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Can NGOs Make a Difference?

Can NGOs Make a Difference?

Anthony J. Bebbington | Samuel Hickey | Diana C. Mitlin

(2008)

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Book Details

Abstract

Can non-governmental organisations contribute to more socially just, alternative forms of development? Or are they destined to work at the margins of dominant development models determined by others? Addressing this question, this book brings together leading international voices from academia, NGOs and the social movements. It provides a comprehensive update to the NGO literature and a range of critical new directions to thinking and acting around the challenge of development alternatives. The book's originality comes from the wide-range of new case-study material it presents, the conceptual approaches it offers for thinking about development alternatives, and the practical suggestions for NGOs. At the heart of this book is the argument that NGOs can and must re-engage with the project of seeking alternative development futures for the world's poorest and more marginal. This will require clearer analysis of the contemporary problems of uneven development, and a clear understanding of the types of alliances NGOs need to construct with other actors in civil society if they are to mount a credible challenge to disempowering processes of economic, social and political development.
'This is a timely addition to the literature on non-governmental organisations and development. Up-to-date, critical and historically informed, its seventeen chapters are written by a potent combination of both well-known experts and original new voices.' David Lewis, London School of Economics and Political Science 'This book offers a novel and reflective framework for revisiting NGO's efficacy in fashioning alternative forms of development in the post-NGO boom period. Against current security agendas, the authors envision types of NGO practice, orientation, and focus that that hold out hope for their foundational mission of "being alternative."' Arturo Escobar, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ‘These essays ... provide a number of useful insights into the NGO world.' North South Magazine
Anthony Bebbington is Professor of Nature, Society and Development in the Institute of Development Policy and Management at the University of Manchester, an ESRC Professorial Fellow, and also a member and research affiliate of the Centro Peruano de Estudios Sociales, Lima, Peru. He has previously held positions at the University of Colorado at Boulder, the University of Cambridge, the International Institute for Environment and Development, the Overseas Development Institute and the World Bank. Sam Hickey is lecturer in International Development in the Institute of Development Policy and Management at the University of Manchester. Diana Mitlin is an economist and social development specialist with staff posts at both the International Institute for Environment and Development and the Institute for Development Policy and Management at the University of Manchester.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Contents v
List of Figures and Tables viii
Acknowledgements ix
Part I Critical Challenges 1
1. Introduction: Can NGOs Make a Difference? The Challenge of Development Alternatives 3
Conceptualizing Alternatives 5
NGOs as ‘Alternatives’: A Brief History 9
Mapping the Book’s Contributions 18
Thinking Forward 30
References 34
2. Have NGOs ‘Made a Difference?’ From Manchester to Birmingham with an Elephant in the Room 38
The Manchester Conferences: A Short Retrospective 39
Where We Were Wrong, and Why It Is Important 44
The ‘Larry Summers Test’ 45
Conclusion 50
Note 52
References 52
Part II NGO Alternatives under Pressure 53
3. Challenges to Participation, Citizenship and Democracy: Perverse Confluence and Displacement of Meanings 55
The Perverse Confluence of Political Projects 55
Perverse Confluence and the Redefinition of Meanings 57
Conclusion 68
References 69
4. Learning from Latin America: Recent Trends in European NGO Policymaking 71
Trends and Perspectives in Priority Countries 72
Trends and Perspectives in Thematic Priorities 75
Patterns in Funding Allocations 79
Trends and Perspectives in Partner Selection and Partner Relationships 81
New Priorities and Issues for the Near Future 83
Lessons Learned 85
Conclusion 87
References 88
5. Whatever Happened to Reciprocity? Implications of Donor Emphasis on ‘Voice’ and ‘Impact’ as Rationales for Working with NGOs in Development 90
Changes in Donor Funding of NGOs and Its Rationale 93
‘Voice’ as the New Donor Rationale for Working with NGOs 96
Impact’ 101
‘Squeezing Out’ Fundamental Aspects of NGO Work in Development 103
Notes 108
References 108
6. Development and the New Security Agenda: W(h)ither(ing) NGO Alternatives? 111
International Security: A Strategic Framework 114
Taking Sides in the War on Terror 114
Constraints on NGDOs Associated with Counter-terrorism Measures 116
Constraints Associated with Development Aid for Security 121
Conclusions 125
References 128
Part III Pursuing Alternatives: NGO Strategies in Practice 131
7. How Civil Society Organizations Use Evidence to Influence Policy Processes 133
The Policy Cycle 134
Identifying Problems and Setting the Agenda 135
Influencing the Formulation and Adoption of Policy 138
Influencing the Implementation of Policy 141
Monitoring and Evaluating Policy 144
Conclusion 147
Note 150
References 150
8. Civil Society Participation as the Focus of Northern NGO Support: The Case of Dutch Co-financing Agencies 153
Understanding and Promoting Civil Society: Perspectives and Approaches from the Netherlands 154
Contextual Features Affecting Civil Society Participation in Conflict-affected Countries 158
Supporting Civil Society Participation in the South: The Role of CFAs 160
Moving Forward: Conceptual and Practical Advances 168
NGO acronyms 173
References 173
9. Producing Knowledge, Generating Alternatives? Challenges to Research-oriented NGOs in Central America and Mexico 175
Theorizing the Informal University: Concepts for Thinking about Research-oriented NGOs 176
The Case Study Organizations 180
Theorizing the Relationships between Knowledge, Civil Society and Development 182
Challenges to Research-oriented NGOs 185
Conclusions 191
Note 194
References 194
10. Anxieties and Affirmations: NGO–Donor Partnerships for Social Transformation 196
Carving Out and Protecting Democratic Space 197
Disembedding: From Local to Global and Back 205
Concluding Reflections 215
References 217
Part IV Being Alternative 219
11. Reinventing International NGOs: A View from the Dutch Co-financing System 221
The Development Context of the 1980s and 1990s 222
The Dutch Co-funding Programme between 1965 and 2000 224
What Has Happened to Us? 228
Reinventing the System in ICCO: Aiming for Change 232
ICCO as an International Network Organization 234
Changing the Dynamic of North–South Cooperation 236
Can the System be Reinvented? 237
References 239
12. Transforming or Conforming? NGOs Training Health Promoters and the Dominant Paradigm of the Development Industry in Bolivia 240
The Current Development Paradigm 242
Conscious and Unconscious Strategies of Power and Influence 245
Bolivia, Social Fields, Health Care and the NGO Sector 247
Theoretical Aims and Actual Practice 252
References 258
13. Political Entrepreneurs or Development Agents: An NGO's Tale of Resistance and Acquiescence in Madhya Pradesh, India 261
The Making of an NGO 264
Acquaintance with Neelpura Village 265
A Troubled Period: Confrontation, Resistance and Development 267
Formal Agent of the State: Doing Development Daily 270
Using Law to Effect Local Rights within a Project Framework 271
Scaling Up Development and Scaling Up Politics 273
Hegemony or Counter-hegemony 274
Conclusion: The Nature and Limits of NGO Power 275
Note 278
References 278
14. Is This Really the End of the Road for Gender Mainstreaming? Getting to Grips with Gender and Institutional Change 279
The Death of Gender Mainstreaming? 279
Understanding Gender Mainstreaming in Oxfam GB 281
What’s Happened to Gender Mainstreaming at Oxfam? 282
Understanding Institutional Change: Master Plans or Misconceptions? 284
Gender Mainstreaming: Some Critical Reflections on Ideas and Activists 289
Making Institutional Change Central to Gender Mainstreaming 294
References 295
15. The Ambivalent Cosmopolitanism of International NGOs 298
Ideas of Cosmopolitanism 300
NGOs and Cosmopolitanism 303
Cosmopolitanism in Practice 308
Conclusion 311
Note 313
References 313
16. Development as Reform and Counter-reform: Paths Travelled by Slum/Shack Dwellers International 316
Context 316
A History of Development in Five Paragraphs 317
What is Shack Dwellers International? 319
NGO Support Professionals for the Urban Poor: Arsenic in the Jam? 323
SDI: An Evolutionary Watershed? 324
Possibilities and Constraints Born from a Conscious Partnership with NGOs 327
The First Signs of an Important Mutational Leap 330
Conclusion 331
References 332
Part V Taking Stock and Thinking Forward 335
17. Reflections on NGOs and Development: The Elephant, the Dinosaur, Several Tigers but No Owl 337
NGOs, Neoliberalism and Development Alternatives 339
The Elephant, the Dinosaur, Several Tigers but No Owl 341
Conclusion 344
Note 345
References 345
Contributors 346
Index 351