BOOK
Economic Policy and Human Rights
Radhika Balakrishnan | Diane Elson | Sarah Gammage | Nursel Aydiner-Avsar | Lourdes Colinas | Alberto Serdan-Rosales | Gabriel Lara | James Heintz | Carlos Salas | Daniela Ramirez Camacho | Roberto Constantino | Kristina Parker
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Economic Policy and Human Rights presents a powerful critique of three decades of neoliberal economic policies, assessed from the perspective of human rights norms. In doing so, it brings together two areas of thought and action that have hitherto been separate: progressive economics concerned with promoting economic justice and human development; and human rights analysis and advocacy.
Focussing on in-depth comparative case studies of the USA and Mexico and looking at issues such as public expenditure, taxation and international trade, the book shows that heterodox economic analysis benefits greatly from a deeper understanding of a human rights framework. This is something progressive economists have often been skeptical of, regarding it as too deeply entrenched in 'Western' norms, discourses and agendas. Such a categorical rejection is unwarranted. Instead, human rights norms can provide an invaluable ethical and accountability framework, challenging a narrow focus on efficiency and growth.
A vital book for anyone interested in human rights and harnessing economics to create a better world.
'Economists have long struggled to find frameworks for integrating concerns of justice with economic policy formation. This refreshingly novel approach to assessing the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy offers a timely alternative lens that identifies human well-being as the main guidepost. Its most striking achievement lies in clearly delineating the linkages between human rights and macroeconomic policies, providing a tool to hold governments accountable to their human rights commitments.' - Stephanie Seguino, University of Vermont
'An insightful exploration of the relationship between human rights and economic policies. This book asks how we should evaluate economic policies in the light of the human rights commitments that states have signed up to, and offers practical tools for assessing the justice of alternative economic policy choices. In the current economic climate, the messages and frameworks for analysis should be taken seriously by policy makers and their advisors. For activists and advocacy groups, it offers the language to counter economic policy choices that undermine progress towards the realization of rights.' - Sarah Cook, Director, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
'Recommended reading for anyone committed to social and economic justice.' - Ceasefire
Radhika Balakrishnan, Executive Director of the Center for Women's Global Leadership, and Professor, Women's and Gender Studies at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. Previously, she was Professor of Economics and International Studies at Marymount Manhattan College. She has worked at the Ford Foundation as a program officer in the Asia Regional Program. She is currently the Chair of the Board of the US Human Rights Network and on the Board of the Center for Constitutional Rights. She is the author of Why MES with Human Rights: Integrating Macro Economic Strategies with Human Rights (Marymount Manhattan College, New York, 2005). She edited The Hidden Assembly Line: Gender Dynamics of Subcontracted Work in a Global Economy (Kumarian Press, 2001) and co-edited Good Sex: Feminist Perspectives from the Worlds Religions, with Patricia Jung and Mary Hunt (Rutgers University Press, 2000). She has also authored numerous articles that have appeared in books and journals.
Diane Elson holds a Chair in Sociology at the University of Essex, UK and is a member of the Essex Human Rights Centre. She has acted as advisor to UNIFEM, UNDP, Oxfam, and other development agencies and is a past vice president of the International Association for Feminist Economics. She has published widely on gender and development. Her academic degrees include a B.A. in philosophy, politics, and economics from the University of Oxford; and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Manchester.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
About the editors | i | ||
Figures, Tables and Box | vi | ||
Figures | vi | ||
Chapter 1\r | vi | ||
1.1 Public sector revenue and expenditure (1980–2009) | 30 | ||
1.2 The public sector budget balances (1980–2009) | 31 | ||
1.3 Financial Requirements of the Public Sector (FRPS) (1990–2008) | 32 | ||
1.4 Total public expenditure (1980–2009) | 34 | ||
1.5 Latin American Index of Budgetary Transparency (results for Mexico) | 36 | ||
1.6 Inflation rate and economic growth (1980–2009) | 38 | ||
1.7 Economic growth and employment in micro-enterprises as a share of total urban employment (1993–2004) | 42 | ||
1.8 Index of average real wages in manufacturing and the real minimum wage (1980–2007) | 45 | ||
Chapter 2\r | vi | ||
2.1 Total government deficits as a percentage of GDP | 59 | ||
2.2 Federal Funds Rate (1960–2009) | 62 | ||
2.3 Unemployment: current and prior recessions | 63 | ||
2.4 Index of productivity and hourly compensation of production and non-supervisory workers (1959–2008) | 64 | ||
2.5 Good jobs, as a share of total employment (1979–2006) | 65 | ||
Chapter 3\r | vi | ||
3.1 Public expenditure on social development and economic development | 74 | ||
3.2 Per capita social expenditure in Latin America | 74 | ||
3.3 Public expenditure on health and education in Mexico | 75 | ||
3.4 Trends in real per capita public health spending in Latin America | 76 | ||
3.5 Under-five child mortality rates in Latin America | 77 | ||
3.6 Maternal mortality rates in Latin American countries | 79 | ||
3.7 Underspending in Mexico’s public health sector | 81 | ||
3.8 Affiliation to the Popular Insurance among rural uninsured | 82 | ||
3.9 Distribution of Popular Insurance accredited medical units across states | 83 | ||
3.10 Anti-poverty expenditure | 86 | ||
3.11 Chronic undernourishment in children aged under five, by region (1988–2006) | 88 | ||
3.12 Chronic undernourishment in children under five, by income deciles (1999–2006) | 89 | ||
3.13 Chronic undernourishment among indigenous and non-indigenous children (1988–2006) | 89 | ||
3.14 Open Budget Index 2008 | 91 | ||
3.15 Index of participation in the budgetary process, selected Latin American countries (2007 and 2009) | 93 | ||
Chapter 4\r | vi | ||
4.1 Federal government outlays by function, percentage of GDP (1980–2009) | 101 | ||
4.2 Public social expenditure as a percentage of GDP (2007) | 102 | ||
4.3 Public social expenditure as a percentage of GDP (1980–2007) | 102 | ||
4.4 Public social expenditure per head, at constant prices and constant PPPs, in 2000 $US (1980–2007) | 103 | ||
4.5 Expenditure on Medicare and Medicaid as share of GDP (1980–2008) | 104 | ||
4.6 US per capita public health expenditure in 2008 dollars (1980–2008) | 105 | ||
4.7 Percentage of US population covered by different types of health insurance | 105 | ||
4.8 Per capita public expenditure on health, US$ PPP (1980–2008) | 106 | ||
4.9 Infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 live births), United States | 109 | ||
4.10 Maternal mortality (deaths per 100,000 live births), United States | 109 | ||
4.11 Insurance coverage of non-elderly population by race and ethnicity (2009) | 111 | ||
4.12 Uninsured rates by citizenship status (2009) | 111 | ||
4.13 Percentage of people without insurance by race/ethnicity | 112 | ||
4.14 Percentage of people without insurance by sex | 113 | ||
4.15 Infant mortality rate by race and ethnicity (infant deaths per 1,000 live births) | 114 | ||
4.16 Maternal mortality rate by race and ethnicity (deaths per 100,000 live births) | 115 | ||
4.17 Age-adjusted death rates by race/ethnicity (per 100,000 population) | 115 | ||
4.18 Five-year relative cancer survival rates for selected cancer sites by race and sex | 116 | ||
4.19 Selected indicators of utilization of health resources by race (2009) | 117 | ||
4.20 Trends in prevalence of food insecurity in US households | 121 | ||
4.21 US households with food insecurity by various household characteristics | 122 | ||
4.22 US households with very low food security by various household characteristics | 123 | ||
Chapter 5 | vi | ||
5.1 Structure of public sector revenue (2008) | 132 | ||
5.2 Oil revenues of the public sector as a percentage of GDP | 133 | ||
5.3 Federal government revenue (1980–2008) (as a percentage of GDP) | 133 | ||
5.4 Income tax (ISR), VAT and royalties as a percentage of total government revenue | 134 | ||
5.5 Government revenue (1986–2008) | 134 | ||
5.6 Tax revenue by type of tax (1980–2007) | 136 | ||
5.7 Structure of income tax collection | 136 | ||
5.8 Tax revenue in OECD countries, America and Mexico (2004) | 138 | ||
5.9 Share of property tax in GDP | 139 | ||
5.10 Monetary income distribution by decile (1998–2006) | 142 | ||
5.11 Income tax contribution and tax incidence by decile | 142 | ||
5.12 VAT: share and incidence by income groups (2002) | 143 | ||
5.13 Incidence of VAT taxation by income decile (1984–2004) | 144 | ||
5.14 Fiscal and tax information requested by IFAI | 147 | ||
5.15 Civil penalties for fiscal lawbreaking | 148 | ||
5.16 Tax evasion and avoidance in Mexico (2003) | 149 | ||
Chapter 6\r | vi | ||
6.1 Total tax revenue as percentage of GDP: United States . | 157 | ||
6.2 Total tax revenue as percentage of GDP (1975–2007): country comparison | 158 | ||
6.3 Percentage composition of tax receipts by source (1960–2006) | 158 | ||
6.4 Corporate versus personal share of federal income tax | 159 | ||
6.5 Incidence of US federal taxes by household income group (1960, 2004) | 165 | ||
6.6 Comparing average incidence of different state and local taxes on household income of different household groups | 165 | ||
6.7 Incidence of state and local taxes on household income of different household groups (2007, all states) | 166 | ||
6.8 Average changes in state and local taxes as shares of income (1989–2007, all states) | 166 | ||
6.9 Distribution of family income by race | 166 | ||
6.10 Poverty rates of families by race and presence of workers in female-headed households (2008) | 167 | ||
6.11 Ratio of black and Hispanic to white median family income (average of all households) | 168 | ||
6.12 Ratio of black and Hispanic to white median family income (by type of household) | 168 | ||
6.13 Income tax deductions, compared to income, individuals and businesses | 170 | ||
6.14 Audits of corporations | 170 | ||
6.15 Number of civil penalties against corporations | 171 | ||
Chapter 7\r | viii | ||
7.1 PROCAMPO programme, 1994–2007: total budget, producers supported, hectares of land supported | 180 | ||
7.2 PROCAMPO programme, 1994–2007: support per producer and per hectare | 180 | ||
7.3 Structure of exports in Mexico (1980–2007) | 183 | ||
7.4 Jobs and wages in the clothing industry in Mexico (1988–2004) | 186 | ||
7.5 Jobs and wages in the auto parts industry in Mexico (1988–2004) | 186 | ||
7.6 Manufacturing sector in Mexico: productivity versus real wages (1988–2004) | 187 | ||
7.7 Monthly real wages in Mexico: agriculture versus manufacturing sector (1988–2004) | 188 | ||
7.8 Men’s and women’s real monthly salaries in the export maquila sector (1997–2006) | 189 | ||
7.9 Monthly real wages in the export maquila sector (1980–2006) | 189 | ||
7.10 Employment in the export maquila sector (1980–2006) | 190 | ||
7.11 CPI variation (1994–2008) | 191 | ||
7.12 Food expenditure as a share of monetary current income of households, by deciles (2000–06) | 193 | ||
7.13 General inflation and food inflation, compared to minimum wage | 194 | ||
Chapter 10\r | viii | ||
10.1 Share of households covered by private pension plans | 239 | ||
10.2 Share of pension participants primarily in defined contribution plans (1975–98) | 240 | ||
10.3 Share of pension participants in defined contribution and defined benefit plans (1980–2004) | 240 | ||
10.4 Poverty rate among elderly Americans | 242 | ||
Tables | ix | ||
1.1 Macroeconomic indicators (1993–2009) | 41 | ||
1.2 Structure of employment by type of contract, 1995, 2000, 2007 | 43 | ||
1.3 National poverty lines as a percentage of the minimum wage (1992–2008) | 45 | ||
3.1 Registered maternal deaths at the sub-national level | 78 | ||
3.2 Shares of public expenditure by deciles (2000) | 80 | ||
3.3 Health spending by group | 80 | ||
3.4 Distribution of population by insurance and locality (2005) | 82 | ||
3.5 Social security entitlements among the indigenous and nonindigenouspopulation, 2005 | 83 | ||
3.6 Distribution of maternal deaths in the country | 84 | ||
3.7 Undernourishment of children aged under five | 88 | ||
4.1 Health expenditure indicators: selected high-income countries | 107 | ||
4.2 Life expectancy indicators: selected high-income countries | 110 | ||
4.3 Healthcare indicators for eight industrialized countries | 118 | ||
5.1 Mexico: tax revenue as percentage of GDP | 137 | ||
7.1 NAALC’s labour principles | 179 | ||
7.2 Imports as a share of the domestic consumption of staple foods, Mexico (1990–2005) | 185 | ||
7.3 Average CPI of selected products with reference to the general index (1980–2008) | 192 | ||
8.1 NAFTA trade-related job displacement, 1993–2004: analysis by social group | 210 | ||
9.1 Total number of pensions granted by IMSS and ISSSTE | 224 | ||
9.2 The changing qualification conditions for an IMSS pension | 224 | ||
9.3 Active labour force and social security access, disaggregated by age, education and gender | 226 | ||
Box | x | ||
5.1 Eliminating explict gender bias in personal income tax (PIT) | 145 | ||
Abbreviations | xi | ||
Acknowledgements\r | xiii | ||
Introduction: Economic Policies and Human Rights Obligations | 1 | ||
Dialogue between human rights advocates and progressive economists | 2 | ||
Clarification of human rights obligations | 3 | ||
Key principles in meeting obligations regarding economic and social rights | 7 | ||
Evaluating economic policies in the light of human rights obligations | 11 | ||
Key findings | 16 | ||
Holding governments to account | 24 | ||
Changing the way that economists evaluate policies | 25 | ||
Notes | 25 | ||
References | 26 | ||
1 | Fiscal and Monetary Policy and the Right to Work: Mexico | 28 | ||
Introduction | 28 | ||
Conduct of fiscal policy | 28 | ||
Conduct of monetary policy | 37 | ||
Results of fiscal and monetary policy with respect to the right to work and \nto just and favourable conditions of work | 40 | ||
Conclusion | 46 | ||
Notes | 47 | ||
References | 49 | ||
2 | Human Rights Dimensions of Fiscal and Monetary Policies: United States | 52 | ||
Introduction | 52 | ||
Fiscal and monetary policy and the right to work and to just and favourable conditions of work | 53 | ||
Fiscal and monetary policy in the United States | 57 | ||
Non-discrimination and equality | 65 | ||
Transparency, accountability, participation: fiscal policy | 67 | ||
Conclusion | 70 | ||
Notes | 71 | ||
References | 71 | ||
3 | Human Rights and Public Expenditure in Mexico | 73 | ||
Introduction | 73 | ||
Progressive realization and non-retrogression | 73 | ||
Non-discrimination and equality | 79 | ||
Minimum core obligations: the right to an adequate standard of living, especially the right to food | 85 | ||
Transparency, accountability and participation | 90 | ||
Conclusion | 94 | ||
Notes | 96 | ||
References | 97 | ||
4 | Human Rights and Public Expenditure in the USA | 99 | ||
Introduction | 99 | ||
Progressive realization and non-retrogression: public expenditure and the right to health | 101 | ||
Non-discrimination and equality in right to health | 110 | ||
Minimum core levels of rights: the right to food | 119 | ||
Transparency, accountability and participation | 124 | ||
Conclusion | 126 | ||
Notes | 127 | ||
References | 128 | ||
5 | Taxation and Economic and Social Rights in Mexico | 131 | ||
Introduction | 131 | ||
Sources of public sector revenue in Mexico | 132 | ||
Taxation | 135 | ||
Taxation and the use of maximum available resources | 137 | ||
Non-discrimination and equality | 140 | ||
Box 5.1 Eliminating explict gender bias in personal income tax (PIT) | 145 | ||
Transparency, accountability and participation | 146 | ||
Notes | 150 | ||
Conclusions | 150 | ||
References | 151 | ||
6 | Taxation and Economic and Social Rights in the USA | 153 | ||
Introduction | 153 | ||
US tax policy | 153 | ||
Obligation of conduct | 154 | ||
Conclusions/recommendations | 171 | ||
Notes | 172 | ||
References | 172 | ||
7 | Trade Policy and Human Rights: Mexico | 175 | ||
Introduction | 175 | ||
Progressive realization, with respect to the right to work and to just and favourable conditions of work | 178 | ||
Non-discrimination and equality, with respect to the right to work and to just and favourable conditions of work | 187 | ||
Minimum core obligations to ensure a minimum level of enjoyment of key rights: the right to food | 190 | ||
Conclusions | 194 | ||
Notes | 195 | ||
References | 196 | ||
8 | Trade Policy and Human Rights Obligations of the USA: NAFTA | 199 | ||
Introduction | 199 | ||
Non-discrimination and equality | 202 | ||
Which of my rights are protected? | 206 | ||
May I initiate a complaint directly if my rights are violated? | 206 | ||
Do I have the right to bring legal action in the country where the violation occurred? | 207 | ||
If the violations continue and go unpunished by the other country, may I seek remedies at a higher level? | 207 | ||
If the other government refuses to abide by the decision, are trade sanctions imposed? | 207 | ||
Minimum core obligations (with respect to the right to food in Mexico) | 212 | ||
Accountability, transparency and participation | 214 | ||
Conclusion | 218 | ||
Notes | 219 | ||
References | 220 | ||
9 | Regulation: Pension Reform and Human Rights in Mexico | 222 | ||
Mexico’s retirement security system | 222 | ||
Progressive realization and non-retrogression | 223 | ||
Non-discrimination and equality | 225 | ||
Transparency and accountability | 228 | ||
Conclusions | 232 | ||
Notes | 232 | ||
References | 233 | ||
10 | Regulation: Pension Reform and Human Rights in the USA | 234 | ||
Ageing populations and pension reform | 234 | ||
The United States’ retirement security system | 236 | ||
Progressive realization and non-retrogression | 238 | ||
Non-discrimination and equality | 242 | ||
Transparency and accountability | 244 | ||
Conclusion | 246 | ||
Notes | 247 | ||
References | 247 | ||
About the Contributors | 249 | ||
Index | 252 | ||
About Zed Books | 258 |