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Civil Society and the State in Left-Led Latin America

Civil Society and the State in Left-Led Latin America

Barry Cannon | Professor Peadar Kirby

(2012)

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Abstract

Timely and unique, this innovative volume provides a critical examination of the role of civil society and its relation to the state throughout left-led Latin America. Featuring a broad range of case studies from across the region, from the Bolivian Constitution to participative budgeting in Brazil to the communal councils in Venezuela, the book examines to what extent these new initiatives are redefining state-civil society relations. Does the return of an active state in Latin America imply the incorporation of civil society representatives in decision-making processes? Is the new left delivering on the promise of participatory democracy and a redefinition of citizenship, or are we witnessing a new democratic deficit? A wide-ranging analysis of a vital issue, both for Latin America and beyond.
Barry Cannon is a lecturer in the sociology department of Maynooth University. His books include Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution: Populism and Democracy in a Globalised Age (2009). Peadar Kirby is professor emeritus of international politics and public policy and former director of the Institute for the Study of Knowledge in Society (ISKS) at the University of Limerick, Ireland. Recent single-authored books include Vulnerability and Violence: The Impact of Globalisation (2006), and Introduction to Latin America: Twenty-first Century Challenges (2003).
'The editors are to be congratulated for making an important contribution to the literature on the new left in Latin America. The collection brings together an impressive set of case studies in participatory democracy, popular protest and resistance politics, all framed nicely through the lens of state-civil society relations. All are good, but the section on extractivism is particularly novel.' Professor Jean B. Grugel, University of Sheffield 'Much more than a collection of essays, this is a coherent, informative, analytical and very readable exploration of Latin America's "left turn" and what it means for the region's states, civil societies and economies in the early decades of the twenty-first century.' Jenny Pearce, Professor of Latin American Politics, Director of International Centre for Participation Studies 'Cannon and Kirby's fine collection of essays fills a significant gap in the literature on new left governments in Latin America. The volume's systematic comparative analysis on changing state-civil society relationships in this new and evolving political context is a must read for all who follow Latin American politics.' Eduardo Silva, Tulane University 'Does the new left deliver the promise of participatory democracy, citizenship and inclusion? Or are we witnessing a new democratic deficit? Cannon and Kirby address this question through insightful studies of state-society relations and dynamics of policy-making in Latin America. This is a provocative contribution to Latin American studies with important implications for how we theorize democracy and democratization in an era of change.' Dr Pia Riggirozzi, University of Southampton 'This volume is crucial not only for understanding the political dynamics of current Latin America: it also calls attention to the potential democratizing impact that current civil society struggles might have in shaping the developmental agenda of the recently inaugurated post-neoliberal period. This is required reading for all of those who want to make sense of the significant political and economic changes that the region has experienced in recent decades.' Enrique Peruzzotti, Universidad Torcuato di Tella, Buenos Aires

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
About the editors i
Title page\r iii
Copyright\r iv
Tables and figures vii
Tables vii
1.1 Latin America’s ‘new left’, 1998–2011 12
2.1 Bolivarian distribution of power 22
3.1 Strike behaviour in Argentina, 2000–05 42
6.1 Council members interviewed and level of involvement in politics 89
6.2 Links of council members to political parties 90
6.3 Level of participation in the electoral campaign of 2008 91
Figures vii
3.1 Number of government–union agreements in Argentina, 1991–2006 44
6.1 PB participants in Porto Alegre, 1990–2009 87
10.1 Comparison of Chilean copper production between public and private firms, 1989–2008 146
10.2 Voting trends in presidential elections in major mining regions, 1989–2005 152
10.3 Legitimacy of Chilean unions 155
Abbreviations viii
Introduction 1
1 | Globalization, democratization and state–civil society relations in left-led Latin America 3
Situating this book and its approach 4
Table 1.1 Latin America’s ‘new left’, 1998–2011 12
How this book addresses these issues 13
SECTION ONE: State–civil society relations: case studies 17
2 | Reconfiguring the state/society complex in Venezuela 19
‘Protagonistic revolutionary democracy’ and ‘twenty-first-century socialism’ 19
Table 2.1 Bolivarian distribution of power 22
The ALBA-TCP: transforming the political economy of LAC 27
Conclusion 31
Notes 33
3 | State–civil society relations in post-crisis Argentina 34
Historical forms of capital accumulation in Argentina 35
State–society relations under Néstor Kirchner 40
Table 3.1 Strike behaviour in Argentina, 2000–05 42
Figure 3.1 Number of government–union agreements in Argentina, 1991–2006 44
Globalization and Kirchnerism 45
Conclusion: towards strong publics? 46
Notes 47
4 | Civil society–state relations in left-led El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua1 48
Democratization processes in El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua in left-led Latin America 49
Conclusion: civil-society–state relations in left-led Central America – democratization or de-democratization? 59
Notes 61
5 | Rafael Correa’s government, social movements and civil society in Ecuador 63
The legacies of corporatism and Correa’s project of state formation 65
Between a citizens revolution and the co-optation of social movements 70
Correa’s populist leadership 72
Conclusions 75
Notes 77
6 | Re-evaluating participatory governance in Brazil 78
Participatory budgeting, civil society and the state in Brazil 80
Porto Alegre and Osasco: two illustrative cases 82
Rise and demise of PB in Porto Alegre 83
Figure 6.1 PB participants in Porto Alegre, 1990–2009 87
PT strategy and the operation of PB in Osasco 88
Table 6.1 Council members interviewed and level of involvement in politics 89
Table 6.2 Links of council members to political parties 90
Table 6.3 Level of participation in the electoral campaign of 2008 91
Conclusions 92
Notes 93
7 | State–civil society relations during student mobilizations in Chile in 2006 and 20111 94
State–civil society relations in the context of democratization 95
The ‘Penguin Revolution’ and the beginning of the end of an era 99
From protest to dialogue: lessons from the CAP for civil society 101
Those students again? Lessons from the mobilizations of 2006 and 2011 in comparative perspective 104
New conditions? Changes in state–civil society relations 106
Notes 107
SECTION TWO: Localized conflicts in a globalized age: extractivism, social policy and participation in left-led states 109
8 | The return of the state and new extractivism: what about civil society? 111
Neoliberal mineral policies and civil society resistance 112
Global reconfigurations 116
Progressive regimes and new extractivism 118
Conclusions 122
Notes 125
9 | Indigenous and peasant participation in resource governance in Bolivia and Peru 126
Bolivia and Peru’s extractivism in the context of globalization 128
The contested legal framework of prior consultations 130
Prior consultations in practice 133
Final reflections: unresolved tensions between self-determined development and ‘national interests’ 136
Notes 140
10 | Chile’s mining unions and the ‘new left’, 1990–2010 141
State–labour relations before Chile’s democratic transition 143
Managing resources and organized labour under Concertación governments 146
Figure 10.1 Comparison of Chilean copper production between public and private firms, 1989–2008 146
Tensions between state and labour under the right-wing government 150
Figure 10.2 Voting trends in presidential elections in major mining regions, 1989–2005 152
Figure 10.3 Legitimacy of Chilean unions 155
Conclusions 156
Notes 157
SECTION THREE: The global, the national and the local: broadening participation? 159
11 | Civil society participation: poverty reduction in Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua 161
The Poverty Reduction Strategy approach 161
Civil society, neoliberalism and participation before the PRS approach 164
The experience of civil society participation in the PRS processes 166
Lessons for civil society and participation? 171
Note 172
12 | New left governments, civil society and constructing a social dimension in Mercosur 173
Constructing the social dimension of Mercosur 175
Social Mercosur: a new aspect in the social dimension of the regional bloc 178
The new left-wing governments and the creation of social Mercosur 179
The regionalization of the spaces of participation and the Social Summits 182
The space of the outsiders: the Summits of the Peoples of the South 184
Conclusions 185
Notes 186
Conclusion 187
13 | Civil society–state relations in left-led Latin America: deepening democratization? 189
Towards ‘strong publics’? Democratization and civil society–state relations in ‘pink tide’ Latin America 191
‘Strong publics’ versus ‘strong states’: tensions, dichotomies and dilemmas in ‘pink tide’ Latin America 193
Conclusions 202
About the contributors 203
Bibliography 207
Index 233
About Zed Books 242