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Abstract
*** Winner of the Myrdal Prize for Evolutionary Political Economy ***
The last few years have seen the spectacular failure of market fundamentalism in Europe and the US, with a seemingly never-ending spate of corporate scandals and financial crises. As the environmental limits and socially destructive tendencies of the current profit-driven economic model become daily more self-evident, there is a growing demand for a fairer economic alternative, as evidenced by the mounting campaigns against global finance and the politics of austerity. Reclaiming Public Ownership tackles these issues head on, going beyond traditional leftist arguments about the relative merits of free markets and central planning to present a radical new conception of public ownership, framed around economic democracy and public participation in economic decision-making. Cumbers argues that a reconstituted public ownership is central to the creation of a more just and sustainable society.
This book is a timely reconsideration of a long-standing but essential topic.
Andrew Cumbers is professor of geographical political economy at the University of Glasgow.
'Twenty-first century capitalism has dramatized an apparent paradox: while markets and private enterprise seem to be driving forces behind much innovation and spectacular growth (as in China and India), severe recessions and financial crises have led to major interventions by the state, including public ownership of some huge banks. This contradiction is the springboard for Andrew Cumbers' new book. His argument is controversial, but his examination of the issues shows that the great economic paradox of our century cannot be tackled adequately without overturning much dogma on both the traditional left and the free-market right.'
Geoffrey Hodgson, research professor at University of Hertfordshire Business School
'In this provocative and timely book, Andrew Cumbers makes the case not only for reclaiming but also rethinking questions of public ownership. This means going beyond those flat-footed, standardized, one-size-fits-all models that have been so thoroughly denigrated by neoliberal critics, to embrace and then work with the full spectrum of solidaristic and socially oriented alternatives.'
Jamie Peck, author of Constructions of Neoliberal Reason
'Paraphrasing, Winston Churchill suggested that capitalism is a terrible system until you consider the alternatives. He was at least (first) half right but, drawing upon a range of arguments and historical experience, Cumbers develops a wide-ranging, sophisticated and innovative riposte to the second half wrong, demonstrating the potential, even necessity, of alternatives in new forms of public ownership.'
Ben Fine, professor of economics, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
'In arguing that public ownership needs to be radically rethought in order to be relevant and appropriate to the global economy of the twenty-first century, Reclaiming Public Ownership manages to fit in an improbable amount of scholarly depth and rigour across its 228 pages. It is exceptionally well written throughout, and should appeal to a wide readership. [...] Without doubt [it] will provoke and inspire action on the diagnoses and proposals it makes. It will certainly inspire new thoughts, responses and critical agendas to emerge. And it is for these reasons that I recommend the book without any reserve or hesitation.'
Richard J. White, Sheffield Hallam University, for Antipode
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
About the author | i | ||
Title page | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
Contents | v | ||
Tables and figures | vi | ||
Acknowledgements | vii | ||
Introduction: an unexpected guest – the return of public ownership | 1 | ||
In search of an alternative discourse | 3 | ||
Some definitional issues: public rather than common ownership? | 6 | ||
Part One: Public ownership and its discontents | 9 | ||
1 | Public ownership as state ownership: the post-1945 legacy | 11 | ||
Introduction | 11 | ||
The British experience with nationalization | 13 | ||
Nationalization elsewhere in the developed industrial economies | 22 | ||
The experience of state ownership under communist regimes | 28 | ||
State-owned enterprises and developmentalism in the East Asian miracle | 33 | ||
Evaluating the legacy of state-centred public ownership | 35 | ||
2 | The neoliberal onslaught and the politics of privatization | 38 | ||
Putting privatization in context: neoliberalism as a project to re-establish class control | 39 | ||
The Thatcherite privatization project: from property-owning democracy to the private accumulation of public wealth | 46 | ||
The effects of British privatization policy | 50 | ||
So, who were the winners out of privatization? | 52 | ||
Table 2.1 Changes in salaries of directors following privatization | 53 | ||
The globalization of privatization | 55 | ||
Figure 2.1 Ownership of share capital in the UK’s quoted public limited companies, 1963–2008 | 56 | ||
Figure 9.1 Wind power electricity generation (MW) in Denmark, 1986–2008 | 204 | ||
Scaling up privatization to a global policy paradigm | 57 | ||
The ongoing politics of privatization: continuing struggles to reclaim the economy | 60 | ||
3 | Coming to terms with Hayek: markets, planning and economic democracy | 62 | ||
Introduction | 62 | ||
Hayekian-inspired critiques of public ownership as state centralized planning | 63 | ||
Addressing Hayekian concerns from the left | 67 | ||
Countering agoraphobia through appropriative justice: Burczak’s new theory of market socialism | 70 | ||
The democratic limits to the post-Hayekian view of socialism | 73 | ||
Public ownership, pluralism and democracy | 77 | ||
Conclusions | 80 | ||
Part Two: The return of public ownership | 83 | ||
4 | Financial crisis and the rediscovery of the state in the neoliberal heartland | 85 | ||
The social democratic embrace of neoliberalism | 88 | ||
Table 4.1 Privatization proceeds and left parties in power in European countries during the 1990s | 91 | ||
Common sense, convenient myths and the contested politics of privatization? | 92 | ||
The financial crisis and the return of public ownership | 96 | ||
Table 4.2 Government support (loans) and share purchases of nationalized banks | 97 | ||
Socialism for the rich, capitalism for the poor: the state underwrites neoliberalism’s contradictions | 100 | ||
An alternative view: a brief history of mutualism and finance as a collective endeavour | 103 | ||
Conclusions | 106 | ||
5 | Public ownership and an alternative political economy in Latin America | 108 | ||
Rolling back neoliberalism: a continental rebellion against privatization | 109 | ||
Water as an ‘uncooperative commodity’ and the return of public ownership | 112 | ||
Table 5.1 Multinationals that have withdrawn from the Latin American water sector | 112 | ||
‘Twenty-first-century socialism’ and the Bolivarian participatory process | 113 | ||
Recovering sovereignty of natural resources: nationalization in Bolivia under Morales | 116 | ||
Renationalization and the prospects for economic democracy | 118 | ||
Conclusions | 121 | ||
6 | Alternative globalizations and the discourse of the commons | 123 | ||
Global resistance and the resurgence of an anti-capitalist politics | 124 | ||
Box 6.1 The demands of the Bamako Appeal: a manifesto for a democratic globalism | 125 | ||
The emergence of an agenda around the commons | 126 | ||
Practising the commons | 130 | ||
The commons, the state and the limits to anti-capitalism from above | 132 | ||
The ‘(im)possibility of autonomy’ and the limits to commons thinking | 136 | ||
Practising the commons in, against and outside the state | 139 | ||
Conclusions | 141 | ||
Part Three: Remaking public ownership | 143 | ||
7 | Remaking and rescaling public ownership | 145 | ||
Introduction | 145 | ||
Principles for a democratized and deliberative public ownership | 145 | ||
Making space for public ownership | 155 | ||
A preliminary sketch of a publicly owned economy in the twenty-first century | 162 | ||
Table 7.1 An evaluation of the effectiveness of different forms of public ownership in achieving desired objectives | 165 | ||
Table 7.2 Schematic depiction of public ownership types by economic activity | 168 | ||
Conclusions | 171 | ||
8 | State ownership, deliberative democracy and elite interests in Norway’s oil bonanza | 173 | ||
Introduction | 173 | ||
The Norwegian ‘model’ of oil development | 174 | ||
Ownership and control of resources for ‘the whole of society’ | 176 | ||
Oil development in an active and deliberative democracy | 178 | ||
The oil-industrial complex, a national competitiveness agenda and the neoliberal turn | 185 | ||
Contesting neoliberalism and the renewal of democratic engagement | 187 | ||
Conclusions | 190 | ||
9 | Decentred public ownership and the Danish wind power revolution | 192 | ||
Introduction | 192 | ||
From oil dependence to renewables role model | 193 | ||
Decentred public ownership and institutional supports in the emergence of the Danish wind energy sector | 195 | ||
Table 9.1 Structure of the electricity power generation and distribution network in Denmark | 199 | ||
Emergent tensions, scalar politics and the broader geographies of renewable energy discourse | 200 | ||
Figure 9.1 Wind power electricity generation in Denmark, 1986–2008 | 204 | ||
Alternative futures, deliberative decision-making and the cooperative ethos | 206 | ||
Conclusions | 208 | ||
Conclusion | 211 | ||
Beyond twentieth-century utopias to an open and deliberative politics of public ownership | 212 | ||
A commitment to decentred and dispersed economic decision-making | 214 | ||
Continuing to struggle ‘in and against’ the state | 217 | ||
Remaking the case for public ownership | 218 | ||
Notes | 221 | ||
Bibliography | 229 | ||
Index | 245 | ||
About Zed Books | 255 |