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Book Details
Abstract
Pediatric Radiology: The Requisites focuses on new and emerging trends in pediatric imaging, with expanded content in all core clinical areas. The authors are prominent pediatric radiologists with extensive clinical experience in each of the subspecialty areas covered. Ideal for all radiology residents and practitioners, including specialists and any general radiologist who images children, this book also features coverage of the increasingly important aspects of communication and interpersonal relations with the patient, family, and members of the entire healthcare team.
- Provides comprehensive yet concise coverage of the core material fundamental to this subspecialty.
- Presents material in a logical anatomic sequence, organized by organ system.
- Features a multi-modality approach, providing the most common imaging techniques tailored to each organ system.
- Includes tables, boxes, pearls, key concepts, and differential diagnosis throughout the text to make key material accessible and easy to reference.
- Features expanded coverage of new and emerging imaging trends, including state of the art imaging techniques, dose optimization, the roles of the child life specialist and anesthesiologist in pediatric imaging, and the importance of effective communication in pediatric imaging.
- Focuses on team-based patient care with coverage of the increasingly important aspect of interpersonal relations with the patient, family, and members of the healthcare team.
- Crucial differences between pediatric and adult imaging are emphasized within each major organ system.
- Highlights key concepts of pediatric imaging, with special attention paid to dose optimization and the ALARA principle.
- Includes the newest imaging safety standards surrounding children, focusing on safe radiation dosing and optimization of imaging via lower radiation doses.
- Provides updated imaging approaches and illustrations of newer techniques applied in common pediatric conditions.
- 1,120 images clarify basic principles and offer expert image interpretation guidance.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Expert Consult page | IFC2 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| The Requisites Series | ii | ||
| Pediatric Radiology: The Requisites | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Foreword | ix | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xii | ||
| 1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| Radiation Dose Optimization in Pediatric Imaging | 1 | ||
| Role of the Child Life Specialist and the Importance of Relationship Building in Pediatric Radiology | 2 | ||
| Role of Anesthesia and Sedation in Pediatric Imaging | 3 | ||
| Communicating With Patients and Parents in Pediatric Radiology | 4 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4 | ||
| Web Sources | 5 | ||
| 2 Chest Imaging | 6 | ||
| Imaging Techniques and Indications | 6 | ||
| Conventional Radiography | 6 | ||
| Ultrasound | 6 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 6 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 6 | ||
| Development of Airway and Lungs | 7 | ||
| Structural Development | 7 | ||
| Functional Development | 7 | ||
| Normal Anatomy and Variants | 8 | ||
| Pharynx | 8 | ||
| Larynx | 9 | ||
| Mediastinum | 9 | ||
| Lungs | 11 | ||
| Support Lines and Tubes in Intensive Care Patients | 11 | ||
| Upper Airway | 14 | ||
| Supraglottic Abnormalities | 14 | ||
| Laryngomalacia | 14 | ||
| Acute Epiglottitis | 15 | ||
| Glottic Abnormalities | 15 | ||
| Laryngeal Atresia | 15 | ||
| Subglottic Abnormalities | 15 | ||
| Congenital Subglottic Stenosis | 15 | ||
| Croup | 16 | ||
| Bacterial Tracheitis | 17 | ||
| Retropharyngeal Cellulitis/Abscess | 18 | ||
| Other Causes of Upper Airway Disease | 18 | ||
| Tonsillar Enlargement/Adenoidal Hypertrophy | 18 | ||
| Foreign Body | 18 | ||
| Neoplasms | 20 | ||
| Subglottic Hemangioma. | 20 | ||
| Laryngeal Papilloma. | 20 | ||
| Lower Airway | 23 | ||
| Tracheobronchomalacia | 23 | ||
| Tracheoesophageal Fistula | 23 | ||
| Asthma | 24 | ||
| Rings and Slings | 25 | ||
| Double Aortic Arch | 26 | ||
| Right Aortic Arch With Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery | 26 | ||
| Right Aortic Arch With Mirror Image Branching | 27 | ||
| Left Aortic Arch With Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery | 27 | ||
| Pulmonary Sling | 27 | ||
| Chest | 28 | ||
| Congenital | 28 | ||
| Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformations | 28 | ||
| Bronchial Atresia. | 29 | ||
| Bronchogenic Cyst. | 29 | ||
| Congenital Lobar Hyperinflation. | 29 | ||
| Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation. | 29 | ||
| Sequestration. | 30 | ||
| Pulmonary Agenesis/Aplasia/Hypoplasia | 31 | ||
| Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia | 33 | ||
| Hypogenetic Lung or Congenital Venolobar Syndrome | 34 | ||
| Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation | 34 | ||
| Inflammatory | 34 | ||
| Infections | 34 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia. | 34 | ||
| Pertussis Pneumonia. | 36 | ||
| Mycoplasma Pneumoniae. | 37 | ||
| Mycobacterial Infection. | 37 | ||
| Viral Causative Agents. | 37 | ||
| Other Infections. | 37 | ||
| Swyer-James Syndrome. | 39 | ||
| Cystic Lung Disease | 40 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis. | 40 | ||
| Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. | 40 | ||
| Neoplasms/Mass-Like Lesions | 40 | ||
| Mediastinal Masses | 40 | ||
| Anterior | 40 | ||
| Disorders of the Thymus. | 40 | ||
| Lymphoma. | 42 | ||
| Germ Cell Tumors. | 43 | ||
| Middle. | 45 | ||
| Posterior. | 46 | ||
| Primary Lung Tumors | 47 | ||
| Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor. | 47 | ||
| Hamartoma. | 47 | ||
| Carcinoid Tumor. | 48 | ||
| Pleuropulmonary Blastoma. | 48 | ||
| Metastatic Lung Lesions | 51 | ||
| Unique Chest Problems in the Neonate | 51 | ||
| Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 52 | ||
| Retained Fetal Lung Fluid/Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn | 56 | ||
| Meconium Aspiration Syndrome | 56 | ||
| Neonatal Pneumonia | 56 | ||
| Persistent Fetal Circulation | 57 | ||
| Interstitial Lung Disease | 57 | ||
| Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis | 57 | ||
| Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis | 57 | ||
| Vasculitis and Collagen Vascular Diseases | 57 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis | 58 | ||
| Congenital Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia. | 59 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy. | 59 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 60 | ||
| 3 Cardiac Imaging | 62 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease | 62 | ||
| Embryology | 62 | ||
| Identification of Cardiac Chambers and Great Vessels | 62 | ||
| Segmental Approach to Heart Disease | 64 | ||
| Heterotaxy | 65 | ||
| Physiologic Subgroups | 66 | ||
| Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease | 68 | ||
| Immediate Palliation | 68 | ||
| Permanent Palliation | 68 | ||
| Indications for Imaging by Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 69 | ||
| Common Conditions | 69 | ||
| Left-to-Right Shunts | 69 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 70 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 70 | ||
| Common Atrioventricular Canal | 72 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 72 | ||
| Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection | 74 | ||
| Intermixing States | 75 | ||
| Transposition of the Great Arteries | 75 | ||
| Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries | 76 | ||
| Persistent Truncus Arteriosus | 77 | ||
| Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection | 78 | ||
| Right-Sided Obstructive Lesions | 78 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 78 | ||
| Tricuspid Atresia | 81 | ||
| Ebstein Anomaly | 82 | ||
| Left-Sided Obstructive Lesions | 82 | ||
| Coarctation of the Aorta | 82 | ||
| Congenital Aortic Stenosis | 83 | ||
| Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome | 84 | ||
| Shone Syndrome | 85 | ||
| Cor Triatriatum | 86 | ||
| Miscellaneous Conditions | 86 | ||
| Pericardial Absence and Pericardial Cysts | 86 | ||
| Kawasaki Disease | 87 | ||
| Rheumatic Heart Disease | 87 | ||
| Appendix | 87 | ||
| Cardiac Position | 87 | ||
| Visceral Situs and Atrial Situs | 87 | ||
| Classic Radiographic Signs in Congenital Heart Disease | 88 | ||
| “Named” Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Procedures | 88 | ||
| Aortopulmonary Shunts | 88 | ||
| Procedures for Transposition of the Great Arteries | 89 | ||
| Single-Ventricle Palliations | 89 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 89 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 90 | ||
| 4 Gastrointestinal Imaging | 91 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 91 | ||
| Conventional Radiography | 91 | ||
| Normal Bowel Gas Pattern | 91 | ||
| Abnormal Bowel Gas Patterns | 91 | ||
| Abdominal Masses | 91 | ||
| Pneumoperitoneum | 91 | ||
| Ascites | 92 | ||
| Calcifications | 92 | ||
| Fluoroscopy | 92 | ||
| Contrast Agents | 92 | ||
| Common Examinations | 94 | ||
| The Newborn | 95 | ||
| Intestinal Obstruction in the Newborn | 95 | ||
| Low Intestinal Obstruction | 95 | ||
| Hirschsprung Disease | 96 | ||
| Meconium Plug/Small Left Colon Syndrome | 96 | ||
| Colonic Atresia | 97 | ||
| Meconium Ileus | 97 | ||
| Ileal Atresia | 98 | ||
| Anorectal Malformation | 98 | ||
| High Intestinal Obstruction | 99 | ||
| Obstruction of the Stomach | 99 | ||
| Duodenal Obstruction | 99 | ||
| Malrotation | 100 | ||
| Jejunal or Proximal Ileal Obstruction | 101 | ||
| Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula | 102 | ||
| Omphalocele and Gastroschisis | 104 | ||
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 104 | ||
| The Infant and Young Child | 107 | ||
| Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis | 107 | ||
| Intussusception | 108 | ||
| Esophageal Foreign Bodies | 112 | ||
| Gastric Volvulus | 113 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Duplication and Meckel Diverticulum | 113 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux and Hiatal Hernia | 114 | ||
| The Older Child | 115 | ||
| Distal Intestinal Obstruction Syndrome | 115 | ||
| Appendicitis | 116 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 117 | ||
| 5 Hepatobiliary, Pancreas, and Spleen Imaging | 118 | ||
| Liver and Biliary Tree | 118 | ||
| Anatomy and Embryology | 118 | ||
| Developmental Anomalies | 118 | ||
| Biliary Atresia | 118 | ||
| Choledochal Cyst | 119 | ||
| Caroli Disease | 119 | ||
| Acquired Conditions | 121 | ||
| Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis | 121 | ||
| Biliary Sludge | 122 | ||
| Cholecystitis | 122 | ||
| Hydrops of the Gallbladder | 123 | ||
| Cholangitis | 123 | ||
| Hepatic Parenchymal Disorders | 123 | ||
| Hepatic Infections | 123 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis. | 123 | ||
| Pyogenic Abscess. | 124 | ||
| Fungal Infection. | 124 | ||
| Parasitic Infections. | 125 | ||
| Hepatic Steatosis | 126 | ||
| Metabolic Diseases | 126 | ||
| Hemochromatosis/Iron Deposition. | 126 | ||
| Tyrosinemia Type I. | 126 | ||
| Glycogen Storage Disease. | 126 | ||
| Hepatic Neoplasms | 126 | ||
| Benign Lesions | 126 | ||
| Hemangioma. | 126 | ||
| Mesenchymal Hamartoma. | 127 | ||
| Focal Nodular Hyperplasia. | 128 | ||
| Malignant Lesions | 128 | ||
| Hepatoblastoma. | 128 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma. | 128 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma. | 129 | ||
| Metastatic Lesions. | 130 | ||
| Pancreas | 130 | ||
| Anatomy and Embryology | 130 | ||
| Normal Pancreas | 130 | ||
| Developmental Anomalies | 131 | ||
| Congenital Short Pancreas | 131 | ||
| Pancreas Divisum | 131 | ||
| Annular Pancreas | 131 | ||
| Systemic Disease With Pancreatic Involvement | 132 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 132 | ||
| Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome | 132 | ||
| Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome | 132 | ||
| Pancreatic Cysts | 132 | ||
| Acquired Conditions | 132 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 132 | ||
| Complications of Acute Pancreatitis | 133 | ||
| Chronic Pancreatitis | 133 | ||
| Pancreatic Tumors | 133 | ||
| Exocrine Tumors. | 133 | ||
| Endocrine Tumors. | 134 | ||
| Cystic Tumors. | 135 | ||
| Spleen | 135 | ||
| Anatomy and Embryology | 135 | ||
| Developmental Anomalies | 135 | ||
| Acquired Conditions | 136 | ||
| Splenomegaly | 136 | ||
| Small Spleen | 136 | ||
| Infection or Abscess | 136 | ||
| Neoplasms | 136 | ||
| Splenic Cysts | 137 | ||
| Trauma | 137 | ||
| General Considerations | 137 | ||
| Spleen Injury | 137 | ||
| Liver Injury | 138 | ||
| Pancreas Injury | 139 | ||
| Bowel and Mesentery | 139 | ||
| Hypoperfusion Complex | 139 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 140 | ||
| 6 Genitourinary Imaging | 141 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 141 | ||
| Ultrasound | 141 | ||
| Fluoroscopy | 141 | ||
| Voiding Cystourethrography | 141 | ||
| Retrograde Urethrogram | 141 | ||
| Genitogram | 142 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 142 | ||
| Radionuclide Cystogram | 142 | ||
| Cortical Scintigraphy | 143 | ||
| Diuretic Renography | 143 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 144 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 144 | ||
| Radiography | 145 | ||
| Normal Genitourinary System in Children | 146 | ||
| Kidneys | 146 | ||
| Ureters | 148 | ||
| Bladder | 148 | ||
| Urethra | 148 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Ureters | 149 | ||
| Embryology | 149 | ||
| Renal Anomalies | 149 | ||
| Abnormalities of Development, Ascent, and Fusion | 149 | ||
| Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney | 149 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Ureters | 149 | ||
| Ureteropelvic Junction and Ureterovesical Junction Obstruction | 149 | ||
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | 151 | ||
| Duplicated Collecting Systems | 151 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies of the Bladder and Urethra | 154 | ||
| Embryology | 154 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies of the Bladder | 154 | ||
| Urachal Anomalies | 154 | ||
| Neurogenic Bladder | 155 | ||
| Bladder Diverticula | 155 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Urethra | 155 | ||
| Posterior Urethral Valves | 155 | ||
| Other Congenital Anomalies of the Genitourinary System | 156 | ||
| Hypospadias | 156 | ||
| Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex | 156 | ||
| Prune Belly Syndrome | 157 | ||
| Acquired Abnormalities of the Genitourinary System | 157 | ||
| Infections of the Genitourinary System | 157 | ||
| Pyelonephritis | 157 | ||
| Pyonephrosis | 158 | ||
| Urethral Strictures | 158 | ||
| Abnormalities of Calcium Deposition | 158 | ||
| Nephrocalcinosis | 158 | ||
| Nephrolithiasis | 158 | ||
| Bladder Stones | 159 | ||
| Masses of the Genitourinary System | 159 | ||
| Unilateral Renal Masses | 160 | ||
| Mesoblastic Nephroma | 160 | ||
| Wilms Tumor | 160 | ||
| Multilocular Cystic Renal Tumor | 162 | ||
| Renal Cell Carcinoma | 163 | ||
| Angiomyolipoma | 163 | ||
| Renal Medullary Carcinoma | 163 | ||
| Infection | 163 | ||
| Other Renal Neoplasms | 163 | ||
| Bilateral Renal Masses | 164 | ||
| Nephroblastomatosis | 164 | ||
| Lymphoma | 165 | ||
| Leukemia | 165 | ||
| Pelvic Masses | 165 | ||
| Bladder Masses | 165 | ||
| Renal Cysts | 165 | ||
| Solitary Cysts | 165 | ||
| Polycystic Kidney Disease | 166 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease | 166 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease | 167 | ||
| Vascular Abnormalities of the Kidneys | 167 | ||
| Renal Artery Stenosis | 167 | ||
| Renal Vein Thrombosis | 168 | ||
| Genitourinary Trauma | 168 | ||
| Renal Trauma | 168 | ||
| Bladder Trauma | 169 | ||
| Urethral Trauma | 170 | ||
| Scrotal Trauma | 170 | ||
| The Adrenal Gland | 170 | ||
| Morphologic Abnormalities | 171 | ||
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | 171 | ||
| Masses and Pseudomasses | 171 | ||
| Adrenal Hemorrhage | 172 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 172 | ||
| Male and Female Genital Tracts | 174 | ||
| Embryology | 174 | ||
| Male Genital Tract | 174 | ||
| Normal Anatomy of the Testis | 174 | ||
| Cryptorchidism | 175 | ||
| Acute Scrotal Pain | 176 | ||
| Testicular Torsion. | 176 | ||
| Torsion of the Appendix Testis/Epididymis. | 177 | ||
| Epididymitis/Orchitis. | 177 | ||
| Enlargement of the Scrotum/Testis | 179 | ||
| Hernia. | 179 | ||
| Hydrocele. | 179 | ||
| Varicocele. | 180 | ||
| Benign Testicular Masses | 181 | ||
| Epidermoid. | 181 | ||
| Adrenal Rests. | 181 | ||
| Microlithiasis. | 181 | ||
| Malignant Testicular and Paratesticular Masses | 181 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma. | 181 | ||
| Primary Testicular Neoplasms. | 182 | ||
| Female Genital Tract | 182 | ||
| Normal Anatomy of Uterus and Ovaries | 182 | ||
| Anomalies of the Female Genital Tract | 182 | ||
| Ambiguous Genitalia | 184 | ||
| Ovarian Masses | 184 | ||
| Ovarian Cysts. | 185 | ||
| Primary Ovarian Neoplasms. | 187 | ||
| Ovarian Torsion | 187 | ||
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | 187 | ||
| Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | 189 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 190 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 190 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 190 | ||
| 7 Musculoskeletal Imaging | 191 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 191 | ||
| Radiography | 191 | ||
| Ultrasound | 191 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 191 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 192 | ||
| Nuclear Imaging | 193 | ||
| Anatomy | 194 | ||
| Normal Variants | 194 | ||
| Physiologic Subperiosteal New Bone Formation | 194 | ||
| Physiologic Sclerosis | 194 | ||
| Growth Recovery Lines | 195 | ||
| Epiphyseal Variants | 195 | ||
| Metaphyseal Variants | 196 | ||
| Apophyseal Variants | 196 | ||
| Irregular Ossification | 197 | ||
| Sesamoid Bones | 198 | ||
| Accessory Ossicles | 199 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 199 | ||
| Lower Extremity | 199 | ||
| Pelvis | 200 | ||
| Constitutional Disorders of Bone | 200 | ||
| Skeletal Dysplasias | 200 | ||
| Symmetric Short Stature | 203 | ||
| Short-Limb Dwarfism | 203 | ||
| Rhizomelic Shortening. | 203 | ||
| Mesomelic/Acromelic Shortening. | 203 | ||
| Short-Trunk Dwarfism | 205 | ||
| Achondrogenesis/Hypochondrogenesis. | 205 | ||
| Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasias. | 205 | ||
| Dysostosis Multiplex. | 206 | ||
| Proportionate Short Stature. | 206 | ||
| Asymmetric Short Stature | 206 | ||
| Chromosomal Disorders | 206 | ||
| Focal Congenital Anomalies of Bone | 206 | ||
| Sclerosing Bone Dysplasias/Disorders of Increased Bone Density | 209 | ||
| Systemic Skeletal Disorders | 211 | ||
| Metabolic Disorders | 211 | ||
| Rickets | 211 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 212 | ||
| Renal Osteodystrophy | 212 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 212 | ||
| Hypervitaminosis A | 213 | ||
| Scurvy | 214 | ||
| Lead Poisoning | 214 | ||
| Anemias and Coagulopathies | 215 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease | 215 | ||
| Thalassemia | 215 | ||
| Hemophilia | 216 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis | 216 | ||
| Hip Disorders | 217 | ||
| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip | 217 | ||
| Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease | 218 | ||
| Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis | 220 | ||
| Infection | 220 | ||
| Acute Osteomyelitis | 220 | ||
| Subacute and Chronic Osteomyelitis | 221 | ||
| Septic Arthritis | 222 | ||
| Lyme Arthritis | 224 | ||
| Transient Synovitis | 224 | ||
| Arthritis/Inflammatory Disorders | 224 | ||
| Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | 224 | ||
| Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis | 225 | ||
| Juvenile Dermatomyositis | 225 | ||
| Benign Musculoskeletal Tumors | 227 | ||
| Fibrous Bone Tumors | 227 | ||
| Fibrous Cortical Defect/Nonossifying Fibroma | 227 | ||
| Fibrous Dysplasia | 227 | ||
| Osteofibrous Dysplasia | 228 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis | 229 | ||
| Cartilaginous Bone Tumors | 230 | ||
| Osteochondroma/Exostosis | 230 | ||
| Enchondroma | 230 | ||
| Chondroblastoma | 231 | ||
| Osseous Tumors | 232 | ||
| Osteoid Osteoma/Osteoblastoma | 232 | ||
| Cystic Bone Tumors | 234 | ||
| Unicameral Bone Cyst | 234 | ||
| Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | 235 | ||
| Giant Cell Tumor/Osteoclastoma | 235 | ||
| Synovial Metaplasia | 235 | ||
| Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis | 235 | ||
| Synovial Chondromatosis/Osteochondromatosis | 236 | ||
| Malignant Musculoskeletal Tumors | 237 | ||
| Bone Tumors | 237 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 237 | ||
| Ewing Sarcoma | 238 | ||
| Leukemia | 240 | ||
| Lymphoma | 241 | ||
| Metastatic Disease | 241 | ||
| Soft Tissue Tumors | 241 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 241 | ||
| Synovial Sarcoma | 241 | ||
| Trauma | 242 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 244 | ||
| Clavicle | 244 | ||
| Humerus | 244 | ||
| Elbow | 244 | ||
| Forearm/Wrist | 248 | ||
| Hand | 250 | ||
| Pelvis/Hips | 250 | ||
| Lower Extremity | 251 | ||
| Femur/Knee | 251 | ||
| Lower Leg/Ankle | 255 | ||
| Foot | 257 | ||
| Child Abuse | 258 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 259 | ||
| 8 Brain Imaging | 260 | ||
| Imaging the Pediatric Brain | 260 | ||
| Radiography | 260 | ||
| Ultrasound | 260 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 260 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 261 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 262 | ||
| Congenital Malformations of Brain Development | 262 | ||
| Malformations of Cortical Development | 262 | ||
| Disorders of Neuronal Proliferation | 262 | ||
| Microlissencephaly. | 262 | ||
| Hemimegalencephaly. | 262 | ||
| Focal Cortical Dysplasias. | 262 | ||
| Disorders of Neuronal Migration | 263 | ||
| Lissencephaly. | 263 | ||
| Gray Matter Heterotopia. | 264 | ||
| Disorders of Neuronal Organization | 264 | ||
| Polymicrogyria. | 264 | ||
| Schizencephaly. | 265 | ||
| Abnormalities of Ventral Induction | 265 | ||
| Holoprosencephaly | 265 | ||
| Septooptic Dysplasia | 266 | ||
| Anomalies of Corpus Callosum | 267 | ||
| Hindbrain Anomalies | 268 | ||
| Malformation of the Cerebellar Vermis | 269 | ||
| Joubert syndrome. | 269 | ||
| Rhombencephalosynapsis. | 269 | ||
| Dandy-Walker spectrum. | 270 | ||
| Abnormalities of Dorsal Induction | 270 | ||
| Chiari Malformations | 270 | ||
| Chiari I Malformation. | 270 | ||
| Chiari II Malformation. | 271 | ||
| Anencephaly and Cephalocele | 272 | ||
| Anencephaly. | 272 | ||
| Cephalocele. | 272 | ||
| Hydranencephaly | 274 | ||
| Craniosynostosis. | 274 | ||
| Neurocutaneous Syndromes | 277 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis | 278 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | 278 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 2 | 279 | ||
| Tuberous Sclerosis Complex | 281 | ||
| Sturge-Weber Syndrome | 283 | ||
| Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome | 283 | ||
| Ataxia-Telangiectasia | 284 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 284 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation | 285 | ||
| Causes of Hydrocephalus | 285 | ||
| Imaging of Hydrocephalus | 285 | ||
| Treatment of Hydrocephalus | 286 | ||
| Extraaxial Fluid Collections in Infancy | 287 | ||
| Inflammatory | 289 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 289 | ||
| Meningitis | 289 | ||
| Cerebritis and Abscess | 289 | ||
| Tuberculosis Infections | 291 | ||
| Viral Infections | 291 | ||
| Central Nervous System Neoplasms | 294 | ||
| Supratentorial Tumors | 294 | ||
| Astrocytoma | 294 | ||
| Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor | 295 | ||
| Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor | 295 | ||
| Ganglioglioma | 296 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Tumors | 296 | ||
| Pineal Region Tumors | 296 | ||
| Sellar and Parasellar Tumors | 297 | ||
| Craniopharyngioma | 297 | ||
| Rathke Cleft Cyst | 298 | ||
| Chiasmatic/Optic Pathway/Hypothalamic Gliomas | 298 | ||
| Germinoma. | 299 | ||
| Hypothalamic Hamartoma | 299 | ||
| Pituitary Adenoma | 300 | ||
| Posterior Fossa Tumors | 300 | ||
| Medulloblastoma | 300 | ||
| Cerebellar Astrocytoma | 300 | ||
| Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor | 300 | ||
| Ependymoma | 300 | ||
| Brainstem Glioma | 302 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 304 | ||
| Stroke | 304 | ||
| Fetal and Neonatal Stroke | 304 | ||
| Childhood Stroke | 304 | ||
| Moyamoya Vasculopathy | 305 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease | 305 | ||
| Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy | 306 | ||
| White Matter Injury of Prematurity/Periventricular Leukomalacia | 307 | ||
| Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage | 308 | ||
| Vascular Anomalies | 309 | ||
| High-Flow Vascular Anomalies | 309 | ||
| Low-Flow Vascular Anomalies | 311 | ||
| Aneurysms | 312 | ||
| Trauma and Nonaccidental Injuries | 312 | ||
| Skull Fractures | 312 | ||
| Cerebral Injury | 312 | ||
| Contusion | 312 | ||
| Diffuse Axonal Injury, Diffuse Cerebral Edema, and Hypoperfusion Injuries | 314 | ||
| Subdural Hematoma | 314 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma | 316 | ||
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 316 | ||
| Abusive Head Trauma | 316 | ||
| Metabolic Brain Disorders | 317 | ||
| Disorders That Primarily Affect White Matter (Leukodystrophies) | 317 | ||
| Metachromatic Leukodystrophy | 317 | ||
| Krabbe Disease | 317 | ||
| Classic X-Linked Adrenal Leukodystrophy | 318 | ||
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease | 318 | ||
| Disorders That Primarily Involve Gray Matter | 319 | ||
| Pantothenate Kinase–Associated Neuropathy | 319 | ||
| Disorders That Affect Both Gray and White Matter | 319 | ||
| Canavan Disease | 319 | ||
| Alexander Disease | 320 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 320 | ||
| Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy With Lactic Acidosis and Stroke | 320 | ||
| Zellweger Syndrome | 322 | ||
| Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease | 322 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 323 | ||
| Mesial Temporal Sclerosis | 323 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 324 | ||
| 9 Spine Imaging | 325 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 325 | ||
| Plain Films | 325 | ||
| Ultrasound | 325 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 325 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 326 | ||
| Radionuclide Imaging | 326 | ||
| Embryology and Normal Development | 326 | ||
| Developmental Abnormalities | 327 | ||
| Disorders of Primary Neurulation | 327 | ||
| Open (Non–Skin–Covered) Spinal Dysraphism | 327 | ||
| Myelomeningocele and Myelocele. | 327 | ||
| Hemimyelomeningocele and Hemimyelocele. | 327 | ||
| Closed (Skin-Covered) Spinal Dysraphism | 327 | ||
| Lipomyelomeningocele and Lipomyelocele. | 327 | ||
| Dorsal Dermal Sinus | 327 | ||
| Disorders of Secondary Neurulation | 328 | ||
| Fibrolipoma of the Filum Terminale | 328 | ||
| Tight Filum Terminale | 328 | ||
| Caudal Regression Syndrome | 328 | ||
| Sacrococcygeal Teratoma | 328 | ||
| Anomalies of Notochordal Development | 329 | ||
| Diastematomyelia | 329 | ||
| Neurenteric Fistula | 330 | ||
| Segmentation and Formation Anomalies of the Spinal Column | 330 | ||
| Other Developmental Abnormalities | 330 | ||
| Myelocystocele | 330 | ||
| Meningocele | 330 | ||
| Spondylodysplasias | 331 | ||
| Idiopathic Scoliosis | 331 | ||
| Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis | 333 | ||
| Scheuermann Disease | 334 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | 334 | ||
| Achondroplasia | 334 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidosis | 334 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 334 | ||
| Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia | 335 | ||
| Craniocervical Junction Anomalies | 335 | ||
| Basiocciput Hypoplasia | 336 | ||
| Occipitalization of the Atlas | 336 | ||
| Klippel-Feil Syndrome and Segmentation Anomalies | 336 | ||
| Odontoid Anomalies | 336 | ||
| Craniocervical Junction Instability | 336 | ||
| Spinal Vascular Anomalies | 338 | ||
| Trauma | 339 | ||
| Spine Fractures | 339 | ||
| Cervical Spine | 339 | ||
| Thoracic and Lumbar Spine | 339 | ||
| Spine Ligamentous Injury | 340 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 341 | ||
| Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis | 342 | ||
| Lumbar Disk Herniation | 342 | ||
| Infection | 342 | ||
| Infectious Diskitis, Spondylitis, or Spondylodiskitis | 343 | ||
| Epidural Abscess | 344 | ||
| Meningitis | 344 | ||
| Arachnoiditis | 344 | ||
| Myelitis or Infectious Myelopathy | 345 | ||
| Inflammation | 345 | ||
| Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis | 345 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 345 | ||
| Neuromyelitis Optica | 346 | ||
| Guillain Barre Syndrome | 347 | ||
| Tumors | 347 | ||
| Extradural | 347 | ||
| Benign Tumors of Mesenchymal Origin | 347 | ||
| Malignant Tumors of Mesenchymal Origin | 348 | ||
| Other “Malignant” Tumors of Mesenchymal Origin | 350 | ||
| Tumors of Neural Crest Origin | 350 | ||
| Intradural and Extramedullary | 350 | ||
| Intramedullary | 351 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 352 | ||
| 10 Head and Neck Imaging | 353 | ||
| Imaging Technques and Modalities | 353 | ||
| Conventional Radiography | 353 | ||
| Fluoroscopy | 353 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 353 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 353 | ||
| Radionuclide Imaging | 354 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 354 | ||
| Angiography | 354 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities | 354 | ||
| Orbit and Globe | 354 | ||
| Normal Development and Anatomy | 354 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Globe | 354 | ||
| Anophthalmos and Microphthalmos. | 354 | ||
| Macrophthalmos. | 354 | ||
| Staphyloma. | 355 | ||
| Coloboma. | 355 | ||
| Morning Glory Disc Anomaly. | 355 | ||
| Malformations of the Orbit | 356 | ||
| Hypertelorism and Hypotelorism. | 356 | ||
| Abnormalities of Orbital Size. | 356 | ||
| Optic Nerve Hypoplasia. | 356 | ||
| Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous. | 356 | ||
| Coats Disease. | 356 | ||
| Retinopathy of Prematurity. | 357 | ||
| Ocular and Orbital Abnormalities Associated With Craniofacial and Central Nervous System Malformations | 357 | ||
| Developmental Masses and Anomalies | 358 | ||
| Dermoid and Epidermoid. | 358 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Duct Cyst. | 358 | ||
| Lacrimal Gland Anomalies. | 358 | ||
| Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Face, and Mandible | 358 | ||
| Normal Development and Anatomy | 358 | ||
| Developmental Sinonasal Variants | 359 | ||
| Congenital Nasal Malformation | 359 | ||
| Congenital Nasal Masses | 360 | ||
| Fissural Cysts | 361 | ||
| Facial and Mandibular Anomalies | 361 | ||
| Cleft Lip and Palate. | 361 | ||
| Craniofacial Syndromes. | 362 | ||
| Ear and Temporal Bone | 363 | ||
| Normal Development and Anatomy | 363 | ||
| Developmental Variants | 363 | ||
| Congenital External and Middle Ear Malformations | 363 | ||
| Inner Ear Malformations | 365 | ||
| Vestibular Aqueduct Malformation | 365 | ||
| Cochlear Malformations | 365 | ||
| Vestibular and Semicircular Canal Malformations | 365 | ||
| Internal Auditory Canal Malformations | 365 | ||
| Perilymph Fistula | 365 | ||
| Genetic or Syndromic Inner Ear Anomalies. | 365 | ||
| Vascular Variants | 366 | ||
| Neck and Oral Cavity | 367 | ||
| Normal Development and Anatomy | 367 | ||
| Tornwaldt Cyst | 367 | ||
| Branchial Apparatus Anomalies | 367 | ||
| Thyroid Anomalies | 368 | ||
| Laryngocele | 368 | ||
| Anomalies of the Oral Cavity, Tongue, and Salivary Glands | 368 | ||
| Vascular Anomalies | 369 | ||
| Trauma | 371 | ||
| Orbit and Globe | 371 | ||
| Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, and Face | 374 | ||
| Ear and Temporal Bone | 374 | ||
| Oral Cavity and Neck | 375 | ||
| Infection and Inflammatory Processes | 376 | ||
| Orbit and Globe | 376 | ||
| Suppurative Infection | 376 | ||
| Idiopathic Orbital Inflammatory Syndrome (Pseudotumor) | 378 | ||
| Other Inflammatory Processes | 378 | ||
| Ocular and Optic Inflammatory Processes | 378 | ||
| Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, and Face | 378 | ||
| Acute Sinusitis | 378 | ||
| Subacute and Chronic Sinonasal Infection | 379 | ||
| Fungal Sinus Disease | 380 | ||
| Ear and Temporal Bone | 381 | ||
| Acute Infection | 381 | ||
| Chronic Otitis Media | 384 | ||
| Acquired Cholesteatoma | 385 | ||
| Cholesterol Granuloma | 386 | ||
| Mastoidectomy | 386 | ||
| Neck, Oral Cavity, and Jaw | 387 | ||
| Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy, Inflammation, and Peritonsillar Abscess | 387 | ||
| Retropharyngeal Inflammation and Abscess | 388 | ||
| Lymphadenitis and Abscess | 388 | ||
| Soft Tissue Inflammation, Cellulitis, and Necrotizing Fasciitis | 388 | ||
| Thyroid Inflammation | 389 | ||
| Salivary Gland Inflammation | 389 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 390 | ||
| Neoplasms and Tumor-Like Conditions | 390 | ||
| Infantile Hemangioma | 390 | ||
| Teratoma | 391 | ||
| Lipoma | 391 | ||
| Pilomatrixoma (Calcifying Epithelioma of Malherbe) | 392 | ||
| Nerve Sheath Tumors | 392 | ||
| Fibrous Tumor-Like Conditions and Fibroblastic Tumors | 393 | ||
| Fibroosseous, Chondroid, and Osseous Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions | 394 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and Other Histiocytoses | 395 | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 395 | ||
| Other Sarcomas, Neuroepithelial, and Neurogenic Tumors | 397 | ||
| Lymphoma | 397 | ||
| Leukemia | 398 | ||
| Carcinoma | 398 | ||
| Metastatic Disease | 399 | ||
| Orbit and Globe | 399 | ||
| Optic Pathway Glioma | 399 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 400 | ||
| Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, and Face | 401 | ||
| Juvenile Angiofibroma | 401 | ||
| Esthesioneuroblastoma | 401 | ||
| Temporal Bone | 402 | ||
| Schwannoma | 402 | ||
| Oral Cavity and Neck | 402 | ||
| Thyroid Tumors | 402 | ||
| Salivary Gland Tumors | 403 | ||
| Cysts and Odontogenic Lesions of the Jaw | 403 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 404 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 404 | ||
| Index | 405 | ||
| A | 405 | ||
| B | 405 | ||
| C | 406 | ||
| D | 408 | ||
| E | 409 | ||
| F | 409 | ||
| G | 410 | ||
| H | 410 | ||
| I | 411 | ||
| J | 412 | ||
| K | 412 | ||
| L | 412 | ||
| M | 413 | ||
| N | 414 | ||
| O | 415 | ||
| P | 415 | ||
| R | 416 | ||
| S | 417 | ||
| T | 418 | ||
| U | 419 | ||
| V | 419 | ||
| W | 420 | ||
| X | 420 | ||
| Y | 420 | ||
| Z | 420 | ||
| IBC_Clinical Key page | IBC1 |