BOOK
The Women, Gender and Development Reader
Valentine Moghadam | Chandra Talpade Mohanty | Sarah White | Diana L. Wolf | Deepa Shankaran | Lourdes Beneria | Aysan Sev'er | Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly | Barbara Ehrenreich | Arlie Russell Hochschild | Beth Herzfeld | Aili Mari Tripp | Kalpana Wilson | Susie Jolly | Sylvia Chant | Doctor Ruth Pearson | Diane Elson | Gita Sen | Betsy Hartmann | Peggy Antrobus | Elizabeth Barajas-Roman | Jennifer Fluri | Anesu Makina | Isabel Casimiro | Joy Kwesiga | Ruth Needleman | Alice Mungwa | Jean Pyle | Sonia Corra | Ayesha M. Imam | Amy Lind | Jennifer L. Fruri | Samanthi Gunawardana | Haejin Kim | Paula Voos | Gulay Toksoz | Lila Abu-Lughod | Annette Desmarais | Shirin M. Rai | Nalini Visvanathan | Lynn Duggan | Nan Wiegersma | Laurie Nisonoff
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The Women, Gender and Development Reader II is the definitive volume of literature dedicated to women in the development process. Now in a fully revised second edition, the editors expertly present the impacts of social, political and economic change by reviewing such topical issues as migration, persistent structural discrimination, the global recession, and climate change. Approached from a multidisciplinary perspective, the theoretical debates are vividly illustrated by an array of global case studies.
This now classic book, has been designed as a comprehensive reader, presenting the best of the now vast body of literature. The book is divided into five parts, incorporating readings from the leading experts and authorities in each field. The result is a unique and extensive discussion, a guide to the evolution of the field, and a vital point of reference for those studying or with a keen interest in women in the development process.
Nalini Visvanathan is an independent researcher living in the Washington, DC area.
Lynn Duggan is Professor of Labor Studies at Indiana University Bloomington.
Laurie Nisonoff is Professor of Economics at Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. She is an editor of the Review of Radical Political Economics.
Nan Wiegersma is Professor of Economics, Emeritus, at Fitchburg State College, Massachusetts. She is the author of Vietnam: Peasant Land, Peasant Revolution and is coauthor (with Joseph Medley) of US Development Policies toward the Pacific Rim.
'The decision to bring out a second edition of this widely used collection of key articles on gender and development will be warmly welcomed by scholars and practitioners in the field. The collection has become a standard text in most courses related to this topic.'
Naila Kabeer, Professor of Development Studies, SOAS
'The editors are to be congratulated for capturing so deftly the huge strides gender and development studies have taken in these last years. The Women, Gender and Development Reader will be recommended reading for a long time to come.'
Wendy Harcourt, author of the prize winning Body Politics in Development
'This book brings a fresh, more nuanced and complex perspective to old and new questions about development by linking them to history, to social movements, to politics, to financial institutions, both national and international, and above all, to the key actors in development, ordinary women and men on the ground.'
Urvashi Butalia, Publisher and Writer, Director of Zubaan Books
'The Women, Gender and Development Reader helps unpack what progress has been made in over fifteen years since the 1995 Beijing World Conference on Women, and the political, economic, cultural and other impediments to the attainment of real equality between men and women. The editors should be congratulated for giving a panoramic view of the state of gender relations and yet providing concrete and representative examples of challenges and how they can be surmounted by different levels of actors from the local to the intergovernmental systems and financing mechanisms.' -Strike Mkandla, UNEP Representative to the African Union (AU), the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| About the editors | i | ||
| List of tables and boxes | ix | ||
| Table 7.1 Major microfinance lending models: an overview\r | 50 | ||
| Introductory note | x | ||
| Acknowledgements | xi | ||
| Sources | xiii | ||
| Part One | xiii | ||
| Part Two | xiv | ||
| Part Three | xiv | ||
| Part Four | xiv | ||
| Part Five | xv | ||
| PART ONE History of international development; theories and discourse of women, gender and development | 1 | ||
| Introduction to Part One | 3 | ||
| A: Historical background | 3 | ||
| B: Theories | 6 | ||
| C: Practice | 7 | ||
| D: Discourse/language of WID | 9 | ||
| Notes | 10 | ||
| References and further reading | 11 | ||
| 1 | The history of international development: concepts and contexts | 14 | ||
| The origins of development | 14 | ||
| The international divide | 14 | ||
| Development and/as modernization | 16 | ||
| Mapping development | 18 | ||
| Notes | 20 | ||
| References | 20 | ||
| 2 | Financial crises and the impact on women: a historical note | 22 | ||
| The nature of financial crises | 22 | ||
| The gendered impact of financial crises | 23 | ||
| Farming sector | 24 | ||
| Informal work | 25 | ||
| Migrant workers | 25 | ||
| Informal sector and the care economy | 25 | ||
| Note | 27 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| 3 | Gender and development: theoretical perspectives | 28 | ||
| Women in development | 28 | ||
| Challenging the growth agenda | 28 | ||
| From WID to gender and development | 32 | ||
| Conclusion | 35 | ||
| References | 36 | ||
| 4 | Women’s role in economic development | 38 | ||
| Male and female farming systems (Chapter 1) | 38 | ||
| Loss of status under European rule (Chapter 3) | 40 | ||
| 5 | The invisible heart: care and the global economy | 41 | ||
| Human development, capabilities and care | 41 | ||
| Globalization and care | 42 | ||
| Care and market rewards | 42 | ||
| 6 | Feminist political ecology | 43 | ||
| Introduction | 43 | ||
| A brief positioning of the FPE approach | 43 | ||
| The evolving analysis of FPE | 44 | ||
| FPE: A transformational agenda | 45 | ||
| Note | 45 | ||
| References | 45 | ||
| 7 | Women and microcredit: a critical introduction | 47 | ||
| Historical and sociocultural origins | 48 | ||
| MFI models | 49 | ||
| Table 7.1 Major microfinance lending models: an overview | 50 | ||
| Microcredit and women’s empowerment | 52 | ||
| Notes | 53 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| 8 | Negotiating multiple patriarchies: women and microfinance in South India | 55 | ||
| Introduction | 55 | ||
| Indian SHGs: women-owned and -managed collectives | 56 | ||
| Institutional players in SHG promotion and financing | 57 | ||
| Women and banks: gendered interfaces | 58 | ||
| Spaces for maneuver | 59 | ||
| Subverting enterprise-promotion loans: fitting policy to reality | 59 | ||
| Women’s strategies for survival and change | 60 | ||
| Conclusion | 62 | ||
| Notes | 62 | ||
| References | 62 | ||
| 9 | Gender as a social determinant of health: evidence, policies, and innovations | 64 | ||
| Gendered structural determinants of health | 65 | ||
| Intermediary factors – discriminatory values, norms, practices and behaviors | 68 | ||
| Removing organizational plaque | 71 | ||
| The way forward | 71 | ||
| Notes | 72 | ||
| References | 72 | ||
| 10 | Peace-building and reconstruction with women: reflections on Afghanistan, Iraq, and Palestine | 74 | ||
| Afghanistan | 75 | ||
| Iraq | 76 | ||
| Palestine | 77 | ||
| Peace-building, reconstruction, and gender justice | 79 | ||
| Reconstruction with women: concluding thoughts | 81 | ||
| Notes | 81 | ||
| References | 82 | ||
| 11 | Under Western eyes: feminist scholarship and colonial discourses | 83 | ||
| ‘Women’ as category of analysis, or: we are all sisters in struggle | 84 | ||
| Women and the development process | 85 | ||
| Notes | 88 | ||
| References | 88 | ||
| 12 | Do Muslim women really need saving? Anthropological reflections on cultural relativism and its others | 89 | ||
| Cultural explanations and the mobilization of women | 89 | ||
| Politics of the veil | 91 | ||
| Beyond the rhetoric of salvation | 93 | ||
| References | 94 | ||
| 13 | The ‘gender lens’: a racial blinder? | 95 | ||
| Introduction | 95 | ||
| Defining terms | 95 | ||
| A paradoxical relationship | 96 | ||
| The gender ‘lens’ | 96 | ||
| Race in GAD | 96 | ||
| Race and expertise | 97 | ||
| Development and the construction of difference | 98 | ||
| References | 98 | ||
| 14 | From missionaries to microcredit? ‘Race’, gender and agency in neoliberal development | 99 | ||
| References | 101 | ||
| 15 | Development’s encounter with sexuality: essentialism and beyond | 102 | ||
| Conceptualizing ‘sex’: essentialism and constructivism | 102 | ||
| Development’s encounters with sexuality | 103 | ||
| Reflections and recommendations | 103 | ||
| References | 104 | ||
| PART TWO Households, families and work | 105 | ||
| Introduction to Part Two | 107 | ||
| A: Women’s unpaid work | 107 | ||
| B: Households and capitalism | 108 | ||
| C: Violence in households | 110 | ||
| D: Female-headed households | 110 | ||
| References and further reading | 111 | ||
| 16 | Accounting for women’s work: the progress of two decades | 114 | ||
| Assessing the problem | 115 | ||
| Subsistence production | 115 | ||
| The informal sector | 116 | ||
| Domestic work | 117 | ||
| Volunteer work | 118 | ||
| Conclusion | 119 | ||
| Notes | 119 | ||
| References | 119 | ||
| 17 | ‘In the eyes of a child, a father is everything’: changing constructions of fatherhood in urban Botswana? | 121 | ||
| Rethinking fatherhood? Gender, HIV/AIDS and the rights of children | 122 | ||
| Fatherhood in Botswana: across time and space | 123 | ||
| Exploring changing constructions of fatherhood in Gaborone, Botswana | 126 | ||
| Conclusions | 133 | ||
| Notes | 134 | ||
| References | 134 | ||
| 18 | Daughters, decisions and domination: an empirical and conceptual critique of household strategies | 137 | ||
| Problems in household research | 138 | ||
| Empirical case studies | 139 | ||
| Implications of household strategies | 145 | ||
| Beyond tautologies | 148 | ||
| Notes | 149 | ||
| References | 151 | ||
| 19 | Subordination and sexual control: a comparative view of the control of women | 154 | ||
| A view across cultures | 154 | ||
| Class domination and sexual ideology | 157 | ||
| Sexual control and the labour market | 159 | ||
| Conclusion | 160 | ||
| Notes | 161 | ||
| References | 161 | ||
| 20 | Discarded daughters: the patriarchal grip, dowry deaths, sex ratio imbalances and foeticide in India | 162 | ||
| Dowry | 163 | ||
| Too expensive? Missing female children | 166 | ||
| Dowry deaths, domestic cruelty and sex-ratio imbalances | 168 | ||
| Looking to the future: forces for and against change | 170 | ||
| Notes | 171 | ||
| References | 171 | ||
| 21 | The ‘feminization of poverty’ and the‘feminization’ of anti-poverty programmes: room for revision? | 174 | ||
| Introduction | 174 | ||
| What is understood by the ‘feminization of poverty’? | 175 | ||
| Box 21.1 Common characterizations of the ‘feminization of poverty’ | 176 | ||
| The importance of the feminization of poverty thesis in engendering poverty analysis and poverty reduction strategies | 177 | ||
| Problems with the ‘feminization of poverty’ thesis for analysis and policy | 177 | ||
| Box 21.2 Women’s views on the unevenness of gendered responsibilities for dealing with poverty in The Gambia, Philippines and Costa Rica | 180 | ||
| Room for revising the ‘feminization of poverty’ thesis | 186 | ||
| Conclusion and possible policy directions | 187 | ||
| Notes | 188 | ||
| References | 189 | ||
| PART THREE Women in the global economy | 195 | ||
| Introduction to Part Three | 197 | ||
| A: Women and industrialization | 198 | ||
| B: Women in the informal sector | 202 | ||
| C: Structural adjustment and women | 204 | ||
| References and further reading | 206 | ||
| 22 | The subordination of women and the internationalization of factory production | 212 | ||
| World market factories: the latest phase of the internationalization of capital | 212 | ||
| Labour-force requirements | 212 | ||
| The employment of women | 213 | ||
| Where do women get their skills? | 214 | ||
| Women’s subordinaton | 215 | ||
| Behind the mirage of docility | 216 | ||
| Secondary status in the labour market | 216 | ||
| The limits to liberation through factory work | 218 | ||
| The dialectic of capital and gender | 219 | ||
| Instability of employment | 220 | ||
| Struggle as workers | 221 | ||
| Struggle as women | 222 | ||
| Notes | 223 | ||
| References | 223 | ||
| 23 | Maquiladoras: the view from the inside | 225 | ||
| Looking for a job: a personal account | 225 | ||
| Working at the maquiladora | 230 | ||
| Conclusions | 235 | ||
| References | 236 | ||
| 24 | Global women | 237 | ||
| 25 | Slavery and gender: women’s double exploitation | 245 | ||
| What is slavery? | 245 | ||
| Gender-specific forms of slavery | 246 | ||
| Bonded labour and gender issues | 246 | ||
| The worst forms of child labour | 248 | ||
| Working towards ending slavery | 249 | ||
| Conclusion | 250 | ||
| References | 251 | ||
| 26 | Globalization and the increase in transnational care work: the flip side | 252 | ||
| The flip side: female transnational workers – what care do they receive? | 254 | ||
| The flip side: their families – what care do they receive? | 259 | ||
| The state’s double bind | 261 | ||
| Conclusion: what are the options? | 262 | ||
| Notes | 265 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| 27 | The Korean economic crisis and working women | 270 | ||
| Status of women workers in Korea | 271 | ||
| Effects of the crisis on women workers | 272 | ||
| Table 27.1 Regression results | 275 | ||
| Table 27.2 Oaxaca decomposition of the gender wage gap in 1997 and 2002 | 276 | ||
| Conclusion | 280 | ||
| Notes | 281 | ||
| References | 281 | ||
| PART FOUR International women in social transformation | 285 | ||
| Introduction to Part Four | 287 | ||
| A: Economic crises | 287 | ||
| B: Environmental crisis | 289 | ||
| C: State policy and women’s health and reproductive rights | 290 | ||
| D: Women and ideological change | 291 | ||
| Notes | 292 | ||
| References and further reading | 293 | ||
| 28 | International financial architecture: a view from the kitchen | 295 | ||
| Introduction | 295 | ||
| Decontrol of the dealing room | 295 | ||
| The gender implications of financial crises: downloading risks to the kitchen | 297 | ||
| Social policy, gender equality and financial policy | 300 | ||
| Three biases to avoid in building new economic architecture | 300 | ||
| Putting social justice first: creating new spaces | 303 | ||
| References | 304 | ||
| 29 | ‘One step forward, two steps backward’ – from labor market exclusion to inclusion: a gender perspective on effects of the economic crisis in Turkey | 306 | ||
| Gendered effects on labor market outcomes of economic crisis | 306 | ||
| Growth strategies and women’s labor market situation in Turkey | 308 | ||
| Impact of the crisis on the country’s labor market | 309 | ||
| Effects of the crisis on provincial economies and labor markets | 311 | ||
| Conclusion | 314 | ||
| Notes | 315 | ||
| References | 316 | ||
| 30 | Gender, climate change and human \tsecurity: lessons from Senegal | 317 | ||
| Women and climate change | 317 | ||
| Women’s coping strategies: strengthening security | 318 | ||
| Case study: gender, human security and climate change in Senegal | 318 | ||
| Women’s position and gender issues | 319 | ||
| Impacts of climate change and women: vulnerability in accessing resources | 320 | ||
| Women’s adaptation to climate change | 323 | ||
| Notes | 325 | ||
| References | 325 | ||
| 31 | The population bomb is back – with a global warming twist | 327 | ||
| Right links: reproductive justice/environmental justice/climate justice | 329 | ||
| Notes | 332 | ||
| 32 | Caring for people with HIV: state policies and their dependence on women’s unpaid work | 334 | ||
| Introduction | 334 | ||
| Care work’s visibility to policy-makers | 335 | ||
| Home-based care as a policy option | 337 | ||
| Situational analysis – home-based care in South Africa and Zimbabwe | 339 | ||
| Policy considerations and change | 340 | ||
| Notes | 342 | ||
| References | 342 | ||
| 33 | The right to have rights: resisting fundamentalist orders | 344 | ||
| Notes | 348 | ||
| 34 | African women’s movements negotiating peace | 349 | ||
| Turning point in women’s mobilization | 350 | ||
| Women’s new peace activism | 352 | ||
| Women and formal peacemaking processes | 354 | ||
| International and regional mobilization | 355 | ||
| Conclusions | 357 | ||
| Notes | 358 | ||
| References | 359 | ||
| 35 | ‘I am somebody!’: Brazil’s social movements educate for gender equality and economic sustainability | 360 | ||
| Workers elected a president but did not control the government | 363 | ||
| Miracles are human creations: the popular education alternative | 364 | ||
| How education transformed a community and built black pride | 365 | ||
| Women’s power grows with the Solidarity Economy | 366 | ||
| Brazil’s ‘integrated education’ serves long-run as well as short-term goals | 367 | ||
| Final reflections | 368 | ||
| Notes | 369 | ||
| 36 | Capitalism and socialism: some feminist questions | 372 | ||
| Why socialism anyway? | 372 | ||
| What directions for change? | 374 | ||
| Notes | 378 | ||
| PART FIVE Women organizing themselves for change: transnational movements, local resistance | 381 | ||
| Introduction to Part Five | 383 | ||
| A: Transnational, regional and national movements | 384 | ||
| B: Community organizing and non-governmental organizations | 385 | ||
| C: Work-centered organizing | 386 | ||
| Notes | 387 | ||
| References and further reading | 388 | ||
| 37 | The global women’s movement: an introduction | 391 | ||
| Notes | 393 | ||
| 38 | ‘Under Western eyes’ revisited: feminist solidarity through anti-capitalist struggles | 394 | ||
| Under and (inside) Western eyes: at the turn of the century | 394 | ||
| Feminist methodologies: new directions | 395 | ||
| Anti-globalization struggles | 397 | ||
| Anti-globalization scholarship and movements | 397 | ||
| Notes | 400 | ||
| References | 400 | ||
| 39 | Challenges in transnational feminist mobilization | 402 | ||
| Hubris in transnational assistance | 402 | ||
| Oversimplifications and disregard of context | 403 | ||
| Rescue paradigm | 404 | ||
| Homogenizing and essentializing partners | 405 | ||
| Conclusions | 405 | ||
| References | 407 | ||
| 40 | The international women’s commission of La Vía Campesina | 408 | ||
| Notes | 412 | ||
| References | 412 | ||
| 41 | Birthing and growing the African Feminist Forum | 414 | ||
| Introduction | 414 | ||
| The conception of the AFF | 414 | ||
| The Charter of Feminist Principles for African Feminists | 415 | ||
| Remaining challenges | 416 | ||
| Notes | 416 | ||
| Reference | 416 | ||
| 42 | Women’s community organizing in Quito: the paradoxes of survival and struggle | 417 | ||
| Community women’s organizing in Quito, Ecuador | 419 | ||
| The paradoxes of struggle and survival | 421 | ||
| Conclusion | 422 | ||
| Notes | 423 | ||
| References | 423 | ||
| 43 | Feminist nation-building in Afghanistan: an examination of the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) | 425 | ||
| Data collection | 426 | ||
| Afghanistan’s revolutionary women from Marx to marginalization | 426 | ||
| Male supporters and counter-patriarchal gender politics | 428 | ||
| Summary and conclusions | 430 | ||
| Notes | 431 | ||
| References | 431 | ||
| 44 | Struggle, perseverance, and organization in Sri Lanka’s export processing zones | 432 | ||
| The creation of a gendered working class | 432 | ||
| Struggle: the challenges of organizing workers | 433 | ||
| Freedom of association and organizing at Jaqalanka Apparels Pty Ltd | 433 | ||
| Perseverance: understanding forms of organizing found in Sri Lankan EPZs | 435 | ||
| Lessons learned from the Sri Lankan experience | 437 | ||
| Notes | 437 | ||
| References | 437 | ||
| Index | 439 | ||
| About Zed Books | 456 |