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Abstract
Who really runs the global economy? Who benefits most from it?
The answer is a triad of 'governance institutions' - The IMF, the World Bank and the WTO. Globalization massively increased the power of these institutions and they drastically affected the livelihoods of peoples across the world. Yet they operate undemocratically and aggressively promote a particular kind of neoliberal capitalism. Under the 'Washington Consensus' they proposed, poverty was to be ended by increasing inequality.
This new edition of Unholy Trinity, completely updated and revised, argues that neoliberal global capitalism has now entered a period of crisis so severe that governance will become impossible. Huge incomes for a small number of super-rich people produced an unstable global economy, rife with speculation and structurally prone to crises. The IMF is in disgrace, the WTO can hardly meet anymore and the World Bank survives as a global philanthropist. Is this the end for the Unholy Trinity?
Richard Peet is Professor of Geography at Clark University. He grew up near Liverpool and attended the LSE, the University of British Columbia and the University of California, Berkeley. His main interests include development, policy regimes, globalization, power, social theory, philosophy and Marxism. He was editor of Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography for many years. He also co-edited Economic Geography, and is now editor of Human Geography, a new journal. His is the author of twelve books including (with Elaine Hartwick) Theories of Development (2008); (with Michael Watts) Liberation Ecologies (2004) and Geographies of Power (2007).
'Invaluable to students and activists alike, this is the essential introduction to the unelected government of the world economy.'
Mike Davis, author of Planet of Slums
'This new edition of the Unholy Trinity offers a timely and razor-sharp analysis of the predicament the world economy is in today and how we got there. With characteristic panache, Peet shows why neoliberal orthodoxy got it so totally wrong and details its disastrous social and economic consequences. A must read for those who wish to understand who is responsible, and what needs to be done to turn the world into a more genuinely humanising place for all.'
Erik Swyngedouw, University of Manchester
'This is a terrific book...It is politically committed, theoretically sophisticated, analytically incisive, empirically rich, thoroughly engaged, and full of devastating one-liners that greatly enliven its reading.'
Roger Lee, Economic Geography
'This is a great book'
David Harvey, CUNY
'Unholy Trinity provides an important history lesson of how the IMF, World Bank, and WTO were twisted from their original mandates to serve the interests of corporate globalization.'
John Cavanagh, Institute for Policy Studies
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
About the author | i | ||
Boxes, table and figure | vi | ||
Prefaces | vii | ||
Preface to the first edition | vii | ||
Preface to the second edition | viii | ||
Abbreviations | ix | ||
1 | Globalism and neoliberalism | 1 | ||
From liberalism to Keynesianism | 4 | ||
Neoliberalism | 9 | ||
The Washington Consensus | 14 | ||
The institutional framework | 16 | ||
Hegemony and policy discourse | 22 | ||
Counter-hegemony | 30 | ||
The rest of the book | 31 | ||
2 | Bretton Woods: emergence of a global economic regime | 36 | ||
Political-economic context | 37 | ||
Discourses of economy | 41 | ||
The USA: from isolation to global hegemony | 45 | ||
The conference | 48 | ||
Table 2.1 Subscriptions to the IMF in the international accords | 54 | ||
The Bretton Woods model | 57 | ||
Ratification | 59 | ||
Political decolonization, economic recolonization | 61 | ||
Formalizing dominance | 62 | ||
3 | The International Monetary Fund | 66 | ||
Structure of the IMF | 67 | ||
IMF policy 1945–71 | 74 | ||
Crisis and transition 1971–79 | 78 | ||
The debt crisis of the 1980s | 86 | ||
Capital account liberalization | 91 | ||
New debt crisis in Latin America | 94 | ||
Protesting the Fund | 99 | ||
NGOs | 104 | ||
Debt relief and anti-poverty discourse | 107 | ||
Evaluating the IMF | 113 | ||
Questioning faith | 116 | ||
The bankers’ view of the world | 118 | ||
Decline and fall of the IMF? | 123 | ||
4 | The World Bank | 127 | ||
Structure and purpose | 127 | ||
Early years | 129 | ||
Poverty and basic needs | 134 | ||
Structural adjustment | 136 | ||
Debt relief | 141 | ||
Revisions | 145 | ||
Criticizing the Bank | 150 | ||
A new Bank? | 157 | ||
Millennium Development Goals | 163 | ||
Box 4.1 Eight UN Millennium Development Goals and eighteen time-bound targets | 166 | ||
Dances with wolves | 175 | ||
5 | The World Trade Organization | 178 | ||
History of the GATT | 178 | ||
The early GATT rounds | 182 | ||
The Uruguay Round | 185 | ||
The WTO | 189 | ||
WTO trade discourse | 191 | ||
Critique of the WTO | 193 | ||
Critique of trade policy review | 197 | ||
Box 5.1 Trade policy review by the WTO | 200 | ||
Table 2.1 Subscriptions to the IMF in the international accords\r | 54 | ||
Trade and environment | 203 | ||
Trade and labor | 216 | ||
TRIPs | 223 | ||
Saga of Doha | 226 | ||
Opposition to the WTO | 234 | ||
Types of critical response | 237 | ||
Does the WTO have to go? | 239 | ||
6 | Global financial capitalism and the crisis of governance | 244 | ||
Social formations, policy regimes, IFIs | 246 | ||
Figure 6.1 Percentage of income earned by three top brackets, United States, 1913–2005 | 252 | ||
Economic madness | 253 | ||
Civilization and global philanthropy | 255 | ||
The crisis of global governance | 257 | ||
What is to be done? | 258 | ||
Bibliography | 261 | ||
Index | 276 |