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Book Details
Abstract
Thoroughly revised and now enhanced with color artwork, the new edition of this premier reference continues to offer the latest information on the diagnosis and management of reproductive endocrine disorders. National and international leaders from the field of reproductive endocrinology—including 30 new authors—equip you with coverage that encompasses the full spectrum of reproductive pathophysiology and disorders, from pregnancy and birth to reproductive aging. Full-color illustrations and new drawings provide a real-life depiction of basic cell structures and endocrine responses for a better understanding of the material, while new chapters explore the issues shaping today’s practice.
- Covers the full spectrum of reproductive pathophysiology and disorders, from pregnancy and birth to reproductive aging.
- Includes the work of leaders in the field of reproductive endocrinology for guidance you can trust.
- Offers new content on preservation of fertility, endocrine disturbances affecting reproduction, imaging technologies, and adolescent reproductive endocrinology that explore the issues shaping today’s practice.
- Includes full-color illustrations and new drawings which provide a real-life depiction of anatomy and cell function and dysfunction for a greater understanding.
- Provides a list of suggested readings at the end of each chapter for further reference.
- Presents fresh insights into today’s field and future advances, as well as a greater international perspective.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Reproductive Endocrinology | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Remembrance | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| PART I Endocrinology of Reproduction | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 1 Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction | 3 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 3 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Anatomy3 | 5 | ||
| GnRH–Gonadotropin Axis | 11 | ||
| Temporal Patterns of GnRH/LH Secretion | 18 | ||
| Feedback Regulation of GnRH and Gonadotropins | 22 | ||
| Metabolism, Stress, and Reproduction194 | 26 | ||
| Sexual Differentiation of the Brain205 | 31 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| CHAPTER 2 The Gonadotropin Hormones and Their Receptors | 35 | ||
| Gonadotropins | 35 | ||
| Other Heterodimeric Glycoproteins Related to Gonadotropins | 38 | ||
| Gonadotropin Receptors | 44 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 55 | ||
| CHAPTER 3 Prolactin in Human Reproduction | 57 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 57 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Regulation | 60 | ||
| Prolactin Action | 63 | ||
| Prolactinoma | 68 | ||
| Pregnancy in Women with Prolactinomas | 76 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 78 | ||
| CHAPTER 4 The Synthesis and Metabolism of Steroid Hormones | 79 | ||
| Steroid Hormone Structure and Nomenclature | 79 | ||
| Organization of Steroidogenic Organs and Cells | 80 | ||
| Acquisition, Storage, and Trafficking of Cholesterol | 80 | ||
| Overview of Steroidogenesis | 82 | ||
| Interesting Steroid Hormone Metabolic Pathways | 97 | ||
| Regulation of Expression of the Steroidogenic Machinery | 98 | ||
| Examples of Extraglandular Steroidogenesis | 99 | ||
| Secretion, Production, and Metabolic Clearance Rates of Steroid Hormones | 100 | ||
| Plasma Steroid Hormone–Binding Proteins | 101 | ||
| Inhibitors of Steroidogenic Enzymes | 102 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 104 | ||
| CHAPTER 5 Steroid Hormone Action | 105 | ||
| Steroid Hormone Receptors Act as Ligand-dependent Transcription Factors or Repressors | 105 | ||
| Evolution of Steroid Hormone Receptor Structure and Function | 105 | ||
| Activation and Repression of Gene Expression | 109 | ||
| General Factors That Influence Steroid Hormone Action | 113 | ||
| Nongenomic Actions of Steroids | 118 | ||
| Summary | 120 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 120 | ||
| CHAPTER 6 Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators in Reproductive Medicine | 121 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Eicosanoids | 121 | ||
| Pharmacology of Eicosanoids | 126 | ||
| Eicosanoids and Reproduction | 129 | ||
| Summary | 137 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 137 | ||
| CHAPTER 7 Neuroendocrine Control of the Menstrual Cycle | 139 | ||
| The Reproductive Axis | 139 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Components of the Reproductive Axis | 139 | ||
| Differential Control of LH and FSH Secretion | 142 | ||
| The Normal Menstrual Cycle | 145 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 154 | ||
| CHAPTER 8 The Ovarian Life Cycle | 155 | ||
| Germ Cells and Ovarian Morphogenesis | 155 | ||
| The Follicle and Its Surroundings | 160 | ||
| The Gonadotropins and Ovarian Function | 178 | ||
| Endocrine Activity of the Ovary in Reproductive Life | 180 | ||
| Endocrine Disruptors and Ovarian Function | 186 | ||
| Ovarian Aging | 187 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 189 | ||
| CHAPTER 9 The Structure, Function, and Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract | 191 | ||
| Structure and Morphology | 191 | ||
| Steroid Hormone Regulation of Female Reproductive Tract Growth and Differentiation | 193 | ||
| The Adult Female Reproductive Tract and Dynamic Changes During the Menstrual Cycle | 198 | ||
| Immunology of the Reproductive Tract | 211 | ||
| Uterine Receptivity and Embryo Implantation | 213 | ||
| Major Uterine Secretory Products | 215 | ||
| The Role of Growth Factors, Cytokines, and Gonadotropins in Establishing a Receptive State | 218 | ||
| Early Implantation Events in the Human | 223 | ||
| Biochemical Evaluation of the Endometrium | 225 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation of the Endometrium | 228 | ||
| Endometrial Neoplasia | 231 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 233 | ||
| References | 233 | ||
| CHAPTER 10 The Breast | 235 | ||
| Development of the Breast | 235 | ||
| Lactation, Prolactin, and Oxytocin | 236 | ||
| Benign Breast Disease | 239 | ||
| Breast Cancer: An Endocrine Disease | 239 | ||
| Breast Cancer Treatment | 243 | ||
| Hormone Replacement Therapy in Survivors of Breast Cancer | 248 | ||
| Pregnancy in Survivors of Breast Cancer | 248 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 248 | ||
| CHAPTER 11 The Endocrinology of Human Pregnancy and Fetoplacental Neuroendocrine Development | 249 | ||
| Establishment of Pregnancy | 249 | ||
| The Endocrine Placenta | 253 | ||
| Development of the Fetal Neuroendocrine System | 265 | ||
| Fetal Maturation and Timing of Parturition | 272 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 281 | ||
| CHAPTER 12 The Hypothalamo-Pituitary Unit, Testes, and Male Accessory Organs | 283 | ||
| Physiology of the Male Gonadal Axis | 283 | ||
| Sex-Steroid Receptors | 289 | ||
| The Testes | 292 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 295 | ||
| Sertoli Cells | 296 | ||
| Regulation of Male Fertility | 297 | ||
| Decremental Changes in GnRH-LH-Te Axis in Aging | 297 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 298 | ||
| CHAPTER 13 Reproductive Immunology and Its Disorders | 299 | ||
| Basic Immune Principles | 299 | ||
| Reproduction and Immunology: The Fetal Allograft | 307 | ||
| Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune- Associated Reproductive Disorders | 309 | ||
| Conclusion | 322 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 323 | ||
| CHAPTER 14 Menopause and Aging | 325 | ||
| Epidemiology | 325 | ||
| Premature Ovarian Failure | 326 | ||
| The Menopausal Transition (Perimenopause) | 327 | ||
| Hormonal Changes with Established Menopause | 329 | ||
| The Decision to Use Estrogen | 349 | ||
| Colon Cancer and Other Changes | 352 | ||
| Androgen Therapy | 352 | ||
| Alternative Therapies for Menopause | 353 | ||
| Aging | 354 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 355 | ||
| CHAPTER 15 Male Reproductive Aging | 357 | ||
| Changes in Male Reproductive Function with Age | 357 | ||
| Attempts to Reverse the Consequences of Aging by Testosterone Treatment | 361 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 363 | ||
| PART II Pathophysiology and Therapy | 365 | ||
| CHAPTER 16 Disorders of Sex Development | 367 | ||
| Introduction to Human Sex Development | 367 | ||
| 46,XY Disorders of Sex Development | 374 | ||
| General Management of Patients with Disorders of Sex Development | 387 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 393 | ||
| CHAPTER 17 Puberty: Gonadarche and Adrenarche | 395 | ||
| Introduction | 395 | ||
| Stages of Pubertal Development, Secular Trends, and Racial and Ethnic Differences | 395 | ||
| Physiology of Puberty | 398 | ||
| Disorders of Early Puberty | 407 | ||
| Approach to the Child with Precocious Pubertal Development | 416 | ||
| Disorders of Delayed Puberty | 417 | ||
| Approach to the Child with Delayed Puberty | 428 | ||
| Psychosocial Considerations for Precocious and Delayed Puberty | 430 | ||
| Conclusion | 431 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 431 | ||
| CHAPTER 18 Nutrition and the Pubertal Transition | 433 | ||
| The Normal Pubertal Process | 434 | ||
| How Does Fat Signal the HPO Axis? | 436 | ||
| Other Potential Molecules That Communicate Metabolic Signals to the HPO Axis | 436 | ||
| The Role of Body Weight as a Modifier of Puberty | 437 | ||
| Young Adult and Adult Associations | 438 | ||
| Conclusions | 439 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 439 | ||
| CHAPTER 19 Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Alterations of the Neuroendocrine Components of the Reproductive Axis | 441 | ||
| Hypothalamic Dysfunction | 442 | ||
| Pituitary Dysfunction | 474 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 488 | ||
| CHAPTER 20 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hyperandrogenic States | 489 | ||
| Epidemiology | 489 | ||
| Clinical Description | 490 | ||
| Clinical Evolution of PCOS | 494 | ||
| Altered Physiology | 497 | ||
| Pathophysiologic Concept | 508 | ||
| Long-Term Consequences | 510 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 512 | ||
| Evaluation | 513 | ||
| Treatment | 514 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 515 | ||
| CHAPTER 21 Female Infertility | 517 | ||
| A Statistical Model of Infertility | 517 | ||
| Diseases Associated with Infertility | 518 | ||
| The Initial Infertility Evaluation | 520 | ||
| Abnormalities in Oocyte Production | 520 | ||
| Hyperprolactinemia | 532 | ||
| Anatomic Factors in the Female | 535 | ||
| Immunologic Factors and Recurrent Abortion | 539 | ||
| Genetic Causes of Infertility | 539 | ||
| Unexplained Infertility | 539 | ||
| Empirical Treatment | 540 | ||
| Environmental Exposures Associated with Infertility | 543 | ||
| Adoption | 545 | ||
| Psychosocial Aspects of Infertility | 545 | ||
| Social and Ethical Issues | 545 | ||
| CHAPTER 22 Male Infertility | 547 | ||
| The Male History and Physical Examination | 547 | ||
| Treatment of Male Infertility | 553 | ||
| Conclusions | 558 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 559 | ||
| CHAPTER 23 Endocrine Disturbances Affecting Reproduction | 561 | ||
| Pituitary Disorders | 561 | ||
| Adrenal Disorders | 567 | ||
| Thyroid Disorders | 570 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 575 | ||
| CHAPTER 24 Endometriosis | 577 | ||
| History and Histogenesis | 577 | ||
| Epidemiology | 578 | ||
| Genomics, Genetics, and Epigenetics | 579 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 581 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 585 | ||
| Treatment | 590 | ||
| Summary | 595 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 595 | ||
| CHAPTER 25 Benign Uterine Disorders | 597 | ||
| Uterine Leiomyomata | 598 | ||
| Adenomyosis | 608 | ||
| Endometrial Polyps | 609 | ||
| Abnormal Uterine Bleeding | 610 | ||
| Intrauterine Adhesions | 611 | ||
| Dysmenorrhea | 611 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 612 | ||
| CHAPTER 26 Endocrine Diseases of Pregnancy | 615 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 615 | ||
| Gestational Diabetes | 620 | ||
| Pregnancy in Women with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | 624 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases | 627 | ||
| Pituitary Tumors in Pregnancy | 629 | ||
| Pituitary Insufficiency | 631 | ||
| Disorders of Thyroid Function | 633 | ||
| Disorders of Calcium Metabolism | 640 | ||
| Adrenal Diseases | 641 | ||
| Ovarian Endocrine Tumors | 645 | ||
| Preeclampsia | 646 | ||
| Parturition | 651 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 657 | ||
| CHAPTER 27 Breast Cancer | 659 | ||
| Etiology | 659 | ||
| Decreasing Breast Cancer Incidence in the United States | 664 | ||
| Prevention of Breast Cancer | 666 | ||
| Treatment of Established Breast Cancers | 668 | ||
| Long-Term Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors | 683 | ||
| Breast Cancer in Men | 683 | ||
| Endometrial Cancer | 684 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 685 | ||
| PART III Reproductive | 687 | ||
| CHAPTER 28 Medical Approaches to Ovarian Stimulation for Infertility | 689 | ||
| Introduction | 689 | ||
| Induction of Ovulationin AnovulatoryWomen | 696 | ||
| Ovarian stimulation in theEmpirical Treatment of Unexplained Infertility | 707 | ||
| Ovarian stimulationfor in vitro Fertilization | 709 | ||
| Toward Individualized Treatment Algorithms | 719 | ||
| Health Economics of Ovarian Stimulation | 722 | ||
| Conclusions and Future Perspective | 723 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 724 | ||
| CHAPTER 29 Assisted Reproduction | 725 | ||
| The Gametes | 725 | ||
| Fertilization | 728 | ||
| The Early Conceptus and Implantation | 729 | ||
| Assisted Reproductive Technologies | 730 | ||
| Environmental Exposures and Life Style Factors in Assisted Rerpoductive Techniques | 755 | ||
| Nuclear Cloning and Stem Cells | 756 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 756 | ||
| CHAPTER 30 Gamete and Embryo Manipulation | 759 | ||
| Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection | 760 | ||
| Assisted Hatching | 767 | ||
| Embryo Biopsy | 769 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 775 | ||
| CHAPTER 31 Cytogenetics in Reproduction | 777 | ||
| Organization of Human Chromosomes and Methods of Study | 777 | ||
| Chromosome Aberrations and Reproduction | 782 | ||
| Constitutional Chromosome Anomalies Affecting Reproduction | 789 | ||
| Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis | 797 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 798 | ||
| CHAPTER 32 Evaluation of Hormonal Status | 801 | ||
| Principles of Hormonal Assays | 801 | ||
| Measurement of Gonadotropins | 804 | ||
| Measurement of Prolactin | 806 | ||
| Measurement of Estradiol and Other Estrogens | 807 | ||
| Measurement of Progesterone | 807 | ||
| Measurement of Androgens | 807 | ||
| Measurement of Inhibins | 811 | ||
| Measurement of Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Assessment of Ovarian Reserve | 812 | ||
| Measurement of βhCG | 812 | ||
| Measurement and Blood Levels of Insulin | 812 | ||
| Measurement of Adipose Hormones | 814 | ||
| Measurement of Growth Hormone and Growth Factors | 815 | ||
| Measurement of Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Bone Markers | 816 | ||
| Measurement and Blood Levels of Thyroid Hormones | 817 | ||
| Evaluation of Glucocorticoids and Adrenal Function | 818 | ||
| Diagnostic Procedure in Suspected Pituitary Tumors | 820 | ||
| Pelvic Evaluation | 822 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 823 | ||
| CHAPTER 33 Pelvic Imaging in Reproductive Endocrinology | 825 | ||
| Introduction | 825 | ||
| Functional Imaging of the Uterus | 827 | ||
| Contrast Imaging of the Fallopian Tubes | 863 | ||
| Endometriosis | 867 | ||
| Conclusions | 870 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 870 | ||
| CHAPTER 34 Contraception | 873 | ||
| Contraceptive Use in the United States | 873 | ||
| Contraceptive Effectiveness and Efficacy | 873 | ||
| Spermicides and Barrier Methods | 874 | ||
| Microbicides | 874 | ||
| Barrier Techniques | 876 | ||
| Intrauterine Contraception | 889 | ||
| Noncontraceptive Benefits of Hormonal Contraception | 890 | ||
| Contraception in Women of Special Subpopulations | 891 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 892 | ||
| Index | 893 |