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Geography of Power

Geography of Power

Richard Peet

(2008)

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Abstract

This work looks at how contemporary global economic policies are made: by which institutions, under what ideologies, and how they are enforced. The author reveals the central roles played by organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank in supervising the livelihoods of over 2.5 billion people. He shows that neoliberal economic policy is enforced by a few thousand unelected and unaccountable experts in the North and has failed to deliver tolerable living conditions for the poor. The book argues for a new geographic theory of power, exercised through dominant institutions, concentrated in hegemonic power centers. It seeks to transform the existing geography of policy-making power by exposing its structures, centers and mechanisms, critiquing its intellectual foundations, uncovering its un-democratic justifications, and passionately supporting its opponents. The conclusion makes a further positive contribution by exploring policy alternatives that point the way forward.
Richard Peet is Professor of Geography at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. His published books include: Radical Geography (1977), Global Capitalism (1991), Modern Geographical Thought (1998), Liberation Ecologies (1996 and 2004) and Unholy Trinity: The IMF, World Bank and WTO (Zed 2003).
'Richard Peet does an excellent job of illuminating geopolitical realities by rooting them in the dynamic interaction of class structures, the nation state, and globalization. Insightful and provocative, this is a must read for both the activist and the analyst.' Walden Bello, Focus on the Global South 'Richard Peet has effectively indicted those who sit in the seats of power in our global society. By showing how power is exercised through economic institutions, ideology, and world governance arrangements, he provides an essential foundation for those who want to understand the way the world works in order to bring change. It is a lucid picture - a clear "geography of power" - that is most useful.' Arthur MacEwan, University of Massachusetts 'Mixing Marx and Foucault but writing more straightforwardly than either, Richard Peet puts social theory to work in an exploration of the architecture of contemporary global economic policy. Bridging grand theory and lively empirical detail, this book is well pitched at readers trying to grasp the making of economic power behind the world's daily business headlines - especially if they have a mind to change how those headlines read.' Neil Smith, The Center for Place, Culture and Politics 'Richard Peet has mapped for us a geography of power, a new kind of political geography, exposing the capitalist supernova that now dominate the global political economic landscape. His book brilliantly charts these new centres of accumulated power, their destructive capabilities and the rise of a counter-revolution against a neoliberal order seemingly intent on dragging us all into the black holes of impoverishment and disempowerment.' Michael Watts, University of California Berkeley 'The book makes an interesting and insightful contribution to contemporary debates on geography and power.' Tim Vorley, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 'recommended to scholars, students and activists who desire a globalization with substantially more equality, social justice and democracy.' Duane Swank, British Journal of Sociology

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Contents v
Preface vii
1: Introduction: concepts for a geography of power 1
What are concepts? 3
Policy regimes 4
Figure 1.1 Percentage of income earned by the top 0.5 per cent of taxpayers, 1920–2004 9
Ideology 10
Hegemony 12
Interpretation 14
Discourse 15
Governmentality 17
Institutional geography 19
Geography of power 21
Figure 1.2 Power, institution, discourse 23
Global governance 24
Power and policy 25
2: Economic power 28
Global finance capital 29
Fordism and capital 31
Money/power 33
Wall Street influences 37
Global risk management 42
Foreign direct investment 46
From global risk to global angst 50
3: Ideological power 53
Policy as enlightenment 54
The geography of reason 56
Geography of academia 60
Hierarchies of knowledge 61
Table 3.1 US college and university endowments, 2004 62
Economics as discipline 63
Table 3.2 Ranking of economics departments by publications in the top thirty research journals, 1995–99 65
The discourse of Keynesian economics 65
The discourse of neoliberal economics 72
Critique of neoliberalism 79
Economics as tragedy 81
4: Political power 85
The great U-turn 85
The Counter-Establishment 88
Think tanks 91
Freedom and democracy 94
Government bureaucracy – the Fed 98
Government bureaucracy – the Treasury 99
The IFIs 105
The Washington Consensus 109
Figure 4.1 The pentagon of policy power: Washington Consensus 110
After the Washington Consensus 113
The Washington Consensus reappraised 115
Table 4.1 The augmented Washington Consensus 117
Benevolent consensus 118
Figure 4.2 The liberal–neoliberal institutional formation 119
Millennium 125
Hope and charity 127
5: Sub-hegemony – South Africa 129
Discourse of resistance 130
Discourse of development 134
Disciplining the ANC 137
Getting in GEAR 142
Sub-hegemony 144
6: Counter-hegemony 152
WSF alternative principles 153
UN agencies 155
UNCTAD 156
UNDP 159
Development NGOs 160
Counter-hegemonic praxis 164
The Bolivarian alternative 168
The Bolivian alternative 176
Counter-expertise 181
7: The three neos 184
Neo-imperialism 184
Neoconservatism 186
From neoconservatism to neoliberalism 189
Neoliberalism and its discontents 191
Bibliography 195
Index 209