BOOK
Citizen Action and National Policy Reform
John Gaventa | Rosemary McGee | Rabéa Naciri | Amita Baviskar | Michael D. Layton | Ana Maria Sanchez Rodriguez | Claudio A. Fuentes | Beatriz Campillo Carrete | Jennifer C. Franco | Steven Friedman | Ireri Ablanedo Terrazas | Saturnino M. Borras | Pinar Ilkkaracan
(2010)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
How does citizen activism win changes in national policy? Which factors help to make myriad efforts by diverse actors add up to reform? What is needed to overcome setbacks, and to consolidate the smaller victories?
These questions need answers. Aid agencies have invested heavily in supporting civil society organizations as change agents in fledgling and established democracies alike. Evidence gathered by donors, NGOs and academics demonstrates how advocacy and campaigning can reconfigure power relations and transform governance structures at the local and global levels. In the rush to go global or stay local, however, the national policy sphere was recently neglected. Today, there is growing recognition of the key role of champions of change inside national governments, and the potential of their engagement with citizen activists outside. These advances demand a better understanding of how national and local actors can combine approaches to simultaneously work the levers of change, and how their successes relate to actors and institutions at the international level.
This book brings together eight studies of successful cases of citizen activism for national policy changes in South Africa, Morocco, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Turkey, India and the Philippines. They detail the dynamics and strategies that have led to the introduction, change or effective implementation of policies responding to a range of rights deficits. Drawing on influential social science theory about how political and social change occurs, the book brings new empirical insights to bear on it, both challenging and enriching current understandings.
'Gaventa and McGee offer ideas, inspiration and hope to activists everywhere. Indispensable.'
Duncan McGreen, Oxfam House
'The editors bring together a remarkably diverse array of highly original case studies, capped off with a compelling and accessible analytical synthesis of lessons learned.'
Jonathan Fox, author of Accountability Politics: Power and Voice in Rural Mexico
'This book provides reasons to hope that citizens can effect significant policy change, tangible lessons in doing so effectively and realistic assessments of the potential pitfalls.'
Ingrid Srinath, CIVICUS
John Gaventa is a Research Professor and Fellow in the Participation, Power and Social Change Team at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. A political sociologist by training, he has written widely on issues of power, citizen action, participation and democracy, including the award winning Power and Powerlessness in an Appalachian Valley (1980) and Global Citizen Action (2001). He is the director of the Development Research Centre on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability.
Rosemary McGee is a Research Fellow in the Participation, Power and Social Change Team at the Institute of Development Studies since 1999. She has extensive work experience in policy and programme posts in the international development NGO sector.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
About the series | i | ||
About the editors | ii | ||
Tables | vi | ||
Abbreviations | vii | ||
Foreword | x | ||
1 | Introduction: making change happen – citizen action and national policy reform | 1 | ||
Project and case study background | 3 | ||
Participation and national policy change: citizen ‘voice’ or collective action? | 4 | ||
Political opportunities: spaces for collective action towards policy change | 12 | ||
Mobilizing structures: actors, networks and coalitions | 18 | ||
Framing the issue: mobilizing strategies and managing contentiousness | 25 | ||
The problem of ‘success' | 29 | ||
Table 1.1 Assessing campaign ‘success’ | 33 | ||
Implications for current debates and practice | 33 | ||
Notes | 37 | ||
References | 39 | ||
2 | Gaining comprehensive AIDS treatment in South Africa: the extraordinary ‘ordinary’ | 44 | ||
The Treatment Action Campaign: structure and governance | 45 | ||
A brief biography of the campaign | 48 | ||
Speaking to power: the political context | 54 | ||
The politics of enhanced possibility | 58 | ||
So this is winning? Evaluating impact | 62 | ||
Conclusion: more than we thought, less than we hoped? | 65 | ||
Notes | 66 | ||
References | 67 | ||
3 | Redistributing land in the Philippines: social movements and state reformers | 69 | ||
Historical context of land reform | 70 | ||
The bibingka strategy: mobilizations ‘from below’ meet reformist initiatives ‘from above’ | 74 | ||
Fading state reformism in the post-Garilao era | 82 | ||
Conclusion | 84 | ||
Table 3.1 State–society mobilizations and interaction in land reform implementation | 85 | ||
Notes | 86 | ||
References | 87 | ||
4 | Reducing maternal mortality in Mexico: building vertical alliances for change | 89 | ||
The context of maternal mortality in Mexico | 90 | ||
Evolution of the campaign | 92 | ||
Accomplishments and lessons learned | 102 | ||
Conclusion: opportunities for citizen engagement? | 104 | ||
People interviewed during the research | 106 | ||
Notes | 107 | ||
References | 107 | ||
5 | Protecting the child in Chile: civil society and the state | 109 | ||
Milestones in the realization of children’s rights, 1990–2006 | 109 | ||
The policy context: social and economic backdrop | 111 | ||
The political context: social actors in the democratic transition period | 112 | ||
Government and NGO relations | 115 | ||
Conclusions | 123 | ||
Notes | 127 | ||
References | 129 | ||
6 | Winning the right to information in India: is knowledge power? | 130 | ||
The national campaign: a brief history | 133 | ||
Analysing success | 142 | ||
Limitations and challenges | 147 | ||
Notes | 150 | ||
References | 151 | ||
7 | Democratizing urban policy in Brazil: participation and the right to the city | 153 | ||
Social movements, constitution-making and legal change in Brazil | 155 | ||
National civil society, lobbying and the emergence of urban law: between the local and the national | 159 | ||
The implementation of the Statute of the City: an analysis of three cases | 162 | ||
Table 7.1 Configuration of civil and political society and its impact on CMP processes | 167 | ||
Conclusion: national civil society and urban reform in Brazil | 168 | ||
Notes | 170 | ||
References | 171 | ||
8 | Winning women’s rights in Morocco: cultural adaptations and Islamic family law | 174 | ||
A history of the Moudawana | 175 | ||
Leveraging shifting political opportunities | 180 | ||
The strategic use of alliances | 182 | ||
Framing the debate: rewriting gender equality through a cultural lens | 184 | ||
A flexible and adaptable campaign | 186 | ||
Significance of the changes | 187 | ||
Implications | 190 | ||
Notes | 192 | ||
References | 193 | ||
9 | Re/forming laws to secure women’s rights in Turkey: the campaign on the Penal Code | 195 | ||
The historical and political context: women and civil society in Turkey | 195 | ||
The issue: the construction of gender and sexuality in the Turkish Penal Code of 1926 | 198 | ||
The campaign: Penal Code reform from a gender perspective, 2002–04 | 200 | ||
Setback: a political earthquake | 202 | ||
Inching forward: the campaign expands | 204 | ||
A turning point: should a woman marry her rapist? | 206 | ||
Backlash: the religious right initiates an attack | 208 | ||
Broadening the struggle: an international dimension | 208 | ||
Mobilizing the masses: ‘Our bodies and sexuality belong to ourselves’ | 211 | ||
Conclusions: how did the campaign succeed? | 212 | ||
Notes | 214 | ||
References | 215 | ||
About the contributors | 217 | ||
Index | 220 |