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Body Politics in Development

Body Politics in Development

Wendy Harcourt

(2009)

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Abstract

Body Politics in Development sets out to define body politics as a key political and mobilizing force for human rights in the last two decades. This passionate and engaging book reveals how once-tabooed issues, such as rape, gender-based violence, and sexual and reproductive rights, have emerged into the public arena as critical grounds of contention and struggle. Engaging in the latest feminist thinking and action, the book describes the struggles around body politics for people living in economic and socially vulnerable communities and covers a broad range of gender and development issues, including fundamentalism, sexualities and new technologies, from diverse viewpoints. The book's originality comes through the author's rich experience and engagement in feminist activism and global body politics and was winner of the 2010 FWSA Book Prize.
'Body Politics in Development is about a lot more than "development."This is a book about today's complex international feminist movements. Anyone interested in learning who are the major crafters of feminist discourses, feminist strategies and feminist alliances will be made smarter by reading Wendy Harcourt's deeply informed book.' Cynthia Enloe, author of 'The Curious Feminist' 'This is a fascinating and original book. Once I started reading, I couldn't put it down! Wendy Harcourt’s vision of an approach to gender and development as transformative of all relations of power and inequality is breathtaking. Her focus on body politics allows her to strip away the assumptions and myths in gender and development discourses and to explore the "emerging paradigms which are being fostered in the interactions between autonomous feminist movements and transnational economic, environmental and social movements." For those on the inside as well as outside of the development discourse this book is rich with the insights that will provide the knowledge, wisdom and encouragement for the long and winding road ahead.' Peggy Antrobus 'Development has for long assumed a naturalized notion of the body as 'just there,' a passive receptacle for the consciousness of those to be 'developed or 'liberated.' It is this invisibility of the body that this courageous and eminently applicable book seeks not only to unveil but to reverse, proposing in its stead a view of the body as deeply political, one of the main sites where culture and power intersect. Body Politics in Development asks a series of deeply ethical and complex questions. What types of bodies are assumed in gender and development debates? Who speaks for them? Whose bodies matter? How has development functioned as a political technology that normalizes women's bodies? Conversely, what would it take to enable a multiplicity of diverse lived bodies to emerge? Whether we agree with them of nor, all of us will have to contend with the challenging answers emerging from the illuminating pages of this book if we want to move beyond the current 'empowerment lite' gender and development regime. The author has been one of the, if not the most, central figures in the gender and development debate over the past twenty years, and from this theoretical and practical experience that she has given us one of the most compelling accounts of an area of development -gender and the body-that should, if taken seriously, transform our understanding of the field as a whole. This book should be of great interest for development practitioners at all levels, and for courses in globalization, women's, and development studies as well as courses in anthropology, geography, sociology, and international studies dealing with issues of gender in the Global South.' Arturo Escobar, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA 'In simple lucid prose and with the authoritative voice of someone who has engaged over many years with body politics and its contradictions, frustrations and promises, Harcourt has written a book full of tough questions and challenges for the development practitioner.' Gita Sen, Indian Institute of Management 'Body Politics in Development is one of the most compelling books I’ve read about gender and development in recent years. The author’s ability to integrate a diverse set of languages and practices and present them in an accessible, understandable manner is remarkable, making this an excellent book to assign in gender and development or globalisation courses.' Suzanne Bergeron, University of Michigan Dearborn
Wendy Harcourt is a feminist researcher and activist working at the Society for International Development in Rome Italy as senior adviser and chief editor of the quarterly journal Development. Since 1988 she has built up the journal to be one of the most honest and critical quarterly publications on development. Born in Australia she now lives in Italy and is actively engaged in global feminist politics through her work with Women in Development Europe, European Feminist Forum and the Feminist Dialogues. Her work and commitment to global gender justice has taken her around the world teaming up with UN policy makers, research institutes, women's groups and social justice movements. She has written extensively on globalization and development from a gender perspective. Body Politics in Development is her first full-length book and won the 2010 FWSA Book Prize.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
About the author ii
Acknowledgements vi
Introduction: Invisible Bodies 1
Notes 10
Body Politics in Numbers 1\r 11
1 | What is Body Politics? 12
Setting the scene 12
Gender 14
Feminism 14
Heteronormativity 16
Going beyond essentialism 16
Bodies as a source of oppression and power 17
Rewriting the truths of the body 18
Colonialism, racism and feminism 19
Foucauldian understandings of body, knowledge and power 20
Bodies, science and technology 21
Bodies and power 22
Women and the politics of place 22
Body politics in gender and development 24
Gender and development as an evolving strategy 25
Civil society as an agent in development 26
The 1990s UN conferences 27
Beijing 1995 30
Body politics in the new social movements 31
The Feminist Dialogues 32
Body politics as counter-culture 32
Feminist body politics at the World Social Forum 33
Going beyond the rhetoric 34
Notes 35
Body Politics in Numbers 2 37
2 | Reproductive Bodies 38
Population and development: four entry points 38
Biopolitics and population and development 39
Contraception 39
Building the Cairo Agenda 41
Consensus or compromise? 42
Body politics in action 44
The unravelling of Cairo 45
Testing Cairo 46
Cairo and abortion 48
The Millennium Development Goals and maternal health 51
Engaging in the MDG process 51
Figure 1 ‘All women have the right to healthy motherhood’ 53
Public—private partnerships 55
Cairo dilemmas 56
The Malthus factor 56
Overpopulation fears 58
Biopolitics and the Cairo Agenda 60
Beyond maternity 62
Notes 65
Body Politics in Numbers 3 68
3 | Productive and Caring Bodies 69
Toiling female bodies 69
Three approaches to production and care 70
Women and work: changing trends 71
Economic restructuring and the feminization of labour 72
Negotiating work and family 74
Markings on the body and in the family 75
Who cares? Feminist analysis of the care economy 77
Paid and unpaid care work 78
Valuing care work 79
Care gain, care drain: migrant women and care work 79
The global care chain 81
Race, class and gender tensions 82
Sharing paid and non-paid care work 83
Women and the politics of place 84
Community economies 85
From local to global alternatives 86
Women’s issues in alternative movements 87
Feminist alternatives 88
Challenging the stereotypes of care work 89
Revaluing care 90
Notes 91
Body Politics in Numbers 4\r 94
4 | Violated Bodies 95
Gender-based violence 95
Two approaches 96
Breaking the silence 96
Rape as a public issue 97
Mobilizing against gender-based violence 98
The V word 99
Sexual and gender-based violence as a health issue 101
Gender-based violence campaigns 102
Million Women Rise 104
Filmstar ploys 104
Engaging with boys and men 106
Violence and masculinity 107
War, conflict, and sexual and gender-based violence in development 109
Women’s groups responding to survivors’ needs 111
Gender justice in modern wars 112
Going beyond the numbers 113
War on terror 114
Abu Ghraib 116
Rethinking bodily rights 117
A new global order 118
Fundamentalism 119
Body politics and gender-based violence in Gujarat, 2002 120
Women confronting fundamentalism 121
Feminism, racism and difference 123
Notes 124
Body Politics in Numbers 5 129
5 | Sexualized Bodies 130
Sexual anxieties 130
Mad, bad and dangerous to know 131
Four debates on sexuality 132
The globalized sexualized ‘other’ 133
Questioning my own hegemonic gaze 135
Sarah Bartmann: from victim to nation builder 137
Commercial sex and the ‘trafficking’ debate 139
Leaving home for sex 143
Sex work in Bangladesh 144
Body politics and HIV and AIDS 146
HIV and AIDS and George W. Bush 147
HIV and AIDS and new approaches to sexual rights in development 149
The Pleasure Project 150
Sex, politics and erotic justice 152
Recasting desire 154
Personal is political 155
Notes 157
Body Politics in Numbers 6\r 161
6 | Techno-Bodies 162
Bodies in the cyberworld 162
Haraway on technoscience 163
Corporealization 164
The floating foetus and the blue Earth 165
Feminism and technoscience 166
Technoscience in our lives and bodies 168
The Human Genome Project 169
Synthetic biology 172
Biosecurity? 175
Biomedical reproductive technologies and the commercialization of women’s bodies 176
The closure of the body commons 177
New techno-eugenics 180
Disability rights 181
Technoscience solutions for development 184
Technoscience in agriculture 185
Technoscience and manufacture 185
Technomedicine 186
Biopiracy 187
Technoscience and ethics 188
Feminist responses 190
Notes 190
Body Politics in Numbers 7 196
Conclusion: Empowering Bodies 197
Body politics and FGM 197
Still asking questions 200
Challenges to gender and development 201
Changing gender and development 204
Note 205
References 206
Index 220