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The Ecological Hoofprint

The Ecological Hoofprint

Tony Weis

(2013)

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Abstract

The exploding global consumption of meat is implicated in momentous but greatly underappreciated problems, and industrial livestock production is the driving force behind soaring demand. Following his previous ground-breaking book The Global Food Economy, Tony Weis explains clearly why the growth and industrialization of livestock production is a central part of the accelerating biophysical contradictions of industrial capitalist agriculture. The Ecological Hoofprint provides a rigorous and eye-opening way of understanding what this system means for the health of the planet, how it contributes to worsening human inequality, and how it constitutes a profound but invisible aspect of the violence of everyday life.
'In The Ecological Hoofprint Weis puts meat at the centre of global problems like climate change, poverty, workers' rights, and speciesism. Anyone seeking a just and sustainable world needs to consider his compelling argument that radical change must start by combating the meatification of the human diet.' Peter Singer, Princeton University, author of Animal Liberation 'Tony Weis has a mind that spans a multitude of disciplines, from philosophy to international political economy, from ecology to biology. In The Ecological Hoofprint, he brings these considerable skills to craft a concise, readable, and important reading of today's meatified world. It's an analysis that couldn't be more timely nor more urgent.' Raj Patel, author of Stuffed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System 'With the metaphor of the ecological hoofprint Tony Weis sounds a clear warning about the perils of the rising global consumption of meat. The powerful message of this book is that ascending the animal protein ladder is a formula for deepening social inequalities and compounding ecological risk. With compelling detail the author demonstrates that meatification is an inefficient and potentially catastrophic use of planetary resources. This didactic book provides an unforgettable perspective on the illusion of identifying animal protein consumption with modern progress.' Philip McMichael, Cornell University, author of Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective 'With Tony Weis's powerful insights, we see that humanity's sudden, catastrophic shift to meat-centric farming and eating - killing us and our planet - is neither inevitable nor progress. We learn we have real choice. Packed with startling facts and framed in a compelling narrative, The Ecological Hoofprint is a mighty motivator. Bravo!' Frances Moore Lappé, author of Diet for a Small Planet and co-founder of The Small Planet Institute 'Weis delivers a penetrating and systematic structural analysis of the global industrial feeds-livestock complex that reveals the extent to which Earth's resources are subsumed to the logic of cheap meat production. Insightful, accessible, compelling, this is a must read for scholars and students of the food system.' Colin Sage, University College Cork, author of Environment and Food 'Weis provides an intellectually compelling argument against the industrial farming of livestock. While recognizing that increasing meat consumption is often viewed favorably - as evidence of the globalization of the Western diet - he carefully details the costs for human health, the environment, and the industrially reared animals. Weis calls for an urgent reappraisal of factory farming as a first step in reducing the ecological hoofprint on planet meat. It's a great book!' Geoffrey Lawrence, The University of Queensland 'A must read if you want to understand the scale, inefficiency, and wide-ranging impact of the rapid meatification of diets since the mid-twentieth century. The number of slaughtered animals, the author notes, has rocketed from 8 billion to 64 billion in fifty years. The dynamic driving this ecologically damaging change, rightly argues Tony Weis, is an industrial grain-oilseed-livestock complex driven by the demands of capitalism to seek new means of increasing returns, which involves totally reorganizing nature.' Geoff Tansey, co-author of The Food System - A Guide and member and trustee of The Food Ethics Council
Tony Weis is an associate professor of geography at the University of Western Ontario. His research is broadly located at the intersection of political ecology and agrarian political economy. He is the author of The Global Food Economy: The Battle for the Future of Farming (Zed Books, 2007), and numerous articles and book chapters on environmental and development issues surrounding agriculture.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Front cover
Praise for The Ecological Hoofprint i
About the author iii
Title v
Copyright vi
Contents vii
Figures and boxes viii
Introduction: meatification and why it matters 1
The vector of meatification 1
0.1 Global per capita meat consumption 2
Rising attention 4
Box 0.1 Rising attention: selected examples from media, film, and the internet 6
The industrial grain-oilseed-livestock complex and the ecological hoofprint 8
Outline and arguments 9
1 Contextualizing the hoofprint: global environmental change and inequality 13
Agriculture and the creeping simplification of ecosystems 13
From creeping to careening: the accelerating pace and scale of ecological change 16
The destruction of diversity 19
Into the Anthropocene: risks and regressivity 22
An insatiable species? The ‘population bomb’ and biophysical limits to growth 26
Box 1.1 Population advocacy: selected examples 27
1.1 Human population, 0–2050 CE 28
An insatiable economic order? Contesting environmentalisms 32
Ecological and atmospheric footprints: foregrounding inequality 38
Box 1.2 Footprint ‘calculators’: selected examples 41
Box 1.3 Climate justice advocacy: selected examples 45
Agriculture’s ecological footprint 46
1.2 The magnitude of livestock production in global land use 47
Approaching the ecological hoofprint 51
2 The uneven geography of meat 53
Domestication and multifunctionality 53
The ambiguous contract 56
Livestock and changing views of nature in early modern Europe 58
Meat in empire and livestock on new frontiers 62
The US west: from great livestock frontier to assembly-line slaughter 65
Meatification in ‘development’ and surplus disposal 70
The perilous dependence on cheap grain imports 75
2.1 World hunger distribution 78
2.2 World meat consumption per capita 79
The continuing race up the animal protein ladder 81
2.3 Per capita meat consumption, 1961–2010, selected examples 83
2.4 Meat production by volume, 1961–2010, selected examples 85
2.5 Relative world meat production by animal group: three snapshots 89
2.6 World meat production by animal group, 1961–2010 91
3 The industrial grain-oilseed-livestock complex 93
Scale imperatives: mechanization, standardization, and simplification 93
The promise of industrial efficiency 97
Problematizing efficiency: instabilities and overrides in industrial monocultures 101
3.1 The through-flow of industrial monocultures 110
The magnifying effect of industrial livestock, part I: burning usable nutrition 111
The magnifying effect of industrial livestock, part II: more instabilities and overrides 115
3.2 The through-flow of industrial livestock production 126
3.3 The industrial grain-oilseed-livestock complex 127
4 Confronting the hoofprint: towards a sustainable, just, and humane world 129
The ecological hoofprint 129
4.1 The ecological hoofprint of industrial livestock production 130
4.2 Estimated total livestock-related GHG emissions 134
A dangerous and regressive course and the need to rethink efficiency 145
The de-meatification imperative – to what ends? 150
The spirit of capitalism made flesh 154
Notes 156
References 166
Index 180
About Zed Books 190