Menu Expand
Climate Change in Africa

Climate Change in Africa

Camilla Toulmin

(2009)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Climate change is a major challenge for us all, but for African countries it represents a particular threat. This book outlines current thinking and evidence and the impact such change will have on Africa's development prospects. Global warming above the level of two degrees Celsius would be enormously damaging for poorer parts of the world, leading to crises with crops, livestock, water supplies and coastal areas. Within Africa, it's likely to be the continent's poorest people who are hit hardest. In this accessible and authoritative introduction to an often-overlooked aspect of the environment, Camilla Toulmin uses case studies to look at issues ranging from natural disasters to biofuels, and from conflict to the oil industry. Finally, the book addresses what future there might be for Africa in a carbon-constrained world.
'Climate Change in Africa is an authoritative, accurate and insightful analysis of what the global challenge of climate change means for the continent. An essential guide to the mind-boggling climate-related issues considered from an African perspective.' Youba Sokona, Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel 'Camilla Toulmin combines a deep and nuanced knowledge of African society with a profound grasp of the impact of climate change on that continent. Covering both threats and opportunities, she shows how, for good or ill, climate change will be a new and critical driver in the next phase of African development. In the run up to the Copenhagen climate summit, this book should be required reading for anyone wishing to get to grips with the multiple interconnections between climate change and development in the world's poorest continent.' Duncan Green, Oxfam 'Speaking about global warming, who really thinks of Africa? Read Toulmin's book to fully grasp the double injustice of our time: Africa, though without any responsibility for climate change, will dramatically suffer; and yet, the innocent victim is not given much voice at the ongoing climate negotiations.' Wolfgang Sachs, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy 'Climate change is already having profound effects in Africa, from the devastating floods of 2007 to wars which are already breaking out over land and water, as people start to move. And this is on the basis of world temperature changes which are small relative to those we risk if we carry on for much longer as we are. Of all the continents , Africa is least responible for these changes. Camilla Toulmin with her long experience of working in rural Africa, her scholarship and her leadership of the IIED, is especially qualified to analyse and explain the issues and to point to the policies which the world must follow. This is a very clear, reasoned and thoughtful book which will be of great importance in the crucial discussions which lie ahead.' Lord Nicholas Stern 'Climate change justice is important for Africa because she has emitted a relatively negligible amount of carbon in the last 200 years of industrialization, and yet scientists say she will be among the countries hardest hit by climate change. Climate change will have devastating impacts for millions of people worldwide, particularly the poor. This new book takes a timely look into the policies, politics and roles different actors in society need adopt to effectively address climate change.' Wangari Maathai, August 2009, 2004 Nobel peace prize winner 'Climate Change in Africa carries a strong message: .....are we going to design a world that preserves the way of life of the rich or addresses the urgent needs of the poor.... Predictions are that Africa faces serious challenges given the expected climate change impacts and the message of Toulmin's book is that effective adaptation policies and strategies are urgently needed in order to prevent large scale loss of income and livelihoods. In her book, Toulmin calls for a stronger voice for Africa in climate change debates and argues that energy security of the rich can not come at a price of loss of food security for the poor.' Yda Schreuder, author of 'The Corporate Greenhouse'
Camilla Toulmin is Director of the International Institute for Environment & Development. An economist by training, she has worked mainly in Africa on social, economic, and environmental development. This has combined field research, policy analysis, capacity building and advocacy. Her work has aimed to understand how societies evolve to cope with changed circumstances, and to demonstrate the links between global and local levels.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
About the author iv
List of tables, figures and boxes viii
Acknowledgements x
Abbreviations xii
1 | Introduction 1
Global justice, ethics and human rights 9
2 | Global climate change and Africa 15
Introduction 15
Background to climate change 15
The causes of climate change – an overview 16
The world’s atmosphere and climate – a situation report 17
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto protocol 18
Table 2.1 Clean Development Mechanism projects registered by region 21
Table 2.2 Regional temperature and rainfall projections for 1980/99 to 2080/99 22
Modelling and measuring climate change 23
Predicting subregional climate change in Africa 23
Translating changes in climate to impacts on the ground 24
Development and climate change 24
Box 2.1 Climate vulnerability in the Sahel 25
Preparing for climate change – adaptation and building resilience 26
National Adaptation Programmes/Plans of Action (NAPAs) 28
Box 2.2 Burkina Faso’s National Adaptation Plan of Action 28
Conclusion 30
3 | Water 32
Introduction 32
Water and development 32
Box 3.1 Access to clean water transforms lives 33
Rainfall and water availability 34
What do the climate models predict? 35
Box 3.2 The Intertropical Convergence Zone 36
Box 3.3 The El Niño Southern Oscillation 37
Climate change and access to water 38
Box 3.4 Flooding in Mozambique 39
Why is water scarce in Africa? 39
More effective use of available water 40
Water storage 41
Water for energy 42
Figure 3.1 The importance of hydropower to electricity generation in Africa 43
Hydropower and climate change 43
Sharing water 44
Niger river basin 44
Box 3.5 Traditional water use rights 45
Figure 3.2 The River Niger water basin 46
Water wars? 47
Box 3.6 The challenges of sharing water within a single country – the case of Ghana 48
Managing water resources for the future 48
Conclusion 49
4 | Food 50
Introduction 50
Background 50
Food systems in Africa 51
Box 4.1 Smallholder farming in Mali – a complex, diverse livelihood 52
Trends in African agriculture 53
Impacts of climate change on crop production 56
Box 4.2 Camels in Kenya – a means to build climate resilience 61
Fisheries and aquaculture 61
Box 4.3 Lake Tanganyika: a valuable asset 62
Wild foods 64
Building a climate-resilient agricultural system 64
Box 4.4 Building rural resilience in Burkina Faso 66
How does African land use affect climate change? 68
Conclusion 69
5 | Forests 70
Introduction 70
Background 70
Box 5.1 Benefits from biodiversity 72
Trees and the carbon cycle 72
The impacts of climate change on forests 74
The impact of people on forests 75
Forests for livelihoods 78
Box 5.2 Trees – part of daily life in central Mali 79
Forest tenure 80
Forests and carbon management 81
How might a payments mechanism work? 82
Conclusion 85
6 | Cities 87
Introduction 87
Growing cities 87
Table 6.1 Level of urbanization for different regions, 1950–2010 88
Box 6.1 Gaborone, the growing capital of Botswana 90
The impact of cities on the environment 91
Cities at risk 93
Box 6.2 Lagos – urban growth and vulnerability 95
Air pollution 96
Heat island effect 96
Heatwaves 97
Rainfall and run-off 98
Water supplies 98
Box 6.3 Flooding in African cities 99
Coastal cities 101
Box 6.4 Cities at risk from floods and sea level rise 103
Fires 103
Balancing adaptation and mitigation 104
Challenges 105
What is a climate change adaptation plan for a city? 106
Conclusion 108
7 | Climate change and conflict 109
Introduction 109
Security and climate change 109
Box 7.1 Is the conflict in Darfur the world’s first climate change war? 111
Looking at conflict in Africa today 115
Box 7.2 Evidence from northern Kenya 117
Box 7.3 Migration brings handsome returns to households in Mali 121
Box 7.4 Biofuels in Mozambique 125
Looking to the future 125
8 | Africa and the low-carbon economy 127
Introduction 127
Access to carbon markets 128
Voluntary carbon markets 129
Box 8.1 AdMit – a novel approach to carbon offsets 129
Avoided deforestation and land use changes 130
Energy options 131
Biofuels 132
Box 8.2 Biofuels in Nigeria and Mozambique 133
Where will biofuels be grown? 134
Africa and ‘peak oil’ 135
Food miles, carbon and climate 137
Box 8.3 Food miles – carbon footprint of food choices 138
Rights to ecological space 138
Tourism, travel and climate change 139
Box 8.4 Tanzania's tourism 140
China and Africa 140
A voice in international decision-making 141
Strengthening the adaptation process 142
Looking forward: Africa and the global economy 143
9 | Looking forward 145
A stronger voice for Africa in global arenas 149
Notes 153
Bibliography 157
Index 168