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Protest Camps

Protest Camps

Anna Feigenbaum | Fabian Frenzel | Patrick McCurdy

(2013)

Abstract

From Tahrir Square to Occupy, from the Red Shirts in Thailand to the Teachers in Oaxaca, protest camps are a highly visible feature of social movements' activism across the world. They are spaces where people come together to imagine alternative worlds and articulate contentious politics, often in confrontation with the state. Drawing on over fifty different protest camps from around the world over the past fifty years, this book offers a ground-breaking and detailed investigation into protest camps from a global perspective - a story that, until now, has remained untold. Taking the reader on a journey across different cultural, political and geographical landscapes of protest, and drawing on a wealth of original interview material, the authors demonstrate that protest camps are unique spaces in which activists can enact radical and often experiential forms of democratic politics.
'The phenomenon of protest camps is finally given the attention it deserves. With an international remit and a huge range of historical and contemporary examples, Feigenbaum, Frenzel and McCurdy provide a theoretically robust yet also highly readable and inspiring investigation of what protest camps are, do, achieve and challenge. What is more it is packed full of great photographs, cartoons and diagrams.' Dr Jenny Pickerill, Reader in Environmental Geography, University of Leicester 'Much has been written about recent protests as digital networks, but too little about the physical process of continuously occupying significant space. Feigenbaum, Frenzel and McCurdy's wonderful book brings a fresh perspective to our understanding of contemporary political action, connecting to the history of occupations from Greenham onwards and offering smart conceptual tools for analysing both recent and historical events in all their richness, messiness and hidden order. A fine achievement.' Nick Couldry, London School of Economics and Political Science 'An exciting, engaging and energizing book, Protest Camps is required reading for activists and academics interested in the history, politics and practice of the occupation of public space as a creative form of extra-parliamentary action.' Sasha Roseneil, author of Disarming Patriarchy: feminism and political action at Greenham, Professor of Sociology and Social Theory, Birkbeck University of London. 'Analysing the global history and radical infrastructures of protest camps this book provides a captivating cartography that helps heal the chasm between how we live our everyday life and what our political ideas are, how we protest against the old world whilst proposing new ones. Best read (and discussed) around a (protest) camp fire.' John Jordan, artist, activist and co-founder of the direct action protest movement 'Reclaim the Streets'.
Anna Feigenbaum is a lecturer in media and politics at Bournemouth University and has held fellow positions at the Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis and the London School of Economics and Political Science. She completed her PhD at McGill University, Montreal, in 2008, where her project was funded by a Mellon Pre-dissertation Fellowship, the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. She has published in a range of outlets, including South Atlantic Quarterly, ephemera, Feminist Media Studies, Fuse magazine and Corpwatch.org. She is an associate of the Higher Education Academy and is a trained facilitator and community educator, running group development workshops for academics, nongovernmental organisations and local initiatives. She can be found on Twitter at @drfigtree. Fabian Frenzel is lecturer in organisation at the School of Management, University of Leicester, and Marie Curie post-doctoral fellow at the Department of Geography, University of Potsdam, Germany. He has worked on democratic politics in Europe, Africa and Brazil, looking at issues such as alternative media, international development and climate change. His PhD thesis is from the Centre of Tourism and Cultural Change, Leeds Metropolitan University. He is currently working on a two-year research project funded by the EU to investigate the valorisation of areas of deprivation and poverty in tourism. His work has been published in journals such as Environment and Planning A, Tourism Geographies and Parallax. He has edited (with Ko Koens and Malte Steinbrink) Slum Tourism: Poverty, Power, Ethics, published in 2012. Patrick McCurdy is assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Ottawa, Canada and holds a PhD from the London School of Economics and Political Science. His thesis on how radical social movement actors interact with media at the site of protest was selected as part of the LSE History of Thought theses. His work has been published in several journals, including the International Journal of Communication and Critical Discourse Studies. He has published two co-edited books: Mediation and Social Movements (with Bart Cammaerts and Alice Mattoni), 2013; and Beyond WikiLeaks: Implications for the Future of Communications, Journalism and Society (with Benedetta Brevini and Arne Hintz), 2013. He can be found on Twitter at @pmmcc.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Front cover
About the authors i
Title iii
Copyright iv
Contents v
Illustrations vi
Acknowledgements viii
Introduction 1
The multiple origins of organised camping 4
0.1 Global protest camps prior to 2011 11
What makes a ‘protest camp’? 11
The link between protest camps and (new) social movements 13
Concept soup 14
0.2 The concept soup 15
Infrastructural analysis and book structure 27
0.3 The infrastructures of protest camps 27
An historical review of selected protest camps 30
0.4 Welcome tents like this one at Occupy Bristol form a central feature of many protest camps 30
0.5 Tents in the evening sun at HoriZone protest camp, Stirling, July 2005 34
0.6 The library of Occupy LSX 39
1 Infrastructures and practices of protest camping 41
Introduction 41
Protest camps and crafting a homeplace 42
Infrastructures 46
1.1 A noticeboard at Heiligendamm anti-G8 camp in Germany, 2007 50
1.2 The Oaxaca encampments in 2006 filled the city’s streets 52
1.3 The spokescouncil model 54
1.4 Compost toilets are part of the holistic, permaculture-inspired, ecological outlook of protest camps 57
Exposing the law 59
1.5 Laws and legal battles can form part of the struggle to create camps 60
‘Travelling’ infrastructures 61
1.6 Infrastructures travel, with tripods being used at different UK Climate Camps, including here at Kingsnorth in 2008 62
1.7 Note of solidarity at Occupy LSX 64
Conclusion 67
2 Media and communication infrastructures 69
Introduction 69
Adaptations 73
2.1 Entrance to the HoriZoneprotest camp, Stirling, July 2005 81
2.2 A media tent is part of many protest camps 89
Alternatives 90
2.3 Mainshill Solidarity Camp zine teaches readers how to build a bender 92
Print-based media 94
2.4 True Unity News was published in the Resurrection City camp 95
2.5 Greenham Common’s communication infrastructures included on-site media-making and off-site offices 96
2.6 The debut issue of The Occupied Wall Street Journal, October 2011 98
2.7 The Tahrir Square media tent 106
Conclusion 111
3 Protest action infrastructures 113
Introduction 114
3.1 Protest camping as direct action 115
Protest camps as places of protest action 116
The question of violence 118
Diversity of tactics 122
Protest action ecology 125
3.2 Climate Camp in the City at the G20 meeting in London, 2009 126
Protest action ecosystems 129
3.3 Police violence often reveals the race, class and gender oppressions that operate in protest camps 131
3.4 Kate Evans’ abseiling handbook 140
Conclusion 147
4 Governance infrastructures 149
Introduction 149
4.1 The hand signals of consensus decision-making popularised by Occupy 150
Organic horizontality and partial organisation 152
The organised camp and organic horizontality 161
Resurrection City and anarchitecture 162
Anti-nuclear occupations 165
The development of formalised consensus decision-making 168
Horizontality without formal horizontal decision-making 170
4.2 The first Climate Camp in summer 2006 in Yorkshire 171
4.3 A map illustrating decentralisation 174
Spaces of experimentation 176
Conclusion 179
5 Re-creation infrastructures 182
Introduction 182
5.1 Education is a central area of social reproduction pursued in protest camps 184
Nomadology 187
Theories of exceptionality 189
5.2 The occupation of Alcatraz marked the island as Indian land 194
5.3 A large installation of a plane invites people entering the 2007 Climate Camp at Heathrow to ‘exit the system’ 195
5.4 A playful take on secession at Occupy LSX, 2011 196
5.5 Climate Camp at Heathrow, 2007 200
5.6 The cycle-powered Rinky Dink sound system at the Climate Camp at Heathrow, 2007 203
5.7 The protest camps against aluminium smelters inIceland, 2005–07 204
Social reproduction 206
5.8 Re-creating life in sustainable ways – renewable energy in protest camps 212
5.9 Climate Camp in the City in Bishopsgate, London, 2009 214
5.10 Struggles for de-colonisation and anti-racism were prominent in many Occupy camps 216
Conclusion 217
6 Alternative worlds 219
Introduction 219
Alternative worlds 219
Protest camps and the commons 223
To win and to fail 229
Protest camps research 233
References 238
Index 251
About Zed Books 262