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Citizen Action and National Policy Reform

Citizen Action and National Policy Reform

John Gaventa | Rosemary McGee | Rabéa Naciri | Amita Baviskar | Michael D. Layton | Ana Maria Sanchez Rodriguez | Claudio A. Fuentes | Beatriz Campillo Carrete | Jennifer C. Franco | Steven Friedman | Ireri Ablanedo Terrazas | Saturnino M. Borras | Pinar Ilkkaracan

(2010)

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Book Details

Abstract

How does citizen activism win changes in national policy? Which factors help to make myriad efforts by diverse actors add up to reform? What is needed to overcome setbacks, and to consolidate the smaller victories? These questions need answers. Aid agencies have invested heavily in supporting civil society organizations as change agents in fledgling and established democracies alike. Evidence gathered by donors, NGOs and academics demonstrates how advocacy and campaigning can reconfigure power relations and transform governance structures at the local and global levels. In the rush to go global or stay local, however, the national policy sphere was recently neglected. Today, there is growing recognition of the key role of champions of change inside national governments, and the potential of their engagement with citizen activists outside. These advances demand a better understanding of how national and local actors can combine approaches to simultaneously work the levers of change, and how their successes relate to actors and institutions at the international level. This book brings together eight studies of successful cases of citizen activism for national policy changes in South Africa, Morocco, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Turkey, India and the Philippines. They detail the dynamics and strategies that have led to the introduction, change or effective implementation of policies responding to a range of rights deficits. Drawing on influential social science theory about how political and social change occurs, the book brings new empirical insights to bear on it, both challenging and enriching current understandings.
'Gaventa and McGee offer ideas, inspiration and hope to activists everywhere. Indispensable.' Duncan McGreen, Oxfam House 'The editors bring together a remarkably diverse array of highly original case studies, capped off with a compelling and accessible analytical synthesis of lessons learned.' Jonathan Fox, author of Accountability Politics: Power and Voice in Rural Mexico 'This book provides reasons to hope that citizens can effect significant policy change, tangible lessons in doing so effectively and realistic assessments of the potential pitfalls.' Ingrid Srinath, CIVICUS
John Gaventa is a Research Professor and Fellow in the Participation, Power and Social Change Team at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. A political sociologist by training, he has written widely on issues of power, citizen action, participation and democracy, including the award winning Power and Powerlessness in an Appalachian Valley (1980) and Global Citizen Action (2001). He is the director of the Development Research Centre on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability. Rosemary McGee is a Research Fellow in the Participation, Power and Social Change Team at the Institute of Development Studies since 1999. She has extensive work experience in policy and programme posts in the international development NGO sector.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
About the series i
About the editors ii
Tables vi
Abbreviations vii
Foreword x
1 | Introduction: making change happen – citizen action and national policy reform 1
Project and case study background 3
Participation and national policy change: citizen ‘voice’ or collective action? 4
Political opportunities: spaces for collective action towards policy change 12
Mobilizing structures: actors, networks and coalitions 18
Framing the issue: mobilizing strategies and managing contentiousness 25
The problem of ‘success' 29
Table 1.1 Assessing campaign ‘success’ 33
Implications for current debates and practice 33
Notes 37
References 39
2 | Gaining comprehensive AIDS treatment in South Africa: the extraordinary ‘ordinary’ 44
The Treatment Action Campaign: structure and governance 45
A brief biography of the campaign 48
Speaking to power: the political context 54
The politics of enhanced possibility 58
So this is winning? Evaluating impact 62
Conclusion: more than we thought, less than we hoped? 65
Notes 66
References 67
3 | Redistributing land in the Philippines: social movements and state reformers 69
Historical context of land reform 70
The bibingka strategy: mobilizations ‘from below’ meet reformist initiatives ‘from above’ 74
Fading state reformism in the post-Garilao era 82
Conclusion 84
Table 3.1 State–society mobilizations and interaction in land reform implementation 85
Notes 86
References 87
4 | Reducing maternal mortality in Mexico: building vertical alliances for change 89
The context of maternal mortality in Mexico 90
Evolution of the campaign 92
Accomplishments and lessons learned 102
Conclusion: opportunities for citizen engagement? 104
People interviewed during the research 106
Notes 107
References 107
5 | Protecting the child in Chile: civil society and the state 109
Milestones in the realization of children’s rights, 1990–2006 109
The policy context: social and economic backdrop 111
The political context: social actors in the democratic transition period 112
Government and NGO relations 115
Conclusions 123
Notes 127
References 129
6 | Winning the right to information in India: is knowledge power? 130
The national campaign: a brief history 133
Analysing success 142
Limitations and challenges 147
Notes 150
References 151
7 | Democratizing urban policy in Brazil: participation and the right to the city 153
Social movements, constitution-making and legal change in Brazil 155
National civil society, lobbying and the emergence of urban law: between the local and the national 159
The implementation of the Statute of the City: an analysis of three cases 162
Table 7.1 Configuration of civil and political society and its impact on CMP processes 167
Conclusion: national civil society and urban reform in Brazil 168
Notes 170
References 171
8 | Winning women’s rights in Morocco: cultural adaptations and Islamic family law 174
A history of the Moudawana 175
Leveraging shifting political opportunities 180
The strategic use of alliances 182
Framing the debate: rewriting gender equality through a cultural lens 184
A flexible and adaptable campaign 186
Significance of the changes 187
Implications 190
Notes 192
References 193
9 | Re/forming laws to secure women’s rights in Turkey: the campaign on the Penal Code 195
The historical and political context: women and civil society in Turkey 195
The issue: the construction of gender and sexuality in the Turkish Penal Code of 1926 198
The campaign: Penal Code reform from a gender perspective, 2002–04 200
Setback: a political earthquake 202
Inching forward: the campaign expands 204
A turning point: should a woman marry her rapist? 206
Backlash: the religious right initiates an attack 208
Broadening the struggle: an international dimension 208
Mobilizing the masses: ‘Our bodies and sexuality belong to ourselves’ 211
Conclusions: how did the campaign succeed? 212
Notes 214
References 215
About the contributors 217
Index 220