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Abstract
Can non-governmental organisations contribute to more socially just, alternative forms of development? Or are they destined to work at the margins of dominant development models determined by others? Addressing this question, this book brings together leading international voices from academia, NGOs and the social movements. It provides a comprehensive update to the NGO literature and a range of critical new directions to thinking and acting around the challenge of development alternatives. The book's originality comes from the wide-range of new case-study material it presents, the conceptual approaches it offers for thinking about development alternatives, and the practical suggestions for NGOs.
At the heart of this book is the argument that NGOs can and must re-engage with the project of seeking alternative development futures for the world's poorest and more marginal. This will require clearer analysis of the contemporary problems of uneven development, and a clear understanding of the types of alliances NGOs need to construct with other actors in civil society if they are to mount a credible challenge to disempowering processes of economic, social and political development.
'This is a timely addition to the literature on non-governmental organisations and development. Up-to-date, critical and historically informed, its seventeen chapters are written by a potent combination of both well-known experts and original new voices.'
David Lewis, London School of Economics and Political Science
'This book offers a novel and reflective framework for revisiting NGO's efficacy in fashioning alternative forms of development in the post-NGO boom period. Against current security agendas, the authors envision types of NGO practice, orientation, and focus that that hold out hope for their foundational mission of "being alternative."'
Arturo Escobar, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
‘These essays ... provide a number of useful insights into the NGO world.'
North South Magazine
Anthony Bebbington is Professor of Nature, Society and Development in the Institute of Development Policy and Management at the University of Manchester, an ESRC Professorial Fellow, and also a member and research affiliate of the Centro Peruano de Estudios Sociales, Lima, Peru. He has previously held positions at the University of Colorado at Boulder, the University of Cambridge, the International Institute for Environment and Development, the Overseas Development Institute and the World Bank.
Sam Hickey is lecturer in International Development in the Institute of Development Policy and Management at the University of Manchester.
Diana Mitlin is an economist and social development specialist with staff posts at both the International Institute for Environment and Development and the Institute for Development Policy and Management at the University of Manchester.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Contents | v | ||
List of Figures and Tables | viii | ||
Acknowledgements | ix | ||
Part I Critical Challenges | 1 | ||
1. Introduction: Can NGOs Make a Difference? The Challenge of Development Alternatives | 3 | ||
Conceptualizing Alternatives | 5 | ||
NGOs as ‘Alternatives’: A Brief History | 9 | ||
Mapping the Book’s Contributions | 18 | ||
Thinking Forward | 30 | ||
References | 34 | ||
2. Have NGOs ‘Made a Difference?’ From Manchester to Birmingham with an Elephant in the Room | 38 | ||
The Manchester Conferences: A Short Retrospective | 39 | ||
Where We Were Wrong, and Why It Is Important | 44 | ||
The ‘Larry Summers Test’ | 45 | ||
Conclusion | 50 | ||
Note | 52 | ||
References | 52 | ||
Part II NGO Alternatives under Pressure | 53 | ||
3. Challenges to Participation, Citizenship and Democracy: Perverse Confluence and Displacement of Meanings | 55 | ||
The Perverse Confluence of Political Projects | 55 | ||
Perverse Confluence and the Redefinition of Meanings | 57 | ||
Conclusion | 68 | ||
References | 69 | ||
4. Learning from Latin America: Recent Trends in European NGO Policymaking | 71 | ||
Trends and Perspectives in Priority Countries | 72 | ||
Trends and Perspectives in Thematic Priorities | 75 | ||
Patterns in Funding Allocations | 79 | ||
Trends and Perspectives in Partner Selection and Partner Relationships | 81 | ||
New Priorities and Issues for the Near Future | 83 | ||
Lessons Learned | 85 | ||
Conclusion | 87 | ||
References | 88 | ||
5. Whatever Happened to Reciprocity? Implications of Donor Emphasis on ‘Voice’ and ‘Impact’ as Rationales for Working with NGOs in Development | 90 | ||
Changes in Donor Funding of NGOs and Its Rationale | 93 | ||
‘Voice’ as the New Donor Rationale for Working with NGOs | 96 | ||
Impact’ | 101 | ||
‘Squeezing Out’ Fundamental Aspects of NGO Work in Development | 103 | ||
Notes | 108 | ||
References | 108 | ||
6. Development and the New Security Agenda: W(h)ither(ing) NGO Alternatives? | 111 | ||
International Security: A Strategic Framework | 114 | ||
Taking Sides in the War on Terror | 114 | ||
Constraints on NGDOs Associated with Counter-terrorism Measures | 116 | ||
Constraints Associated with Development Aid for Security | 121 | ||
Conclusions | 125 | ||
References | 128 | ||
Part III Pursuing Alternatives: NGO Strategies in Practice | 131 | ||
7. How Civil Society Organizations Use Evidence to Influence Policy Processes | 133 | ||
The Policy Cycle | 134 | ||
Identifying Problems and Setting the Agenda | 135 | ||
Influencing the Formulation and Adoption of Policy | 138 | ||
Influencing the Implementation of Policy | 141 | ||
Monitoring and Evaluating Policy | 144 | ||
Conclusion | 147 | ||
Note | 150 | ||
References | 150 | ||
8. Civil Society Participation as the Focus of Northern NGO Support: The Case of Dutch Co-financing Agencies | 153 | ||
Understanding and Promoting Civil Society: Perspectives and Approaches from the Netherlands | 154 | ||
Contextual Features Affecting Civil Society Participation in Conflict-affected Countries | 158 | ||
Supporting Civil Society Participation in the South: The Role of CFAs | 160 | ||
Moving Forward: Conceptual and Practical Advances | 168 | ||
NGO acronyms | 173 | ||
References | 173 | ||
9. Producing Knowledge, Generating Alternatives? Challenges to Research-oriented NGOs in Central America and Mexico | 175 | ||
Theorizing the Informal University: Concepts for Thinking about Research-oriented NGOs | 176 | ||
The Case Study Organizations | 180 | ||
Theorizing the Relationships between Knowledge, Civil Society and Development | 182 | ||
Challenges to Research-oriented NGOs | 185 | ||
Conclusions | 191 | ||
Note | 194 | ||
References | 194 | ||
10. Anxieties and Affirmations: NGO–Donor Partnerships for Social Transformation | 196 | ||
Carving Out and Protecting Democratic Space | 197 | ||
Disembedding: From Local to Global and Back | 205 | ||
Concluding Reflections | 215 | ||
References | 217 | ||
Part IV Being Alternative | 219 | ||
11. Reinventing International NGOs: A View from the Dutch Co-financing System | 221 | ||
The Development Context of the 1980s and 1990s | 222 | ||
The Dutch Co-funding Programme between 1965 and 2000 | 224 | ||
What Has Happened to Us? | 228 | ||
Reinventing the System in ICCO: Aiming for Change | 232 | ||
ICCO as an International Network Organization | 234 | ||
Changing the Dynamic of North–South Cooperation | 236 | ||
Can the System be Reinvented? | 237 | ||
References | 239 | ||
12. Transforming or Conforming? NGOs Training Health Promoters and the Dominant Paradigm of the Development Industry in Bolivia | 240 | ||
The Current Development Paradigm | 242 | ||
Conscious and Unconscious Strategies of Power and Influence | 245 | ||
Bolivia, Social Fields, Health Care and the NGO Sector | 247 | ||
Theoretical Aims and Actual Practice | 252 | ||
References | 258 | ||
13. Political Entrepreneurs or Development Agents: An NGO's Tale of Resistance and Acquiescence in Madhya Pradesh, India | 261 | ||
The Making of an NGO | 264 | ||
Acquaintance with Neelpura Village | 265 | ||
A Troubled Period: Confrontation, Resistance and Development | 267 | ||
Formal Agent of the State: Doing Development Daily | 270 | ||
Using Law to Effect Local Rights within a Project Framework | 271 | ||
Scaling Up Development and Scaling Up Politics | 273 | ||
Hegemony or Counter-hegemony | 274 | ||
Conclusion: The Nature and Limits of NGO Power | 275 | ||
Note | 278 | ||
References | 278 | ||
14. Is This Really the End of the Road for Gender Mainstreaming? Getting to Grips with Gender and Institutional Change | 279 | ||
The Death of Gender Mainstreaming? | 279 | ||
Understanding Gender Mainstreaming in Oxfam GB | 281 | ||
What’s Happened to Gender Mainstreaming at Oxfam? | 282 | ||
Understanding Institutional Change: Master Plans or Misconceptions? | 284 | ||
Gender Mainstreaming: Some Critical Reflections on Ideas and Activists | 289 | ||
Making Institutional Change Central to Gender Mainstreaming | 294 | ||
References | 295 | ||
15. The Ambivalent Cosmopolitanism of International NGOs | 298 | ||
Ideas of Cosmopolitanism | 300 | ||
NGOs and Cosmopolitanism | 303 | ||
Cosmopolitanism in Practice | 308 | ||
Conclusion | 311 | ||
Note | 313 | ||
References | 313 | ||
16. Development as Reform and Counter-reform: Paths Travelled by Slum/Shack Dwellers International | 316 | ||
Context | 316 | ||
A History of Development in Five Paragraphs | 317 | ||
What is Shack Dwellers International? | 319 | ||
NGO Support Professionals for the Urban Poor: Arsenic in the Jam? | 323 | ||
SDI: An Evolutionary Watershed? | 324 | ||
Possibilities and Constraints Born from a Conscious Partnership with NGOs | 327 | ||
The First Signs of an Important Mutational Leap | 330 | ||
Conclusion | 331 | ||
References | 332 | ||
Part V Taking Stock and Thinking Forward | 335 | ||
17. Reflections on NGOs and Development: The Elephant, the Dinosaur, Several Tigers but No Owl | 337 | ||
NGOs, Neoliberalism and Development Alternatives | 339 | ||
The Elephant, the Dinosaur, Several Tigers but No Owl | 341 | ||
Conclusion | 344 | ||
Note | 345 | ||
References | 345 | ||
Contributors | 346 | ||
Index | 351 |