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Unholy Trinity

Unholy Trinity

Richard Peet

(2009)

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Abstract

Who really runs the global economy? Who benefits most from it? The answer is a triad of 'governance institutions' - The IMF, the World Bank and the WTO. Globalization massively increased the power of these institutions and they drastically affected the livelihoods of peoples across the world. Yet they operate undemocratically and aggressively promote a particular kind of neoliberal capitalism. Under the 'Washington Consensus' they proposed, poverty was to be ended by increasing inequality. This new edition of Unholy Trinity, completely updated and revised, argues that neoliberal global capitalism has now entered a period of crisis so severe that governance will become impossible. Huge incomes for a small number of super-rich people produced an unstable global economy, rife with speculation and structurally prone to crises. The IMF is in disgrace, the WTO can hardly meet anymore and the World Bank survives as a global philanthropist. Is this the end for the Unholy Trinity?
Richard Peet is Professor of Geography at Clark University. He grew up near Liverpool and attended the LSE, the University of British Columbia and the University of California, Berkeley. His main interests include development, policy regimes, globalization, power, social theory, philosophy and Marxism. He was editor of Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography for many years. He also co-edited Economic Geography, and is now editor of Human Geography, a new journal. His is the author of twelve books including (with Elaine Hartwick) Theories of Development (2008); (with Michael Watts) Liberation Ecologies (2004) and Geographies of Power (2007).
'Invaluable to students and activists alike, this is the essential introduction to the unelected government of the world economy.' Mike Davis, author of Planet of Slums 'This new edition of the Unholy Trinity offers a timely and razor-sharp analysis of the predicament the world economy is in today and how we got there. With characteristic panache, Peet shows why neoliberal orthodoxy got it so totally wrong and details its disastrous social and economic consequences. A must read for those who wish to understand who is responsible, and what needs to be done to turn the world into a more genuinely humanising place for all.' Erik Swyngedouw, University of Manchester 'This is a terrific book...It is politically committed, theoretically sophisticated, analytically incisive, empirically rich, thoroughly engaged, and full of devastating one-liners that greatly enliven its reading.' Roger Lee, Economic Geography 'This is a great book' David Harvey, CUNY 'Unholy Trinity provides an important history lesson of how the IMF, World Bank, and WTO were twisted from their original mandates to serve the interests of corporate globalization.' John Cavanagh, Institute for Policy Studies

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
About the author i
Boxes, table and figure vi
Prefaces vii
Preface to the first edition vii
Preface to the second edition viii
Abbreviations ix
1 | Globalism and neoliberalism 1
From liberalism to Keynesianism 4
Neoliberalism 9
The Washington Consensus 14
The institutional framework 16
Hegemony and policy discourse 22
Counter-hegemony 30
The rest of the book 31
2 | Bretton Woods: emergence of a global economic regime 36
Political-economic context 37
Discourses of economy 41
The USA: from isolation to global hegemony 45
The conference 48
Table 2.1 Subscriptions to the IMF in the international accords 54
The Bretton Woods model 57
Ratification 59
Political decolonization, economic recolonization 61
Formalizing dominance 62
3 | The International Monetary Fund 66
Structure of the IMF 67
IMF policy 1945–71 74
Crisis and transition 1971–79 78
The debt crisis of the 1980s 86
Capital account liberalization 91
New debt crisis in Latin America 94
Protesting the Fund 99
NGOs 104
Debt relief and anti-poverty discourse 107
Evaluating the IMF 113
Questioning faith 116
The bankers’ view of the world 118
Decline and fall of the IMF? 123
4 | The World Bank 127
Structure and purpose 127
Early years 129
Poverty and basic needs 134
Structural adjustment 136
Debt relief 141
Revisions 145
Criticizing the Bank 150
A new Bank? 157
Millennium Development Goals 163
Box 4.1 Eight UN Millennium Development Goals and eighteen time-bound targets 166
Dances with wolves 175
5 | The World Trade Organization 178
History of the GATT 178
The early GATT rounds 182
The Uruguay Round 185
The WTO 189
WTO trade discourse 191
Critique of the WTO 193
Critique of trade policy review 197
Box 5.1 Trade policy review by the WTO 200
Table 2.1 Subscriptions to the IMF in the international accords\r 54
Trade and environment 203
Trade and labor 216
TRIPs 223
Saga of Doha 226
Opposition to the WTO 234
Types of critical response 237
Does the WTO have to go? 239
6 | Global financial capitalism and the crisis of governance 244
Social formations, policy regimes, IFIs 246
Figure 6.1 Percentage of income earned by three top brackets, United States, 1913–2005 252
Economic madness 253
Civilization and global philanthropy 255
The crisis of global governance 257
What is to be done? 258
Bibliography 261
Index 276