Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Unplanned Development offers a fascinating and fresh view into the realities of development planning. While to the outsider most development projects present themselves as thoroughly planned endeavours informed by structure, direction and intent, Jonathan Rigg exposes the truth of development experience that chance, serendipity, turbulence and the unexpected define development around the world.
Based on rich empirical sources from South-East Asia, Unplanned Development sustains a unique general argument in making the case for chance and turbulence in development. Identifying chance as a leading factor in all development planning, the book contributes to a better way of dealing with the unexpected and asks vital questions on the underlying paradoxes of development practice.
Jonathan Rigg is a development geographer at Durham University. He is also the author of An Everyday Geography of the Global South (2007), Living with Transition in Laos (2005), Southeast Asia: The human landscape of modernisation and development (2003) and, edited with Peter Vandergeest, Revisiting Rural Places: Pathways to poverty and prosperity in Southeast Asia (2012).
'A critical book for our times. Intensifying global problems and development crises mark the failure of grand theories and models beloved by planners while calling for new thinking able to grasp the contingency and complexity of development. Based on extensive experience in South-East Asia, the author of this study breaks new ground by reframing development as an outcome of the unplanned, unseen and unexpected. This superb work provides new conceptual tools for a better understanding of the paradoxes of development even as it enables the reader to see how 'ordinary' events and people are more central to development processes than hitherto thought. Highly recommended!'
Professor Raymond L. Bryant, King's College London
'This is a book with a powerful and disruptive message. Above all, Jonathan Rigg's superbly crafted and thoroughly documented critique warns us against prediction and prescription in the study and practice of development. This is a celebration of human agency and diversity, and also a warning for all those inclined to take a one-size-fits-all approach to understanding or shaping social, economic, political and environmental change in Asia.'
Philip Hirsch, The University of Sydney
'Rigg offers a trenchant critique of the hubris of grand theories that claim to know and predict the direction of historical change, showing how they are often misguided or completely wrong. He exposes the strangeness of our stubborn commitment to planned change, despite its remarkably poor track record. Through richly empirical accounts of what actually happened in Southeast Asia...he shows that the driving forces were context-specific and often surprising. His book is a manifesto for grounded scholarship and a more modest style of intervention, attentive to the what, where, how, and why of the little and big shifts through which history is made, and to the desires and practices of the people who make it. A stimulating read - highly recommended.'
Tania Li, University of Toronto
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| About the author | i | ||
| Title page\r | iii | ||
| Copyright page\r | iv | ||
| Tables, figures, illustrations, boxes | vi | ||
| Tables | vi | ||
| 2.1 Three development eras and development planning paradigms | 14 | ||
| 2.2 Planning and planning agencies in South-East Asia | 18 | ||
| 2.3 Generic weaknesses in planning systems and assumptions | 24 | ||
| 2.4 Planning the Lao PDR | 28 | ||
| 2.5 Planned versus realized impacts and returns of the Pak Mun Dam | 38 | ||
| 3.1a East and South-East Asia: average annual growth of GDP, 1960–97 | 49 | ||
| 3.1b East and South-East Asia: average annual growth of GDP, 1997–2010 | 50 | ||
| 3.2 Tiers of East Asian miracles | 54 | ||
| 3.3 Mapping the Vietnamese experience onto growth models | 58 | ||
| 3.4 Pinning down the developmental state | 64 | ||
| 3.5 State to market, and points between | 66 | ||
| 3.6 GDP growth in Asia, 1998, forecast and actual | 70 | ||
| 3.7 From Washington to Post-Washington Consensus | 74 | ||
| 5.1 Four approaches to framing poverty and counting the poor | 114 | ||
| 5.2 The chronic and transitory poor: shocks to the system | 123 | ||
| 5.3 Contextual scales in the shaping of livelihood and poverty pathways | 128 | ||
| 5.4 Poverty dynamics in Indonesia, 1993, 1997 and 2000 | 129 | ||
| 5.5 Transmission of poverty through the life course, Indonesia (1993–2000) | 132 | ||
| 5.6 Intra- and extra-household factors shaping IGT poverty | 133 | ||
| 5.7 The power of the ordinary – inauspicious events and livelihood effects in north-east Thailand (1982–2009) | 136 | ||
| 5.8 Context matters | 140 | ||
| 6.1 Fertility decline in East and South-East Asia, 1960–2009 | 146 | ||
| 6.2 Proportion of women never married at ages 35–39, 1970–2005 | 157 | ||
| 6.3 Migrant workers in Asia | 166 | ||
| 7.1 Recipes for economic success? | 180 | ||
| 7.2 The axes of development contingency | 182 | ||
| Figures | vii | ||
| 3.1 Growth and poverty, Thailand: 1962–2011 | 48 | ||
| 3.2 Poverty in East Asia, 1975–2004 (millions living on less than $1 per day) | 51 | ||
| 3.3 Drawing lines: poverty in Asia, 1990 and 2005 (millions) based on $1-a-day and $2-a-day poverty lines | 52 | ||
| 3.4 Flying geese? Investment and technology transfer spillovers in Asia, 1950–2000 | 56 | ||
| 4.1 Japanese foreign direct investment, 1984–2000 | 94 | ||
| 4.2 Area under rice cultivation in Lower Burma, Siam and Cochin-China (1860, 1890 and 1920, hectares) | 98 | ||
| 4.3 Pangasius production, exports and value, Vietnam, 2001–08 | 102 | ||
| 4.4 Vietnam’s and world coffee exports, 1990–2010 | 104 | ||
| 5.1 Downward and upward livelihood trajectories: smooth ascents and sudden declines | 116 | ||
| B5.1 From stability to vulnerability in north-east Thailand | 119 | ||
| B5.2 From vulnerability to prosperity in north Vietnam | 121 | ||
| 5.2a and 5.2b The margins of poverty in South-East Asia (1990 and 2005) | 125 | ||
| 5.3 Wealth and poverty transitions in north-east Thailand, 1982–83 and 2008 | 134 | ||
| 6.1 Fertility decline in Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam, 1960–2009 | 150 | ||
| 6.2 Total fertility rates by ethnic group in peninsular Malaysia, 1957–2000 | 154 | ||
| 6.3a and 6.3b Proportion of women single at ages 30–34 and 40–44, 1970 and 2000 | 158 | ||
| 6.4 Single women by age and educational level, Singapore, 2000 | 159 | ||
| 6.5 Generation and occupation in two villages in Mahasarakham, north-east Thailand | 170 | ||
| 7.1 From demographic burden to demographic gift: the role offertility decline in Asia’s economic miracle | 192 | ||
| Illustrations | vii | ||
| 2.1 The Ciputra housing development in Hanoi, Vietnam (2010) | 35 | ||
| 3.1 Hanoi’s streets (and market economy) in 1990 | 60 | ||
| 3.2 Hanoi’s streets in 2010 | 60 | ||
| 4.1 ‘The route to a new life’: modernizing the uplands and uplanders in the Lao PDR | 90 | ||
| 4.2 Steam dredge used to dig the canals of the Mekong Delta | 97 | ||
| 4.3 Low-visibility revolution: the shrimp-tail water pump | 100 | ||
| B5.1 House compound, Ban Non Tae, north-east Thailand, 1983 | 118 | ||
| 6.1 ‘Two children are enough’: Indonesia’s ubiquitous family planning programme | 151 | ||
| 6.2 Ageing farmers in north-east Thailand (2008) | 168 | ||
| 6.3 An abandoned migrant house in Thanh Hoa, northVietnam (2010) . | 169 | ||
| Boxes | viii | ||
| 5.1 Downward mobility in north-east Thailand | 117 | ||
| 5.2 Upward mobility in Hanoi, Vietnam | 120 | ||
| 6.1 Foreign brides in East Asia | 160 | ||
| 6.2 Migration and the changing family in Vietnam | 162 | ||
| Abbreviations and glossary | ix | ||
| Acknowledgements | xi | ||
| Preface | xiv | ||
| 1 | The hidden geometries of development | 1 | ||
| Introduction: outlining the hidden geometries of development | 1 | ||
| From the big picture to the minutiae | 3 | ||
| The structure of the book and the argument | 6 | ||
| From South-East Asia to the global South: the case against orthodoxies and rule books | 9 | ||
| 2 | From development plans to development planning | 11 | ||
| Introduction | 11 | ||
| The science (and art) of plans and planning | 12 | ||
| Development planning dilemmas, development planning failures | 22 | ||
| Planning experiences in Asia | 30 | ||
| Alternatives to planning: a conclusion and a beginning | 43 | ||
| 3 | State and market perfections and imperfections | 46 | ||
| Introduction: from Asian miracle to Asian crisis | 46 | ||
| The East Asian miracle, industrial policy and the Asian developmental state | 49 | ||
| The lessons of the Asian economic crisis | 69 | ||
| The ‘proper’ role of the market (and the state) | 75 | ||
| Conclusion | 78 | ||
| 4 | The teleology of development: history \nand technology | 81 | ||
| Introduction | 81 | ||
| The grandest teleology: modernization theory, modernization thinking | 84 | ||
| Historical breaks | 92 | ||
| Conclusion: from state optics to parochial politics | 106 | ||
| 5 | The power of ordinary events in shaping development | 108 | ||
| Introduction | 108 | ||
| Conceptualizing the poor in time: the inter- and intra-generational transmission of poverty | 110 | ||
| Intra-generational twists | 113 | ||
| Box 5.1 Downward mobility in north-east Thailand | 117 | ||
| Box 5.2 Upward mobility in Hanoi, Vietnam | 120 | ||
| Between the generations: the sins of the father | 130 | ||
| From 35,000 households to 77: tracking the life course and inter-generational transmission of wealth and poverty | 135 | ||
| Conclusion | 140 | ||
| 6 | Fertility decline and its consequences in Asia | 143 | ||
| Introduction | 143 | ||
| Fertility and fertility decline | 145 | ||
| Fertility decline’s effects | 155 | ||
| Box 6.1 Foreign brides in East Asia | 160 | ||
| Box 6.2 Migration and the changing family in Vietnam | 162 | ||
| Conclusion: predicting and interpreting behaviour | 176 | ||
| 7 | Contingent development | 179 | ||
| Learning the lessons of South-East Asian development | 179 | ||
| Situating development | 183 | ||
| Three lessons: induction, empiricism and micro-theorizing | 187 | ||
| Good policies versus good governance | 189 | ||
| From demography to development | 191 | ||
| Success for different reasons: bringing people back in | 192 | ||
| Notes | 194 | ||
| Chapter 1\r | 194 | ||
| Chapter 2\r | 194 | ||
| Chapter 3\r | 197 | ||
| Chapter 4\r | 200 | ||
| Chapter 5\r | 201 | ||
| Chapter 6\r | 203 | ||
| Chapter 7\r | 206 | ||
| Bibliography | 208 | ||
| Index | 233 |