-income countries’ trade | 128 | ||
Notes | 130 | ||
5. Trade, poverty and inequality | 134 | ||
The connection between trade and inequality | 134 | ||
Global poverty | 143 | ||
Global inequality | 147 | ||
Changes in global inequality both within and between countries | 151 | ||
Long term changes in global inequality | 154 | ||
Notes | 155 | ||
6. Trade and the environment | 159 | ||
The environmental impact of moving goods around the world | 159 | ||
The environmental impact of the WTO | 165 | ||
The environmental impact of foreign investment | 173 | ||
The global spread of trade’s environmental impact | 175 | ||
Notes | 179 | ||
7. The future of oil | 183 | ||
A brief history of global energy use | 184 | ||
Global oil demand since the Second World War | 187 | ||
Future world oil demand | 189 | ||
The world’s remaining reserves of oil | 191 | ||
The peaking of global oil supply | 195 | ||
Global warming | 196 | ||
Alternatives to oil | 199 | ||
Notes | 203 | ||
8. The future of global balance-of-payments problems | 207 | ||
The gold standard fixed exchange rate systems | 208 | ||
The Bretton Woods exchange rate system | 211 | ||
Today’s laissez-faire exchange rate system | 214 | ||
Keynes’s alternative balance-of-payments proposal | 222 | ||
The trade plight of least developed countries | 224 | ||
Raw material export price stability schemes | 227 | ||
Notes | 230 | ||
9. The policies of the global justice movement | 233 | ||
Origins of the global justice movement | 233 | ||
Common trade policies of the global justice movement | 239 | ||
Differences on trade policy within the globaljustice movement | 244 | ||
Ideological battles within the global justice movement | 255 | ||
Overview of the trade policies of the global justice movement | 261 | ||
Notes | 264 | ||
10. Global trade: lessons for the future | 269 | ||
The evolution of global trade | 269 | ||
The future of global trade | 274 | ||
Conclusion | 281 | ||
Notes | 282 | ||
Suggested reading | 283 | ||
Index | 286 |