BOOK
Basic & Applied Concepts of Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices - E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Basic & Applied Concepts of Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices, 4th Edition combines logically organized and updated content in a highly readable way that makes difficult concepts easy to understand. This essential text enables you to develop a solid understanding of all areas of blood banking by utilizing common theory, clinical scenarios, case studies, and critical-thinking exercises. Additional content on HIV testing, ABID panels, immunology and serology, HLA, and global blood banking keeps this book current so you’re learning the skills necessary to work in the modern lab. Further your knowledge with the QR codes in the margins that link to new images and websites.
- Illustrated blood group boxes provide you with the ISBT symbol, number, and the clinical significance of the antibodies at a glance throughout Chapter 7, Other Red Cell Blood Group Systems, Human Leukocyte Antigens, and Platelet Antigens.
- Study questions and critical thinking exercises give you an opportunity to review what you’ve learned.
- Margin notes and definitions highlight important material in each chapter and offer you additional help.
- Coverage of advanced topics includes transplantation and cellular therapy, the HLA system, molecular techniques and applications, automation, electronic cross-matching, and therapeutic apheresis.
- Chapter summaries recap the most important points of the chapter.
- Learning objectives help frame the chapter and set expectations.
- NEW! QR codes in the margins further learning by linking to new images or websites related to chapter content.
- NEW! Completely updated content prepares you to work in today’s clinical lab environment with lessons about HIV testing and confirmation rules from the CDC, ABID panels, immunology and serology, HLA, and global blood banking.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | ES1 | ||
| BASIC & APPLIED CONCEPTS OF BLOOD BANKING AND TRANSFUSION PRACTICES | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Reviewers | iv | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vi | ||
| I - QUALITY AND SAFETY ISSUES | 1 | ||
| 1 - QUALITY ASSURANCE AND REGULATION OF THE BLOOD INDUSTRY AND SAFETY ISSUES IN THE BLOOD BANK | 1 | ||
| 1 - REGULATORY AND ACCREDITING AGENCIES FOR QUALITY AND SAFETY | 2 | ||
| FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION | 3 | ||
| CENTERS FOR MEDICARE AND MEDICAID SERVICES | 3 | ||
| AABB | 3 | ||
| INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION | 4 | ||
| OTHER SAFETY REGULATIONS | 4 | ||
| Occupational Safety and Health Act | 4 | ||
| Environmental Protection Agency | 5 | ||
| 2 - QUALITY ASSURANCE AND GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES | 5 | ||
| QUALITY ASSURANCE | 5 | ||
| GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES | 5 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF A QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM | 6 | ||
| Records and Documents | 6 | ||
| Document Control | 6 | ||
| Record Keeping | 7 | ||
| Manual Record Guidelines | 7 | ||
| Computerized Record Guidelines | 7 | ||
| Standard Operating Procedures | 8 | ||
| Change Control | 9 | ||
| Training | 10 | ||
| Competency Assessment | 10 | ||
| Supplier Qualification | 11 | ||
| Biological Product Deviations | 11 | ||
| Recalls | 11 | ||
| Validation | 12 | ||
| Facilities and Equipment | 12 | ||
| Proficiency Testing | 12 | ||
| Label Control | 12 | ||
| 3 - SAFETY | 13 | ||
| Blood Bank Safety Program | 13 | ||
| Laboratory Attire | 14 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment, Eyewashes, and Showers | 14 | ||
| Biological Safety Cabinets | 14 | ||
| Gloves and Hand Washing | 15 | ||
| Warning Signs | 15 | ||
| Decontamination | 15 | ||
| Chemical Storage and Hazards | 16 | ||
| Radiation Safety | 16 | ||
| Biohazardous Wastes | 16 | ||
| Transportation | 16 | ||
| Personal Injury and Reporting | 16 | ||
| Employee Education | 17 | ||
| REFERENCES | 21 | ||
| II - FOUNDATIONS: BASIC SCIENCES AND REAGENTS | 22 | ||
| 2 - IMMUNOLOGY: BASIC PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS IN THE BLOOD BANK | 22 | ||
| 1 - CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY REACTIONS | 23 | ||
| GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES | 24 | ||
| Molecular Structure | 24 | ||
| Fab and Fc Regions | 26 | ||
| COMPARISON OF IGM AND IGG ANTIBODIES | 26 | ||
| IgM Antibodies | 26 | ||
| IgG Antibodies | 28 | ||
| PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE | 28 | ||
| ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY REACTIONS | 30 | ||
| Properties That Influence Binding | 30 | ||
| 2 - CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH RED CELL ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY REACTIONS | 31 | ||
| RED CELL ANTIGENS | 32 | ||
| RED CELL ANTIBODIES | 32 | ||
| IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY: ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN VIVO | 33 | ||
| Transfusion, Pregnancy, and the Immune Response | 33 | ||
| Complement Proteins | 33 | ||
| Clearance of Antigen–Antibody Complexes | 35 | ||
| IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY: ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN VITRO | 35 | ||
| Overview of Agglutination | 35 | ||
| Sensitization Stage or Antibody Binding to Red Cells | 35 | ||
| Factors Influencing the First Stage of Agglutination | 36 | ||
| Temperature of the Reaction | 36 | ||
| Incubation Time | 36 | ||
| pH | 36 | ||
| Ionic Strength | 37 | ||
| Lattice-Formation Stage or Cell–Cell Interactions | 37 | ||
| Optimal Concentrations of Antigen and Antibody | 38 | ||
| Effect of Centrifugation | 38 | ||
| Grading Agglutination Reactions | 38 | ||
| Hemolysis as an Indicator of Antigen–Antibody Reactions | 39 | ||
| 3 - APPLICATION OF RED CELL ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY REACTIONS FOR ROUTINE TESTING IN IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY | 40 | ||
| SOURCES OF ANTIGEN FOR TESTING | 40 | ||
| SOURCES OF ANTIBODY FOR TESTING | 41 | ||
| ROUTINE TESTING PROCEDURES IN THE IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY LABORATORY | 41 | ||
| REFERENCES | 46 | ||
| 3 - BLOOD BANKING REAGENTS: OVERVIEW AND APPLICATIONS | 47 | ||
| 1 - INTRODUCTION TO BLOOD BANKING REAGENTS | 48 | ||
| REGULATION OF REAGENT MANUFACTURE | 48 | ||
| REAGENT QUALITY CONTROL | 49 | ||
| 2 - COMMERCIAL ANTIBODY REAGENTS | 50 | ||
| Polyclonal Antibody Reagents | 50 | ||
| Monoclonal Antibody Reagents | 51 | ||
| Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibody Reagents | 52 | ||
| REAGENTS FOR ABO ANTIGEN TYPING | 52 | ||
| REAGENTS FOR D ANTIGEN TYPING | 53 | ||
| LOW-PROTEIN REAGENT CONTROL | 54 | ||
| 3 - REAGENT RED CELLS | 55 | ||
| A1 AND B RED CELLS FOR ABO SERUM TESTING | 55 | ||
| SCREENING CELLS | 56 | ||
| ANTIBODY IDENTIFICATION PANEL CELLS | 57 | ||
| 4 - ANTIGLOBULIN TEST AND REAGENTS | 57 | ||
| Direct Antiglobulin Test | 58 | ||
| Indirect Antiglobulin Test | 59 | ||
| SOURCES OF ERROR IN ANTIGLOBULIN TESTING | 60 | ||
| ANTIGLOBULIN REAGENTS | 60 | ||
| Polyspecific Antihuman Globulin Reagents | 60 | ||
| Monospecific Antihuman Globulin Reagents | 62 | ||
| IgG-Sensitized Red Cells | 62 | ||
| 5 - PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBODY POTENTIATORS AND LECTINS | 63 | ||
| LOW-IONIC-STRENGTH SALINE (LISS) | 64 | ||
| POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) | 65 | ||
| ENZYMES | 65 | ||
| BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) | 65 | ||
| LECTINS | 66 | ||
| 6 - ALTERNATIVE METHODS TO THE TUBE TEST | 66 | ||
| GEL TECHNOLOGY METHOD | 66 | ||
| MICROPLATE TESTING METHODS | 66 | ||
| SOLID-PHASE RED CELL ADHERENCE METHODS | 67 | ||
| REFERENCES | 73 | ||
| 4 - GENETIC PRINCIPLES IN BLOOD BANKING | 74 | ||
| 1 - BLOOD GROUP GENETICS | 75 | ||
| Phenotype Versus Genotype | 75 | ||
| Punnett Square | 76 | ||
| Genes, Alleles, and Polymorphism | 76 | ||
| Inheritance Patterns | 77 | ||
| Silent Genes | 77 | ||
| Mendelian Principles | 78 | ||
| Chromosomal Assignment | 79 | ||
| Heterozygosity and Homozygosity | 79 | ||
| Genetic Interaction | 80 | ||
| Linkage and Haplotypes | 80 | ||
| Crossing Over | 81 | ||
| 2 - POPULATION GENETICS | 81 | ||
| COMBINED PHENOTYPE CALCULATIONS | 81 | ||
| GENE FREQUENCIES | 83 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP TESTING | 83 | ||
| 3 - MOLECULAR GENETICS | 84 | ||
| POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION | 84 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Human Leukocyte Antigen Typing Procedures | 85 | ||
| Sequence-Specific Primers | 85 | ||
| Sequence-Specific Oligonucleotide Probes | 86 | ||
| Sequence-Based Typing | 86 | ||
| Short Tandem Repeats | 87 | ||
| MOLECULAR TESTING APPLICATIONS IN RED CELL TYPING | 87 | ||
| Applications in Prenatal Practice | 88 | ||
| Testing for Antigen-Negative Blood Donors | 89 | ||
| Confirm the D Type of Blood Donors | 89 | ||
| REFERENCES | 93 | ||
| III - OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR BLOOD GROUPS | 94 | ||
| 5 - ABO AND H BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS AND SECRETOR STATUS | 94 | ||
| 1 - HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 95 | ||
| 2 - ABO AND H BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM ANTIGENS | 97 | ||
| INHERITANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF A, B, AND H ANTIGENS | 98 | ||
| Common Structure for A, B, and H Antigens | 99 | ||
| Development of H Antigen | 99 | ||
| Development of A and B Antigens | 100 | ||
| ABO SUBGROUPS | 101 | ||
| Comparison of A1 and A2 Phenotypes | 101 | ||
| Subgroups of B | 103 | ||
| Importance of Subgroup Identification in Donor Testing | 103 | ||
| 3 - GENETIC FEATURES OF ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 103 | ||
| 4 - ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM ANTIBODIES | 104 | ||
| GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN ANTI-A AND ANTI-B | 105 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Class | 105 | ||
| Hemolytic Properties and Clinical Significance | 105 | ||
| In Vitro Serologic Reactions | 105 | ||
| HUMAN ANTI-A,B FROM GROUP O INDIVIDUALS | 106 | ||
| ANTI-A1 | 106 | ||
| 5 - ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM AND TRANSFUSION | 106 | ||
| ROUTINE ABO PHENOTYPINGA | 106 | ||
| SELECTION OF ABO-COMPATIBLE RED BLOOD CELLS AND PLASMA PRODUCTS FOR TRANSFUSION | 106 | ||
| 6 - RECOGNITION AND RESOLUTION OF ABO DISCREPANCIES | 108 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ABO PHENOTYPING | 108 | ||
| SAMPLE-RELATED ABO DISCREPANCIES | 108 | ||
| ABO Discrepancies Associated with Red Cell Testing | 109 | ||
| Extra Antigens Present | 109 | ||
| Missing or Weakly Expressed Antigens | 112 | ||
| Mixed-Field Reactions | 113 | ||
| ABO Discrepancies Associated with Serum or Plasma Testing | 114 | ||
| Additional Antibodies in Serum or Plasma Testing | 114 | ||
| Missing or Weak ABO Antibodies in Serum or Plasma Testing | 116 | ||
| 7 - SPECIAL TOPICS RELATED TO ABO AND H BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS | 118 | ||
| CLASSIC BOMBAY PHENOTYPE | 118 | ||
| SECRETOR STATUS | 118 | ||
| REFERENCES | 124 | ||
| 6 - RH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 125 | ||
| 1 - HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE D ANTIGEN | 126 | ||
| 2 - GENETICS, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND TERMINOLOGY | 126 | ||
| RH TERMINOLOGIES | 128 | ||
| Fisher-Race: CDE Terminology | 128 | ||
| Wiener: Rh-Hr Terminology | 128 | ||
| Rosenfield: Numeric Terminology | 129 | ||
| DETERMINING THE GENOTYPE FROM THE PHENOTYPE | 130 | ||
| 3 - ANTIGENS OF THE Rh BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 132 | ||
| Weak D | 132 | ||
| Weak D: Genetic | 133 | ||
| Weak D: Position Effect | 133 | ||
| Weak D: Partial D | 134 | ||
| Significance of Testing for Weak D | 134 | ||
| OTHER RH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM ANTIGENS | 135 | ||
| Compound Antigens | 136 | ||
| G Antigen | 136 | ||
| UNUSUAL PHENOTYPES | 136 | ||
| D-Deletion Phenotype | 137 | ||
| Rhnull Phenotype | 137 | ||
| Rhmod Phenotype | 137 | ||
| 4 - Rh ANTIBODIES | 137 | ||
| GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS | 137 | ||
| CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 138 | ||
| Transfusion Reactions | 138 | ||
| Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn | 138 | ||
| 5 - LW BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 138 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP TO THE Rh BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 138 | ||
| 7 - OTHER RED CELL BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS, HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS, AND PLATELET ANTIGENS | 145 | ||
| 1 - WHY STUDY OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS? | 146 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTER | 147 | ||
| 2 - KELL BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 148 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF KELL ANTIGENS | 148 | ||
| Kell Antigens Facts | 148 | ||
| Biochemistry of Kell Antigens | 149 | ||
| Immunogenicity of Kell Antigens | 150 | ||
| K0 or Kellnull Phenotype | 150 | ||
| GENETICS OF THE KELL BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 150 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF KELL ANTIBODIES | 151 | ||
| 3 - Kx BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 152 | ||
| KX ANTIGEN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE KELL BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 152 | ||
| MCLEOD PHENOTYPE | 152 | ||
| MCLEOD SYNDROME | 153 | ||
| 4 - DUFFY BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 153 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF DUFFY ANTIGENS | 153 | ||
| Duffy Antigens Facts | 153 | ||
| Biochemistry of Duffy Antigens | 154 | ||
| GENETICS OF DUFFY BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 155 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF DUFFY ANTIBODIES | 155 | ||
| DUFFY SYSTEM AND MALARIA | 155 | ||
| 5 - KIDD BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 155 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF KIDD ANTIGENS | 156 | ||
| Kidd Antigens Facts | 156 | ||
| Biochemistry of Kidd Antigens | 156 | ||
| GENETICS OF THE KIDD BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 156 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF KIDD ANTIBODIES | 157 | ||
| 6 - LUTHERAN BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 158 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF LUTHERAN ANTIGENS | 158 | ||
| Lutheran Antigens Facts | 158 | ||
| Biochemistry of Lutheran Antigens | 158 | ||
| GENETICS OF THE LUTHERAN BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 158 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF LUTHERAN ANTIBODIES | 158 | ||
| Anti-Lua | 158 | ||
| Anti-Lub | 159 | ||
| 7 - LEWIS BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 159 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF LEWIS ANTIGENS | 159 | ||
| Lewis Antigens Facts | 159 | ||
| Biochemistry of Lewis Antigens | 160 | ||
| INHERITANCE OF LEWIS SYSTEM ANTIGENS | 160 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF LEWIS ANTIBODIES | 160 | ||
| Serologic Characteristics | 162 | ||
| 8 - I BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM AND i ANTIGEN | 162 | ||
| I AND I ANTIGENS FACTS | 162 | ||
| BIOCHEMISTRY OF I AND I ANTIGENS | 162 | ||
| SEROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOANTI-I | 163 | ||
| DISEASE ASSOCIATION | 163 | ||
| 9 - P1PK BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM, GLOBOSIDE BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM, AND GLOBOSIDE BLOOD GROUP COLLECTION | 163 | ||
| 10MNS BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 167 | ||
| GLOBOSIDE BLOOD GROUP COLLECTION: LKE AND PX2 ANTIGENS | 164 | ||
| FACTS: P1PK AND GLOB BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM ANTIGENS, LKE, AND PX2 ANTIGENS | 164 | ||
| ANTIGEN BIOCHEMISTRY | 164 | ||
| P1PK AND GLOB BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM ANTIBODIES | 165 | ||
| Anti-P1 | 165 | ||
| Autoanti-P | 165 | ||
| Anti-PP1Pk | 166 | ||
| 10 - GLOBOSIDE BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM: P ANTIGEN | 164 | ||
| S AND S ANTIGENS | 167 | ||
| GENETICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY | 168 | ||
| GPA: M and N Antigens | 168 | ||
| GPB: S, s, and U Antigens | 169 | ||
| ANTIBODIES OF THE MNS BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM | 169 | ||
| Anti-M | 169 | ||
| Anti-N | 169 | ||
| Anti-S, Anti-s, and Anti-U | 170 | ||
| 11 - MISCELLANEOUS BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS | 170 | ||
| 12 -HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) SYSTEM AND PLATELET ANTIGENS | 171 | ||
| HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS | 171 | ||
| Testing Applications in the Clinical Laboratory | 171 | ||
| Inheritance and Nomenclature of HLA | 171 | ||
| Antibody Detection and Identification | 174 | ||
| PLATELET ANTIGENS | 175 | ||
| REFERENCES | 181 | ||
| IV - ESSENTIALS OF PRETRANSFUSION TESTING | 183 | ||
| 8 - ANTIBODY DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION | 183 | ||
| 1 -ANTIBODY DETECTION | 184 | ||
| AUTOCONTROL AND DIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST | 186 | ||
| PATIENT HISTORY | 187 | ||
| 2 -ANTIBODY IDENTIFICATION | 187 | ||
| PANEL INTERPRETATION: SINGLE ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY | 188 | ||
| Autocontrol | 188 | ||
| Phases | 190 | ||
| Reaction Strength | 190 | ||
| Ruling Out | 190 | ||
| Matching the Pattern | 191 | ||
| Rule of Three | 191 | ||
| Patient’s Phenotype | 191 | ||
| MULTIPLE ANTIBODIES | 191 | ||
| Multiple Antibody Resolution | 192 | ||
| Additional Techniques | 193 | ||
| ANTIBODIES TO HIGH-FREQUENCY ANTIGENS | 194 | ||
| Additional Testing | 195 | ||
| High-Titer, Low-Avidity Antibodies | 195 | ||
| ANTIBODIES TO LOW-FREQUENCY ANTIGENS | 196 | ||
| ENHANCING WEAK IGG ANTIBODIES | 197 | ||
| COLD ALLOANTIBODIES | 197 | ||
| 3 - AUTOANTIBODIES AND AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA | 199 | ||
| COLD AUTOANTIBODIES AND COLD AIHA | 200 | ||
| Cold Agglutinin Disease | 200 | ||
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria | 200 | ||
| Dealing with Cold Autoantibodies | 200 | ||
| Cold Autoantibody Specificity | 201 | ||
| Avoiding Cold Autoantibody Reactivity | 202 | ||
| Adsorption Techniques | 202 | ||
| WARM AUTOANTIBODIES AND WARM AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA | 203 | ||
| Serologic Results in WAIHA | 203 | ||
| Warm Autoantibody Specificity | 204 | ||
| Other Uses of Elution: Investigation of Transfusion Reactions and HDFN | 205 | ||
| Differential or Allogeneic Adsorption Procedure | 206 | ||
| Methods to Phenotype Red Cells in WAIHA | 206 | ||
| Drug-Induced Autoantibodies | 207 | ||
| REFERENCES | 213 | ||
| 9 - COMPATIBILITY TESTING | 215 | ||
| HISTORY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION | 216 | ||
| 1 - PRINCIPLES OF THE CROSSMATCH | 217 | ||
| WHAT IS A CROSSMATCH? | 217 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF CROSSMATCH TESTING | 217 | ||
| STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE CROSSMATCH | 218 | ||
| CROSSMATCH PROCEDURES | 218 | ||
| Serologic Crossmatch | 218 | ||
| Immediate-Spin Crossmatch | 219 | ||
| Antiglobulin Crossmatch | 219 | ||
| Computer (Electronic) Crossmatch | 219 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF CROSSMATCH TESTING | 220 | ||
| PROBLEM SOLVING INCOMPATIBLE CROSSMATCHES | 221 | ||
| 2 - PRINCIPLES OF COMPATIBILITY TESTING | 221 | ||
| Recipient Blood Sample | 221 | ||
| Patient Identification and Sample Labeling Requirements | 221 | ||
| Sample Collection Tubes | 222 | ||
| Age of Sample | 223 | ||
| Considerations in Sample Collection and Appearance | 223 | ||
| Comparison with Previous Records | 223 | ||
| Repeat Testing of Donor Blood | 223 | ||
| Pretransfusion Testing on Recipient Sample | 224 | ||
| ABO and D Phenotype of Recipient | 224 | ||
| Antibody Detection Test | 224 | ||
| Crossmatch Test | 224 | ||
| Selection of ABO Donor Units | 225 | ||
| Selection of D Antigen Donor Units | 225 | ||
| Selection of Antigen-Negative Donor Units for Recipients with Antibodies | 225 | ||
| Tagging, Inspecting, Issuing, and Transfusing Blood Products | 225 | ||
| 3 - COMPATIBILITY TESTING SPECIAL TOPICS | 226 | ||
| SELECTION OF BLOOD PRODUCTS AFTER NON-GROUP-SPECIFIC TRANSFUSION | 228 | ||
| PRETRANSFUSION TESTING FOR NON–RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTS | 228 | ||
| BLOOD INVENTORY MANAGEMENT | 228 | ||
| Surgical Blood-Ordering Practices | 228 | ||
| Type and Screen Protocols | 229 | ||
| INTRODUCTION TO PATIENT BLOOD MANAGEMENT | 229 | ||
| What Is Patient Blood Management? | 229 | ||
| What Is the Rationale for Patient Blood Management? | 230 | ||
| REFERENCES | 234 | ||
| 10 - BLOOD BANK AUTOMATION FOR TRANSFUSION SERVICES | 236 | ||
| 1 - INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATION IN IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY | 236 | ||
| FORCES DRIVING THE CHANGE TO AUTOMATION | 237 | ||
| BENEFITS AND BARRIERS OF AUTOMATED INSTRUMENTS | 237 | ||
| Potential Benefits | 237 | ||
| Opportunity for Reduction in Operating Costs | 237 | ||
| Opportunity to Redesign Work Processes and Support Systems | 237 | ||
| Opportunity for Increased Productivity | 238 | ||
| Opportunity to Enhance Total Quality | 238 | ||
| Potential Challenges | 238 | ||
| Concerns among Staff Members | 238 | ||
| Cost Justification Issues | 238 | ||
| Automation Implementation Issues | 238 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL INSTRUMENT FOR THE BLOOD BANK | 239 | ||
| 2 - SELECTION OF AUTOMATION TO MEET LABORATORY NEEDS | 239 | ||
| VENDOR ASSESSMENT | 239 | ||
| BASE TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT | 239 | ||
| INSTRUMENT ASSESSMENT | 240 | ||
| 3 - AUTOMATED TESTING TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS | 241 | ||
| AUTOMATED SYSTEMS FOR SOLID-PHASE RED CELL ADHERENCE ASSAYS | 241 | ||
| Hemagglutination Assays | 241 | ||
| Solid-Phase Red Cell Adherence Assays | 243 | ||
| AUTOMATED SYSTEMS FOR SOLID-PHASE RED CELL ASSAYS | 244 | ||
| Solidscreen® II Technology | 245 | ||
| Erytype® S Technology | 247 | ||
| AUTOMATED SYSTEMS FOR GEL TECHNOLOGY ASSAYS | 247 | ||
| REFERENCES | 254 | ||
| V - CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY | 255 | ||
| 11 - ADVERSE COMPLICATIONS OF TRANSFUSIONS | 255 | ||
| 1 - OVERVIEW OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO TRANSFUSION | 256 | ||
| HEMOVIGILANCE MODEL | 256 | ||
| RECOGNITION OF A TRANSFUSION REACTION | 256 | ||
| 2 - CATEGORIES OF TRANSFUSION REACTIONS | 257 | ||
| Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction | 257 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Acute Hemolytic Reactions | 257 | ||
| Prevention of Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions | 259 | ||
| Delayed Hemolytic Reaction | 259 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Delayed Hemolytic Reaction | 260 | ||
| Non–Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of Red Cell Destruction | 260 | ||
| DELAYED SEROLOGIC TRANSFUSION REACTIONS | 261 | ||
| FEBRILE NONHEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION REACTIONS | 262 | ||
| ALLERGIC AND ANAPHYLACTIC TRANSFUSION REACTIONS | 262 | ||
| Urticarial Response | 263 | ||
| Anaphylactic Response | 263 | ||
| Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury | 264 | ||
| TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE | 265 | ||
| BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF BLOOD | 266 | ||
| TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED CIRCULATORY OVERLOAD | 267 | ||
| TRANSFUSION HEMOSIDEROSIS | 268 | ||
| CITRATE TOXICITY | 268 | ||
| POSTTRANSFUSION PURPURA | 269 | ||
| 3 - EVALUATION AND REPORTING A TRANSFUSION REACTION | 269 | ||
| 1. Clerical check for any errors in identification | 269 | ||
| 2. Visual check for hemolysis or icterus | 270 | ||
| 3. DAT | 270 | ||
| 4. Other serologic tests are performed, as needed | 270 | ||
| Additional Laboratory Testing in a Transfusion Reaction | 270 | ||
| RECORDS AND REPORTING OF TRANSFUSION REACTIONS AND FATALITIES | 272 | ||
| Hemovigilance Component | 272 | ||
| Records | 272 | ||
| FDA-Reportable Fatalities | 272 | ||
| REFERENCES | 277 | ||
| 12 - HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN | 278 | ||
| 1 - ETIOLOGY OF HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN | 279 | ||
| 2 - OVERVIEW OF HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN | 279 | ||
| RH HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN | 280 | ||
| ABO HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN | 281 | ||
| 3 - PREDICTION OF HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN | 282 | ||
| MATERNAL HISTORY | 283 | ||
| ANTIBODY TITRATION | 283 | ||
| ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUES | 284 | ||
| AMNIOCENTESIS | 284 | ||
| CORDOCENTESIS | 286 | ||
| FETAL GENOTYPING | 286 | ||
| 4 -POSTPARTUM TESTING | 286 | ||
| POSTPARTUM TESTING OF INFANTS AND MOTHERS | 286 | ||
| D Testing | 286 | ||
| ABO Testing | 287 | ||
| Direct Antiglobulin Test | 287 | ||
| Intrauterine Transfusions | 287 | ||
| 5 - PREVENTION OF HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN | 288 | ||
| ANTEPARTUM ADMINISTRATION OF RH IMMUNE GLOBULIN | 289 | ||
| POSTPARTUM ADMINISTRATION OF RH IMMUNE GLOBULIN | 289 | ||
| Screening for Fetomaternal Hemorrhage | 289 | ||
| Quantifying Fetomaternal Hemorrhage | 290 | ||
| 6 - TREATMENT OF HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN | 291 | ||
| POSTPARTUM TREATMENT | 292 | ||
| Phototherapy | 292 | ||
| Exchange Transfusion | 292 | ||
| Selection of Blood and Compatibility Testing for Exchange Transfusion | 292 | ||
| REFERENCES | 299 | ||
| VI - BLOOD COLLECTION AND TESTING | 300 | ||
| 13 - DONOR SELECTION AND PHLEBOTOMY | 300 | ||
| 1 - DONOR SCREENING | 301 | ||
| BLOOD DONORS | 301 | ||
| DONOR REGISTRATION AND DONOR IDENTIFICATION | 301 | ||
| EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS AND DONOR CONSENT | 302 | ||
| Informed Consent or Donor Acknowledgement | 302 | ||
| HEALTH HISTORY INTERVIEW | 303 | ||
| Donor Deferrals | 305 | ||
| Questions for Protection of the Donor | 306 | ||
| Questions for Protection of the Recipient | 306 | ||
| Transfusion-Transmissible Infections | 306 | ||
| Medications | 307 | ||
| Vaccines | 307 | ||
| High-Risk Activities | 308 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 309 | ||
| General Appearance | 309 | ||
| Hemoglobin or Hematocrit Determination | 309 | ||
| Temperature | 309 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 309 | ||
| Pulse | 309 | ||
| Weight | 309 | ||
| 2 - PHLEBOTOMY | 310 | ||
| BAG LABELING | 310 | ||
| ARM PREPARATION AND VENIPUNCTURE | 311 | ||
| ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS | 312 | ||
| POSTDONATION INSTRUCTIONS AND CARE | 312 | ||
| Preoperative Collection | 314 | ||
| 3 - SPECIAL BLOOD COLLECTION | 314 | ||
| AUTOLOGOUS DONATIONS | 314 | ||
| Normovolemic Hemodilution | 315 | ||
| Blood Recovery | 315 | ||
| DIRECTED DONATIONS | 315 | ||
| APHERESIS | 315 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC PHLEBOTOMY | 317 | ||
| REFERENCES | 320 | ||
| 14 - TESTING OF DONOR BLOOD | 322 | ||
| 1 - OVERVIEW OF DONOR BLOOD TESTING | 323 | ||
| REQUIRED TESTING ON ALLOGENEIC AND AUTOLOGOUS DONOR BLOOD | 323 | ||
| 2 - SEROLOGIC TESTING OF DONOR UNITS | 324 | ||
| ABO AND D PHENOTYPE | 324 | ||
| ANTIBODY SCREEN | 325 | ||
| 3 - INFECTIOUS DISEASE TESTING OF DONOR UNITS | 325 | ||
| SEROLOGIC TESTS FOR SYPHILIS | 325 | ||
| Rapid Plasma Reagin Test | 325 | ||
| Treponemal Tests for Treponema pallidum Antibodies | 325 | ||
| Confirmatory Testing for Syphilis | 326 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF VIRAL MARKER TESTING | 326 | ||
| Sensitivity and Specificity | 326 | ||
| SEROLOGIC TESTING | 326 | ||
| Testing Process | 326 | ||
| Enzyme Immunoassays | 327 | ||
| Chemiluminescent Immunoassays | 328 | ||
| Internal Controls | 328 | ||
| External Controls | 328 | ||
| NUCLEIC ACID TESTING TECHNOLOGY | 329 | ||
| 4 - TRANSFUSION-TRANSMITTED INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND DISEASE AGENTS | 330 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 330 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 330 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 331 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 331 | ||
| Hepatitis G | 331 | ||
| Hepatitis Tests | 331 | ||
| Hepatitis B Surface Antigen | 331 | ||
| Antibody to Hepatitis B Core | 332 | ||
| Antibody to Hepatitis C Virus | 332 | ||
| Nucleic Acid Testing to Detect DNA of Hepatitis B Virus and RNA of Hepatitis C | 332 | ||
| HUMAN RETROVIRUSES | 333 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2 | 334 | ||
| Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II | 334 | ||
| WEST NILE VIRUS | 334 | ||
| CHAGAS DISEASE | 335 | ||
| RECIPIENT TRACING (LOOK-BACK) | 336 | ||
| ADDITIONAL TESTS PERFORMED ON DONOR BLOOD | 337 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 337 | ||
| Testing for Bacterial Contamination of Blood Components | 337 | ||
| EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE AGENTS | 338 | ||
| REFERENCES | 340 | ||
| VII - BLOOD COMPONENT PREPARATION AND TRANSFUSION THERAPY | 342 | ||
| 15 - BLOOD COMPONENT PREPARATION AND THERAPY | 342 | ||
| 1 - BLOOD COLLECTION AND STORAGE | 343 | ||
| STORAGE LESION | 344 | ||
| ANTICOAGULANT–PRESERVATIVE SOLUTIONS | 345 | ||
| RED CELL ADDITIVE SOLUTIONS | 345 | ||
| PLATELET ADDITIVE SOLUTIONS | 347 | ||
| REJUVENATION SOLUTION | 347 | ||
| PATHOGEN REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY | 347 | ||
| 2 - BLOOD COMPONENT PREPARATION | 348 | ||
| WHOLE BLOOD | 350 | ||
| Answers to Study Questions | 387 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 387 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 387 | ||
| Glossary | 388 | ||
| Index | 395 | ||
| A | 395 | ||
| B | 397 | ||
| C | 398 | ||
| D | 398 | ||
| E | 399 | ||
| F | 399 | ||
| G | 400 | ||
| H | 400 | ||
| I | 401 | ||
| J | 401 | ||
| K | 401 | ||
| L | 402 | ||
| M | 402 | ||
| N | 402 | ||
| O | 402 | ||
| P | 403 | ||
| Q | 404 | ||
| R | 404 | ||
| S | 405 | ||
| T | 405 | ||
| U | 406 | ||
| V | 406 | ||
| W | 406 | ||
| X | 406 | ||
| Z | 406 |