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The Development Dictionary

The Development Dictionary

Wolfgang Sachs

(2009)

Abstract

In this classic collection, some of the world's most eminent critics of development review the key concepts of the development discourse. Each essay examines one concept from a historical and anthropological point of view, highlights its particular bias, and exposes its historical obsolescence and intellectual sterility. The authors argue that a bidding farewell to the whole Eurocentric development idea is urgently needed, in order to liberate people’s minds in both North and South for bold responses to the environmental and ethical challenges now confronting humanity. The combined result forms a must-read invitation to experts, grassroots movements and students of development to recognize the tainted glasses they put on whenever they participate in the development discourse.
Wolfgang Sachs is an author and research director at the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, in Germany. He has been chair of the board of Greenpeace Germany, a member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and is a member of the Club of Rome. Amongst the various appointments he has held are co-editor of the Society for International Development's journal Development; visiting professor of science, technology and society at Pennsylvania State University and fellow at the Institute for Cultural Studies in Essen. He regularly teaches at Schumacher College and as Honorary Professor at the University of Kassel. Wolfgang Sachs's first English book, For Love of the Automobile: Looking Back into the History of Our Desires, was published by the University of California Press in 1992. Several of his works have been published by Zed Books. They include the immensely influential Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power (edited, 1992), which has since been translated into numerous languages; Global Ecology: A New Arena of Political Conflict (edited, 1993); Greening the North: A Post-Industrial Blueprint for Ecology and Equity (co-authored with Reinhard Loske and Manfred Linz, 1998); Planet Dialectics: Explorations in Environment and Development (1999) and (with T. Santarius et al) Fair Future: Resource Conflicts, Security, and Global Justice (2007).

Reviews of the First Edition:

'Unique...the book is a scream of pain from the receiving end of a process experienced as cultural genocide.'
The Guardian

'Short, pithy and well reasoned... There is something in each chapter to challenge, even assault, our dearest, most tightly held assumptions.'
Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society

'The Development Dictionary questions the whole basis for twentieth century development through a series of brilliantly written essays by leading writers from around the world.'
Resurgence


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
About the Editor i
Preface to the New Edition vi
Introduction xv
Development 1
The invention of underdevelopment 1
A metaphor and its contorted history 3
Colonizing anti-colonialism 6
Conceptual inflation 8
Expanding the reign of scarcity 14
New commons 17
The call 19
Notes 21
Further reading 22
Environment 24
Setting the stage for the Brundtland Report 24
A successful ambivalence 28
Survival as a new raison d'état 32
Towards a global ecocracy? 34
Notes 36
Further reading 36
Equality 38
Fairness and sameness 38
From Alexander to Lincoln 40
The politics of catching up 45
The empty call for global equality 47
Common wealth 50
Notes 52
Further reading 53
Helping 55
Medieval alms-giving 57
Help overseas 59
Making the poor fit for work 60
Reaching for worldwide simultaneity 62
Aid and the elegance of power 64
The ambiguity of self-help and sharing 67
Notes 72
Further reading 73
Market 74
The rise of global neoliberalism\r 76
Market: a place and a principle 79
The middle-class filter 82
Market: a transformative power 85
On being human 87
Notes 93
Further reading 93
Needs 95
Neither necessities nor desires 96
'Needs' in the development discourse 99
Under the mask of compassion 104
From needs to requirements 106
Notes 108
Further reading 109
One World 111
One mankind 112
One market 114
One planet 116
Space against place 119
Cosmopolitan localism 122
Notes 125
Further reading 125
Participation 127
Human software 128
Popular participation 132
The pitfalls of empowerment 134
Professionalizing grassroots activities 135
Conscientizing from without? 137
Participation: boon, myth, or danger? 138
Beyond participation 139
Notes 142
Further reading 143
Planning 145
Normalizing people in the nineteenth-century Europe 145
Dismantling and reassembling societies 148
Knowledge as power 154
Knowledge in opposition 157
Notes 159
Further reading 159
Population 161
How people became populations 162
Birth control for development 165
Population control for survival 169
Notes 171
Further reading 172
Poverty 174
Many perceptions, countless words 174
Four dimensions of poverty 176
The global construct 178
The construct in action 180
A world economy against vernacular villages 185
Signals from the grassroots 187
Notes 190
Further reading 193
Production 195
A man and a concept 195
Of character and the earth 197
Of labour and the earth 198
Of use value and exchange value 199
Of theory and memory 201
Of goods and movement 202
Of progress and history 203
Of gifts and service 203
Of light and shadow 205
Of women and the East 207
Of nature and history 209
Notes 209
Further reading 210
Progress 212
Two offspring: revolution and development 212
A theodicy and an imperative of power 215
Virtues into vices 217
Eclipse of providence and wisdom 218
Still a search for the beyond 222
The bourgeois and his feedback 223
Notes 225
Further reading 226
Resources 228
Gifts, inputs and substitutes 228
Desacralization of nature 231
Destruction of the commons 233
Breaking nature's limits 234
Undermining of sustenance 236
Limits of nature – limits to development 239
Notes 241
Further reading 241
Science 243
Science and development: a congenital relationship 245
Bias against nature and handicraft 247
Revamping society 250
A totalitarian edge 252
Notes 258
Further reading 258
Socialism 260
The popular revolts of 1989 262
Dreams of liberation and the totalitarian legacy 264
Enthronement of the Leviathan 271
Subordination of diversity 273
Further reading 277
Standard of Living 279
GNP per head: a post-war invention 280
Well-being and well-having 284
Blind spots 287
Many faces of wealth 290
Notes 292
Further reading 293
State 295
Fusion of nation and state 296
Hegemony of the European concept 297
Development as raison d'état 300
Towards a lighter state 303
Notes 305
Further reading 306
Technology 308
Delivering the goods? 309
Secret path to paradise 311
Wealth through transferring the costs 312
Techniques of plunder 315
Myopia makes for fascination 317
Friendly imperialism 319
Notes 321
Further reading 321
Contributors 323
Index 325