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The Congo Wars

The Congo Wars

Doctor Thomas Turner

(2008)

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Book Details

Abstract

Since 1996 war has raged in the Congo while the world has looked away. Waves of armed conflict and atrocities against civilians have resulted in over three million casualties, making this one of the bloodiest yet least understood conflicts of recent times. In The Congo Wars Thomas Turner provides the first in-depth analysis of what happened. The book describes a resource-rich region, suffering from years of deprivation and still profoundly affected by the shockwaves of the Rwandan genocide. Turner looks at successive misguided and self-interested interventions by other African powers, including Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia, as well as the impotence of United Nations troops. Cutting through the historical myths so often used to understand the devastation, Turner indicates the changes required of Congolese leaders, neighbouring African states and the international community to bring about lasting peace and security.
'The Congo Wars is the work of a master Africanist. Turner's synthetic analysis of Congo's conflicts is multi-faceted yet completely compelling. This remarkable study is destined to be the standard monographic reference on Congo's recent tragic conflicts for the foreseeable future.' John Clark, Florida International University 'Thomas Turner unravels in masterful fashion the tangledskeins of recent events in Congo-Kinshasa. His deft analysis and rich detial provide the best account yet published of the two Congo wars from 1996-2002, particularly in the two Kivus.' M. Crawford Young, University of Wisconsin-Madison 'Thomas Turner's book will likely be the point of reference for anyone interested in the Congo wars, their origins and dynamics and why, in spite of the carnage, they remain a largely ignored and unknown conflict outside of Central Africa.' Ian Taylor, University of St Andrews 'The most lucid and detailed analysis of the complexity of the internal and interregional wars that have plagued this vast country since 1996. A remarkable and highly readable book.' Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, United Nations Development Programme '..is helpful in demonstrating the basic tribal nature of the recent Congo conflicts.' Duncan Bowie, Chartist 'The Congo Wars is a concise, well-written history of this often confusing conflict. Thomas Turner is particularly impressive when analysing the actions and motivations of the many African states involved in the fighting.' Peace News
Thomas Turner teaches at at Victoria Commonwealth University. He has previously taught in universities in Congo, Kenya, Tunisia and Rwanda. He is the author of Ethnogenèse et nationalisme en Afrique centrale: les racines de Lumumba (2000) and co-author of The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State (1985).

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover\r Cover
Contents v
Preface and acknowledgements vii
Map of the Congo xii
1: Half a holocaust 1
The Congo death toll 3
The first Congo war 3
Africa’s world war 5
Classifying and explaining the Congo wars 8
Nationalism and state collapse 10
Levels of analysis 12
2: The political economy of pillage 24
Rich Congo and its poor neighbours 24
Leopold’s Congo 26
Belgium’s model colony 28
The class structure of Belgian Congo 29
Neo-colonialism in Congo, 1960 onwards 31
The (brief ) rise and (long) decline of the Zairian state 34
Partition and pillage 40
The land 42
Class structure of contemporary Congo 42
Conclusion: from Leopold II to Kabila II 44
3: ‘Congo must be sweet’ – image and ideology in the Congo wars 49
The fevers of race 51
‘Race’ in the Great Lakes region 52
Looking for ‘useful’ natives 56
Looking for Constantine or Clovis 57
Reorganizing the state 59
History and ideology in Rwanda 60
Maps are territories 62
The ‘science’ of ethnographic maps 64
Ideologies of resistance to colonial rule 66
Resistance in Rwanda 71
Conclusion 73
4: War in South Kivu 76
The Banyamulenge in South Kivu 78
The Banyamulenge and the Belgians 80
The material and ideological basis of relations with neighbours 82
Gatumba and beyond 103
5: War in North Kivu 106
The Rwandophones of North Kivu 108
The Tutsi refugees of 1959 and thereafter 114
Recruitment of an African elite 115
The ‘Provincette’ of North Kivu 116
Conflict in North Kivu in the nineties 118
Parallel state structures 128
Brassage or integration of the army 130
Human rights defenders targeted 140
North Kivu and the transition 140
6: Congo and the ‘international community’ 146
IGOs and INGOs in Congo: a long history 147
The UN role in the convergent catastrophes 150
Sex scandals in Congo 161
UN ‘experts’ on pillage and arms traffic 162
The United Nations and the end of the Congo war 164
7: After the war 166
Registration, a political process 166
Forty-six years of politics, recapitulated 167
Conduct of the elections 175
Putting Humpty Dumpty together again 180
New constitution, same old problems? 183
Rebirth of nationalism 187
‘Merci Kabila’ 190
Impunity 193
Congo wars chronology 199
Notes 209
1 Half a holocaust 209
2 The political economy of pillage 212
3 ‘Congo must be sweet’ 215
4 War in South Kivu 220
5 War in North Kivu 224
6 Congo and the ‘international community’ 227
7 After the war 230
Index 234