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Abstract
The subject of food security and land issues in Africa has become one of increased importance and contention over recent years. In particular, the focus has shifted to the role new global South donors - especially India, China and Brazil - are playing in shaping African agriculture through their increased involvement and investment in the continent.
Approaching the topic through the framework of South-South co-operation, this highly original volume presents a critical analysis of the ways in which Chinese, Indian and Brazilian engagements in African agriculture are structured and implemented. Do these investments have the potential to create new opportunities to improve local living standards, transfer new technology and knowhow to African producers, and reverse the persistent productivity decline in African agriculture? Or will they simply aggravate the problem of food insecurity by accelerating the process of land alienation and displacement of local people from their land?
Topical and comprehensive, Agricultural Development and Food Security in Africa offers fresh insight into a set of relationships that will shape both Africa and the world over the coming decades.
Fantu Cheru received his PhD in political economy from Portland State University. He is a socio-economist who specialises in rural development, small-scale enterprise environmental planning and resource management, urban and regional planning, participatory research methods, and institutional building and training. His latest publications include The Rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions (co-edited with Cyril Obi, 2010) and Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century (co-edited with Scarlett Cornelissen and Timothy M. Shaw, 2011).
Renu Modi is a senior lecturer and former director (2008-10) of the Centre for African Studies, University of Mumbai. She is a political scientist who graduated from the Lady Shri Ram College for Women, Delhi University. She received her PhD from the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. Her recent books are Beyond Relocation: The Imperative of Sustainable Resettlement (editor, 2009) and South-South Cooperation: Africa on the Centre Stage (editor, 2011), and she has published on issues relating to India-Africa economic relations from a historical as well as a contemporary perspective in reputed journals. She has also served as the social development consultant with the Inspection Panel of the World Bank.
'Global power structures are changing at an ever rapid pace. Now more than ever, our concepts and understandings are playing a game of catch-up to reality. Agricultural Development and Food Security in Africa offers unsentimental and timely analyses of new forms of South-South integration, subordination and alienation. Cheru and Modi demonstrate how land - with its double dimensions as territory and property - is at the heart of these dynamics.'
Christian Lund, University of Copenhagen
'Agriculture is the most important field in Africa and peasants have played a key role in both decolonization and current social life. In the context of globalization, foreign investment in African agriculture, especially from emerging countries such as China, India and Brazil has drawn criticism from the Western media and many African civil society organizations. How to assess the effect of this kind of investment? This book analyses the interaction between emerging countries and Africa, offers insightful views on the issue, and leaves some questions to think about.'
Li Anshan, Peking University
'This is a timely and insightful book. As Brazil, China and India increase their role in Africa's agriculture, fine-grained analyses about the patterns, drivers and impacts of that involvement are particularly welcome. And while much debate on "land grabbing" has been dominated by Western writers, this book presents a mosaic of perspectives from Southern authors. The result is a thought-provoking read for anybody interested in understanding the changing landscape of African agriculture.'
Lorenzo Cotula, Institute for Environment and Development
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Front cover | ||
| Africa Now | i | ||
| About the editors | ii | ||
| Title | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Tables, boxes and figures | vii | ||
| Abbreviations | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Introduction: peasants, the state and foreign direct investment in African agriculture | 1 | ||
| Neocolonialism or new opportunity? | 3 | ||
| The glass is neither ‘half full’ nor ‘half empty’: the need for pragmatism | 4 | ||
| Scope of the book | 5 | ||
| Changing course: harnessing foreign direct investment to transform African agriculture | 9 | ||
| PART I Overview | 13 | ||
| 1 Catalysing an agricultural revolution in Africa: what role for foreign direct investment? | 15 | ||
| Introduction | 15 | ||
| Transforming African agriculture: new opportunities | 17 | ||
| Box 1.1 CAADP priorities | 18 | ||
| Additional dimensions to consider | 21 | ||
| Progress in the implementation of CAADP | 23 | ||
| Attracting Southern FDI to develop productive potential | 24 | ||
| 1.1 Foreign direct investment inflows by region, 1990–2010 (%) | 25 | ||
| The role of FDI in African agriculture: overcoming the burden of history | 25 | ||
| Harnessing new partnerships with China, India and Brazil | 26 | ||
| China, India and Brazil in African agriculture: an overview | 27 | ||
| Box 1.2 Chinese support for African agriculture | 28 | ||
| Table 1.1 Chinese-aided agricultural technology: demonstration centres in Africa | 29 | ||
| Table 1.2 African countries receiving assistance under the FAO South–South Cooperation initiative | 30 | ||
| Box 1.3 First India–Africa Forum Summit (2008) | 31 | ||
| Box 1.4 Second India–Africa Forum Summit (2011) | 32 | ||
| Measuring the contribution of FDI to African agriculture: technology, finance, knowledge and know-how | 33 | ||
| Sharing experience on the institutional imperatives of an agricultural revolution | 35 | ||
| Conclusions | 36 | ||
| 2 Agrarian transformation in Africa and its decolonisation | 38 | ||
| Introduction: peasantries and agrarian transformation | 38 | ||
| Accumulation by dispossession in Africa: historical and contemporary trends | 39 | ||
| The post-independence experience in agrarian reforms | 40 | ||
| Agrarian reforms in the structural adjustment period of the 1980s | 41 | ||
| The consequences of neoliberal agricultural reform for food security | 43 | ||
| Table 2.1 Number of tractors and harvester-threshers in selected African countries | 44 | ||
| Table 2.2 Value of imports and exports of cereals: world versus Africa | 45 | ||
| Table 2.3 Consumption of key commodities by sub-regions of Africa in 2004 | 46 | ||
| Capitalist crisis, ‘third-wave’ ‘land grabbing’ and peasant incorporation | 47 | ||
| Table 2.4 Agricultural land acquisitions in Africa (2011) | 50 | ||
| Agrarian resistance to neoliberalism: the case of Zimbabwe | 51 | ||
| Table 2.5 Estimated landholdings by farmer groups in Zimbabwe (1980, 2000 and 2010) | 52 | ||
| Conclusion | 55 | ||
| PART II India | 57 | ||
| 3 India and Africa: new trends in sustainable agricultural development | 59 | ||
| Introduction | 59 | ||
| India–Africa cooperation in agriculture: scope and content | 59 | ||
| Table 3.1 Proposed locations of agriculture-related institutes in Africa (2012) | 63 | ||
| Table 3.2 Africa–India trade growth in eight main agricultural commodities | 66 | ||
| Table 3.3 Beneficiaries of India’s DFTP scheme (2012) | 68 | ||
| Table 3.4 Agricultural and related projects funded through LOCs from EXIM Bank (2003–12) | 69 | ||
| The current scenario: how sustainable is the Indian approach of promoting food security through land leases? | 71 | ||
| Indian investments in Africa: historical and contemporary trends | 72 | ||
| Conclusion | 74 | ||
| 4 India’s strategy for African agriculture: assessing the technology, knowledge and finance platforms | 76 | ||
| India’s economic miracle: from food-deficient to food-sufficient country | 76 | ||
| 4.1 Major imports of agricultural commodities in India | 78 | ||
| 4.2 India’s total imports and agricultural imports | 79 | ||
| Table 4.1 India’s imports and exports of agricultural commodities compared with total national imports/exports | 80 | ||
| Table 4.2 Africa’s share of India’s top food imports | 81 | ||
| Indian investments in the agricultural sector of Africa | 82 | ||
| Case studies of Indian enterprises | 83 | ||
| Table 4.3 Impact of KBL on the output of rice in Senegal (2011) | 84 | ||
| Export-Import Bank of India in Africa | 88 | ||
| Table 4.4 Distribution of the Indian government’s LOCs among world regions (30 August 2012) | 88 | ||
| 4.3 Distribution of the Indian government’s LOCs among world regions | 89 | ||
| Conclusion | 89 | ||
| Table 4.5 EXIM Bank LOCs extended to African countries and regions | 90 | ||
| 5 Up for grabs: the case of large Indian investments in Ethiopian agriculture | 93 | ||
| Introduction | 93 | ||
| Policy shift: from peasant farms to large-scale agriculture | 94 | ||
| The turn to foreign capital | 96 | ||
| Land and foreign capital | 98 | ||
| Table 5.1 Land available for investment with the Federal Land Bank of Ethiopia (2010) | 99 | ||
| Table 5.2 Indian agricultural investments in Ethiopia (2007–12) | 102 | ||
| The balance sheet | 103 | ||
| 6 Indian agricultural companies, ‘land grabbing’ in Africa and activists’ responses | 107 | ||
| New trends in global 'land grabbing' | 107 | ||
| The role of India in the global ‘land grab’ | 110 | ||
| Review of five contracts with Indian agricultural companies in Ethiopia | 113 | ||
| Activism against the trend | 116 | ||
| Conclusion | 121 | ||
| PART III Brazil | 123 | ||
| 7 Brazil’s cooperation in African agricultural development and food security | 125 | ||
| Introduction | 125 | ||
| Table 7.1 Official amounts of Brazilian international cooperation (2003–09) | 130 | ||
| Technology transfer and capacity building in food crop and biofuel production | 130 | ||
| Family farming for food security and sovereignty: policy dialogue and technical cooperation across the value chain | 137 | ||
| Conclusion | 142 | ||
| 8 Brazil, biofuels and food security in Mozambique | 145 | ||
| Introduction | 145 | ||
| Brazilian agricultural development and relations with Africa | 146 | ||
| Biofuels, land use and food security in Mozambique | 148 | ||
| Policy versus practice in Mozambican biofuel projects and effects on food security | 154 | ||
| Conclusions: Brazilian ambitions, African economies and defining development | 156 | ||
| 9 South–South cooperation in agriculture: the India, Brazil and South Africa Dialogue Forum | 159 | ||
| Introduction | 159 | ||
| South–South science and technology cooperation | 159 | ||
| The India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum | 161 | ||
| 9.1 IBSA’s institutional mechanisms | 162 | ||
| Achievements and challenges | 163 | ||
| IBSA–Africa cooperation in agriculture | 164 | ||
| IBSA Fund for Alleviation of Poverty and Hunger: the case of Guinea-Bissau | 167 | ||
| Conclusions and the way forward | 168 | ||
| PART IV China | 171 | ||
| 10 China’s food security challenge: what role for Africa? | 173 | ||
| Introduction | 173 | ||
| 10.1 Global food price hikes (2008 and 2011) | 173 | ||
| Rising demand in China | 174 | ||
| 10.2 China’s large and increasingly urban population (1950–2050) | 174 | ||
| 10.3 China’s increasing food consumption (kilograms/litres consumed per capita) | 176 | ||
| Increasing strains on agricultural supply | 176 | ||
| China’s agricultural supply response | 177 | ||
| Domestic agricultural production | 177 | ||
| 10.4 Household income inequality in China | 178 | ||
| 10.5 China’s equilibrium in major markets, plus stockpiles | 178 | ||
| Box 10.1. Agriculture in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan | 179 | ||
| Trade | 180 | ||
| 10.6 The rise in China’s food imports | 181 | ||
| 10.7 Chinese agricultural imports from Africa | 182 | ||
| Aid and outward investment | 183 | ||
| Table 10.1 Selected Chinese agricultural and agribusiness SOEs operating in Africa (2010) | 186 | ||
| Conclusion | 188 | ||
| 11 China’s agricultural and rural development: lessons for African countries | 190 | ||
| Introduction | 190 | ||
| Agriculture in China’s post-1978 economic transformation | 190 | ||
| Agricultural and rural development in China since the reform era | 192 | ||
| 11.1 Growth in grain production in China (1978–2010) | 194 | ||
| Table 11.1 Share of gross output by sector in China | 196 | ||
| 11.2 Percentage share of gross output value by sector in China | 197 | ||
| 11.3 Employment and output values of TVEs in China (1978–2010) | 200 | ||
| China’s broad-based agricultural development strategies | 201 | ||
| Box 11.1 Lessons from China’s agriculture-led industrialisation experience | 204 | ||
| Conclusions: the lessons for African countries in agricultural development | 207 | ||
| 12 Conclusions and the way forward | 211 | ||
| South–South cooperation in agriculture: opportunities and challenges | 212 | ||
| Areas of tensions | 214 | ||
| Box 12.1 Land and Africa’s development: recommendations of the eighth African Development Forum | 220 | ||
| The way forward | 222 | ||
| Notes | 224 | ||
| About the contriburors | 228 | ||
| References | 230 | ||
| Index | 253 |