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Feminisms, Empowerment and Development

Feminisms, Empowerment and Development

Jenny Edwards | Andrea Cornwall

(2014)

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Book Details

Abstract

The economic and political empowerment of women continues to be a central focus for development agencies worldwide; access to medical care, education and employment, as well as women's reproductive rights remain key factors effecting women's autonomy. Feminisms, Empowerment and Development explores what women are doing to change their own personal circumstances whilst providing an in-depth analysis of collective action and institutionalized mechanisms aimed at changing structural relations. Drawing on unique, original research and approaching empowerment as a complex process of negotiation, rather than a linear sequence of inputs and outcomes, this crucial collection highlights the difficulty of creating common agendas for the advancement of women's power and rights, and argues for a more nuanced, context-based approach to development theory and practice. An indispensible text for anyone interested in gender and development, this book shows that policies and approaches to development that view women as instrumental to other objectives will never promote women's empowerment as they fail to address the structures by which gender inequality is perpetuated over time.
Andrea Cornwall is the director of the Pathways of Women's Empowerment programme and professor of anthropology and development in the School of Global Studies at the University of Sussex. She has written widely on gender issues in development, sexuality and development and participatory governance. Her publications include Women, Sexuality and the Politics of Pleasure (Zed 2013), Men and Development: Politicising Masculinities (Zed 2012) and The Politics of Rights: Dilemmas for Feminist Praxis (2009). Jenny Edwards has been the programme officer for the Pathways of Women's Empowerment programme at the Institute of Development Studies since 2006. She studied cultures and communities at the University of Sussex and her dissertation was on the politics of stepmothering as portrayed in children's literature. Her interests are in the issues of gender stereotyping, particularly in popular culture, and women's political representation.
'In a neoliberal development paradigm obsessed with silver bullets for complex social challenges, this book is a transformative text that reveals the multifaceted, unpredictable and even contradictory results of empowerment processes. Its rich array of insights and lessons - most powerfully articulated in the voices of women engaged in the struggle - has immense value for researchers, activists, policy makers, and the aid and philanthropic community. I consider this a vitally important text for all those who believe there can be no development or social justice without gender justice.' Srilatha Batliwala, Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID) 'This book, with rich empirically grounded chapters from around the world, is a truly feminist multidisciplinary collection that brings the discourse on women's empowerment to a new level.' Radhika Balakrishnan, Rutgers University 'A helpful book at the right time. After decades of trying to get women's rights to the top of policy-making agendas, it is refreshing to read sound analysis about the pitfalls, "rallying points" and "hidden pathways" that feminist activists, organizations and movements are today facing.' Nicky McIntyre, Mama Cash 'Based on context-specific, wide-ranging and incisive analysis, this innovative and insightful book ... raises hard and serious questions that help us lay to rest conventional assumptions and easy generalizations related to women's empowerment. It provides a stimulating and solid contribution to ongoing debates on social change.' Zenbework Tadesse, women's rights activist and member of the board of DAWN

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Feminisms and Development i
About the Editors ii
Title iii
Copyright iv
Contents v
Acknowledgements vii
Preface ix
Introduction Negotiating Empowerment 1
Understanding change in women’s lives 2
Tracks and traces: women’s empowerment in development 3
Motorways and pathways 8
Contexts of choice 11
Exercising voice 13
Expanding horizons of possibility 16
Confronting stereotypes and changing norms 18
Relationships matter 21
Negotiating empowerment 24
Conclusion 26
Acknowledgements 28
Notes 28
References 28
1 Legal Reform, Women’s Empowerment and Social Change: The Case of Egypt 32
Constructing marriage in modern Egyptian family laws 34
Lived experiences of marriage 37
The new family courts: implementation challenges 39
Reform approaches and strategies: lessons learned 40
Conclusion: towards just family laws 44
Acknowledgement 47
Notes 47
References 47
2 Quotas: A Pathway of Political Empowerment? 49
The struggle for suffrage and the democratic deficit 51
Table 2.1 Women in the executive 52
Quotas in Latin America 54
Table 2.2 Quotas and electoral systems in Latin America 56
Quotas: a pathway to equality? 61
Conclusion 62
Acknowledgement 64
References 64
3 Advancing Women’s Empowerment or Rolling Back the Gains? Peace Building in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone 67
Women’s empowerment in a post-conflict context:two different entry points 69
Operationalizing women’s empowerment in post-conflict Sierra Leone 71
The practice of women’s empowerment in post-war Sierra Leone 76
Women’s lives in post-war Sierra Leone 82
Conclusion 83
Acknowledgements 84
Notes 84
References 85
4 Education: Pathway to Empowerment for Ghanaian Women? 87
The national context: gender, education and formal sector employment in Ghana 88
Methodology 90
Statistics and life experiences across regions and generations 91
Table 4.1 Educational levels of respondents 91
The relationship between education and employment 95
Table 4.2 The importance of education for employment 96
Table 4.3 Generational differences in terms of employment 97
Table 4.4 Generational differences in kinds of salaried employee positions 98
Table 4.5 Employer and income 99
Conclusion 102
Acknowledgement 102
References 103
5 Paid Work as a Pathway of Empowerment: Pakistan’s Lady Health Worker Programme 104
Work and empowerment 106
Enterprise and change 111
Personal survival and crisis management 116
Paid work as a catalyst of positive change 119
Note 121
References 121
6 Steady Money, State Support and Respect Can Equal Women’s Empowerment in Egypt 123
Why women are a priority for social protection 124
Critiques of conditional cash transfers 127
Design features that enable cash to honour and empower: the Ain-el-Sira experiment 129
A reality check on women’s lives in Egypt 135
Conclusion 137
Note 139
References 139
7 Changing Representations of Women in Ghanaian Popular Music 141
Popular music and sexuality: women as objects or subjects? 143
Changing the representations of women in popular music 148
Conclusion 154
Acknowledgements 156
Notes 156
References 157
8 Subversively Accommodating: Feminist Bureaucrats and Gender Mainstreaming 159
The debate 160
Insider activism 163
Negotiating change 165
Conclusion 171
Acknowledgements 172
Note 173
References 173
9 Reciprocity, Distancing and Opportunistic Overtures: Women’s Organizations Negotiating Legitimacy and Space in Bangladesh 175
Case study organizations 177
Methods 178
Packaging: ‘naming and framing’ the issues for mobilization 179
Alliance building with civil society: reciprocity, legitimacy and hierarchy 183
Relations with political parties: costs of engagement versus non-engagement 187
Engagement with the state: opportunism or pragmatism? 189
Personal networks: access and sustainability issues 191
Conclusions 194
Acknowledgement 195
References 196
10 Empowerment as Resistance: Conceptualizing Palestinian Women’s Empowerment 197
From instrumentalism to resistance: defining empowerment in Palestine 198
Meanings of women’s empowerment in the Palestinian context 200
Empowerment on three levels 203
Alternative perspectives on empowerment 204
Conclusion 206
Acknowledgement 208
References 208
11 Crossroads of Empowerment: The Organization of Women Domestic Workers in Brazil 210
Negotiating the ‘traffic’: intersections and inequalities 212
Differences that make a difference 214
Between women: the ‘sexual re-division of work’? 216
Women in movement: fortifying domestic workers’ empowerment 220
The conquest of public policies 222
Pathways of collective empowerment 224
Acknowledgement 227
References 227
12 Women’s Dars and the Limitations of Desire: The Pakistan Case 228
Dars as religious practice 231
Strategic mediations of space and desire 240
Conclusion 245
Notes 247
References 248
13 The Power of Relationships: Money, Love and Solidarity in a Landless Women’s Organization in Rural Bangladesh 250
Women’s empowerment and development organizations 251
A brief history of Saptagram 254
The decline of Saptagram 256
Table 13.1 Characteristics of new and old members 258
Table 13.2 Impacts of Saptagram membership 259
Savings and livelihoods: ‘able to stand on my own feet’ 260
Consciousness and capabilities: ‘That’s how I got the courage’ 261
Solidarity and social relationships: ‘The tree of Saptagram’ 264
Holding on to the organization: staff perspectives 270
Conclusions 272
Acknowledgement 274
Notes 274
References 275
14 Women Watching Television: Surfing between Fantasy and Reality 277
Dominant narratives 278
Power dynamics and negotiations while viewing 280
Viewers’ interpretations 281
New spaces 292
Acknowledgement 293
Notes 293
References 294
15 Family, Households and Women’s Empowerment through the Generations in Bahia, Brazil: Continuities or Change? 295
Family-household organization and female trans-generational solidarity 298
Plataforma in the twenty-first century: women and families 301
Women’s empowerment? 303
Three generations of women and their pathways to empowerment 305
Change or continuity? 306
Final considerations 310
Acknowledgement 311
Notes 312
References 312
About the Contributors 314
Index 321