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Abstract
From Tahrir Square to Occupy, from the Red Shirts in Thailand to the Teachers in Oaxaca, protest camps are a highly visible feature of social movements' activism across the world. They are spaces where people come together to imagine alternative worlds and articulate contentious politics, often in confrontation with the state. Drawing on over fifty different protest camps from around the world over the past fifty years, this book offers a ground-breaking and detailed investigation into protest camps from a global perspective - a story that, until now, has remained untold.
Taking the reader on a journey across different cultural, political and geographical landscapes of protest, and drawing on a wealth of original interview material, the authors demonstrate that protest camps are unique spaces in which activists can enact radical and often experiential forms of democratic politics.
'The phenomenon of protest camps is finally given the attention it deserves. With an international remit and a huge range of historical and contemporary examples, Feigenbaum, Frenzel and McCurdy provide a theoretically robust yet also highly readable and inspiring investigation of what protest camps are, do, achieve and challenge. What is more it is packed full of great photographs, cartoons and diagrams.'
Dr Jenny Pickerill, Reader in Environmental Geography, University of Leicester
'Much has been written about recent protests as digital networks, but too little about the physical process of continuously occupying significant space. Feigenbaum, Frenzel and McCurdy's wonderful book brings a fresh perspective to our understanding of contemporary political action, connecting to the history of occupations from Greenham onwards and offering smart conceptual tools for analysing both recent and historical events in all their richness, messiness and hidden order. A fine achievement.'
Nick Couldry, London School of Economics and Political Science
'An exciting, engaging and energizing book, Protest Camps is required reading for activists and academics interested in the history, politics and practice of the occupation of public space as a creative form of extra-parliamentary action.'
Sasha Roseneil, author of Disarming Patriarchy: feminism and political action at Greenham, Professor of Sociology and Social Theory, Birkbeck University of London.
'Analysing the global history and radical infrastructures of protest camps this book provides a captivating cartography that helps heal the chasm between how we live our everyday life and what our political ideas are, how we protest against the old world whilst proposing new ones. Best read (and discussed) around a (protest) camp fire.'
John Jordan, artist, activist and co-founder of the direct action protest movement 'Reclaim the Streets'.
Anna Feigenbaum is a lecturer in media and politics at Bournemouth University and has held fellow positions at the Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis and the London School of Economics and Political Science. She completed her PhD at McGill University, Montreal, in 2008, where her project was funded by a Mellon Pre-dissertation Fellowship, the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. She has published in a range of outlets, including South Atlantic Quarterly, ephemera, Feminist Media Studies, Fuse magazine and Corpwatch.org. She is an associate of the Higher Education Academy and is a trained facilitator and community educator, running group development workshops for academics, nongovernmental organisations and local initiatives. She can be found on Twitter at @drfigtree.
Fabian Frenzel is lecturer in organisation at the School of Management, University of Leicester, and Marie Curie post-doctoral fellow at the Department of Geography, University of Potsdam, Germany. He has worked on democratic politics in Europe, Africa and Brazil, looking at issues such as alternative media, international development and climate change. His PhD thesis is from the Centre of Tourism and Cultural Change, Leeds Metropolitan University. He is currently working on a two-year research project funded by the EU to investigate the valorisation of areas of deprivation and poverty in tourism. His work has been published in journals such as Environment and Planning A, Tourism Geographies and Parallax. He has edited (with Ko Koens and Malte Steinbrink) Slum Tourism: Poverty, Power, Ethics, published in 2012.
Patrick McCurdy is assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Ottawa, Canada and holds a PhD from the London School of Economics and Political Science. His thesis on how radical social movement actors interact with media at the site of protest was selected as part of the LSE History of Thought theses. His work has been published in several journals, including the International Journal of Communication and Critical Discourse Studies. He has published two co-edited books: Mediation and Social Movements (with Bart Cammaerts and Alice Mattoni), 2013; and Beyond WikiLeaks: Implications for the Future of Communications, Journalism and Society (with Benedetta Brevini and Arne Hintz), 2013. He can be found on Twitter at @pmmcc.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Cover | Front cover | ||
About the authors | i | ||
Title | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
Contents | v | ||
Illustrations | vi | ||
Acknowledgements | viii | ||
Introduction | 1 | ||
The multiple origins of organised camping | 4 | ||
0.1 Global protest camps prior to 2011 | 11 | ||
What makes a ‘protest camp’? | 11 | ||
The link between protest camps and (new) social movements | 13 | ||
Concept soup | 14 | ||
0.2 The concept soup | 15 | ||
Infrastructural analysis and book structure | 27 | ||
0.3 The infrastructures of protest camps | 27 | ||
An historical review of selected protest camps | 30 | ||
0.4 Welcome tents like this one at Occupy Bristol form a central feature of many protest camps | 30 | ||
0.5 Tents in the evening sun at HoriZone protest camp, Stirling, July 2005 | 34 | ||
0.6 The library of Occupy LSX | 39 | ||
1 Infrastructures and practices of protest camping | 41 | ||
Introduction | 41 | ||
Protest camps and crafting a homeplace | 42 | ||
Infrastructures | 46 | ||
1.1 A noticeboard at Heiligendamm anti-G8 camp in Germany, 2007 | 50 | ||
1.2 The Oaxaca encampments in 2006 filled the city’s streets | 52 | ||
1.3 The spokescouncil model | 54 | ||
1.4 Compost toilets are part of the holistic, permaculture-inspired, ecological outlook of protest camps | 57 | ||
Exposing the law | 59 | ||
1.5 Laws and legal battles can form part of the struggle to create camps | 60 | ||
‘Travelling’ infrastructures | 61 | ||
1.6 Infrastructures travel, with tripods being used at different UK Climate Camps, including here at Kingsnorth in 2008 | 62 | ||
1.7 Note of solidarity at Occupy LSX | 64 | ||
Conclusion | 67 | ||
2 Media and communication infrastructures | 69 | ||
Introduction | 69 | ||
Adaptations | 73 | ||
2.1 Entrance to the HoriZoneprotest camp, Stirling, July 2005 | 81 | ||
2.2 A media tent is part of many protest camps | 89 | ||
Alternatives | 90 | ||
2.3 Mainshill Solidarity Camp zine teaches readers how to build a bender | 92 | ||
Print-based media | 94 | ||
2.4 True Unity News was published in the Resurrection City camp | 95 | ||
2.5 Greenham Common’s communication infrastructures included on-site media-making and off-site offices | 96 | ||
2.6 The debut issue of The Occupied Wall Street Journal, October 2011 | 98 | ||
2.7 The Tahrir Square media tent | 106 | ||
Conclusion | 111 | ||
3 Protest action infrastructures | 113 | ||
Introduction | 114 | ||
3.1 Protest camping as direct action | 115 | ||
Protest camps as places of protest action | 116 | ||
The question of violence | 118 | ||
Diversity of tactics | 122 | ||
Protest action ecology | 125 | ||
3.2 Climate Camp in the City at the G20 meeting in London, 2009 | 126 | ||
Protest action ecosystems | 129 | ||
3.3 Police violence often reveals the race, class and gender oppressions that operate in protest camps | 131 | ||
3.4 Kate Evans’ abseiling handbook | 140 | ||
Conclusion | 147 | ||
4 Governance infrastructures | 149 | ||
Introduction | 149 | ||
4.1 The hand signals of consensus decision-making popularised by Occupy | 150 | ||
Organic horizontality and partial organisation | 152 | ||
The organised camp and organic horizontality | 161 | ||
Resurrection City and anarchitecture | 162 | ||
Anti-nuclear occupations | 165 | ||
The development of formalised consensus decision-making | 168 | ||
Horizontality without formal horizontal decision-making | 170 | ||
4.2 The first Climate Camp in summer 2006 in Yorkshire | 171 | ||
4.3 A map illustrating decentralisation | 174 | ||
Spaces of experimentation | 176 | ||
Conclusion | 179 | ||
5 Re-creation infrastructures | 182 | ||
Introduction | 182 | ||
5.1 Education is a central area of social reproduction pursued in protest camps | 184 | ||
Nomadology | 187 | ||
Theories of exceptionality | 189 | ||
5.2 The occupation of Alcatraz marked the island as Indian land | 194 | ||
5.3 A large installation of a plane invites people entering the 2007 Climate Camp at Heathrow to ‘exit the system’ | 195 | ||
5.4 A playful take on secession at Occupy LSX, 2011 | 196 | ||
5.5 Climate Camp at Heathrow, 2007 | 200 | ||
5.6 The cycle-powered Rinky Dink sound system at the Climate Camp at Heathrow, 2007 | 203 | ||
5.7 The protest camps against aluminium smelters inIceland, 2005–07 | 204 | ||
Social reproduction | 206 | ||
5.8 Re-creating life in sustainable ways – renewable energy in protest camps | 212 | ||
5.9 Climate Camp in the City in Bishopsgate, London, 2009 | 214 | ||
5.10 Struggles for de-colonisation and anti-racism were prominent in many Occupy camps | 216 | ||
Conclusion | 217 | ||
6 Alternative worlds | 219 | ||
Introduction | 219 | ||
Alternative worlds | 219 | ||
Protest camps and the commons | 223 | ||
To win and to fail | 229 | ||
Protest camps research | 233 | ||
References | 238 | ||
Index | 251 | ||
About Zed Books | 262 |