BOOK
Edexcel AS/A Level History, Paper 1&2: Challenges to the authority of the state in the late 18th and 19th centuries Student Book
Martin Collier | Rick Rogers | Adam Kidson
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This book covers the essential content in the new specifications in a rigorous and engaging way, using detailed narrative, sources, timelines, key words, helpful activities and extension material helps develop conceptual understanding of areas such as evidence, interpretations, causation and change, through targeted activities
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Contents | 3 | ||
| How to use this book\r | 4 | ||
| Introduction: AS/A Level History\r | 6 | ||
| Britain, c1785–c1870: democracy, protest and reform\r | 8 | ||
| Introduction\r | 8 | ||
| Chapter 1.1: The growth of parliamentary democracy, c1785–c1870\r | 10 | ||
| Introduction\r | 10 | ||
| The Unreformed Parliament and its Critics\r | 12 | ||
| The pre-reform franchise | 12 | ||
| Parliamentary seats and elections before reform | 12 | ||
| Demands for reform, c1785–1820 | 13 | ||
| The political demands of the manufacturing interests\r | 18 | ||
| Pressure for Change and Reform, 1820–52\r | 19 | ||
| Economic and social distress; emerging popular pressure, 1820–32\r | 19 | ||
| Reasons for the passing of the Great Reform Act, 1832\r | 20 | ||
| The 'Great' Reform Act, 1832 and its significance\r | 21 | ||
| The rise and fall of Chartism | 23 | ||
| Chartist demands | 23 | ||
| Change and continuity in post-reform Britain | 28 | ||
| 'Reaching for Democracy'? Further Parliamentary Reform, 1852–70\r | 29 | ||
| A modernising nation | 30 | ||
| Changing political attitudes | 30 | ||
| The Reform Union and the Reform League | 31 | ||
| A leap in the dark? The Second Reform Act, 1867\r | 32 | ||
| Political attitudes to reform in the 1860s | 33 | ||
| The impact of the Second Reform Act | 33 | ||
| Chapter 1.2: Industrialisation and protest, c1785–c1870\r | 36 | ||
| Introduction\r | 36 | ||
| The Impact of Industrialisation in Britain\r | 37 | ||
| Funding the revolution: the growth of banking and investment\r | 37 | ||
| A new industrial middle class | 39 | ||
| The north/south divide: economic diversity in Britain | 40 | ||
| The growth of industrial towns and cities | 42 | ||
| Government attitudes towards industrial development\r | 42 | ||
| A Worker's Paradise? Living and Working in Industrial Britain\r | 44 | ||
| Living conditions in the industrial towns and cities | 45 | ||
| Working conditions | 46 | ||
| The experiences of women and children | 47 | ||
| Workers Unite? Industrial Protest in Britain\r | 49 | ||
| The Luddites and industrial protest in early 19th-century Britain\r | 50 | ||
| 'Captain Swing' and agrarian unrest\r | 52 | ||
| The Ten Hour Movement | 53 | ||
| Reforming Industrial Britain, 1833–70\r | 54 | ||
| Factory reform: opposing views?\r | 55 | ||
| The impact of factory reform | 55 | ||
| Improving living conditions in Britain, 1848–70\r | 58 | ||
| Chapter 1.3: Unionism and co-operation, c1785–c1879\r | 62 | ||
| Introduction\r | 62 | ||
| Unions and their Opponents, c1785–1834\r | 63 | ||
| Trade societies and 'knobsticks'\r | 63 | ||
| The growth of trade unions | 64 | ||
| Government response to trade unions | 68 | ||
| New Model Unionism, 1850–70\r | 70 | ||
| The Amalgamated Society of Engineers | 71 | ||
| The foundation of the Trades Union Congress | 73 | ||
| Government response to New Model Unionism\r | 75 | ||
| The Growth of Co-Operative Activities\r | 78 | ||
| New Lanark and co-operative activities | 78 | ||
| The Rochdale Pioneers and co-operative economics | 81 | ||
| The growth of friendly societies | 84 | ||
| Chapter 1.4: Poverty and pauperism, c1785–c1870\r | 88 | ||
| Introduction\r | 88 | ||
| The Old Poor Law and Pressure for Change\r | 89 | ||
| The implementation and effectiveness of poor relief before 1834\r | 89 | ||
| Attitudes towards the poor | 93 | ||
| Ideological pressures | 94 | ||
| Financial pressures for change | 96 | ||
| The Impact and Effectiveness of the Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834–47\r | 98 | ||
| The workhouse regime | 99 | ||
| Opposition to the Poor Law | 101 | ||
| Changing Attitudes Towards the Poor and Pauperism, 1834–70\r | 104 | ||
| The Andover workhouse scandal and national opinion | 104 | ||
| The growth of charity and self-help | 107 | ||
| The significance of key individuals in challenging attitudes\r | 109 | ||
| Chapter 1.5: What explains the abolition of the slave trade at the end of the period, c1785–1807?\r | 114 | ||
| How Important was the Growth in Humanitarianism?\r | 116 | ||
| The Quakers | 117 | ||
| The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade\r | 118 | ||
| How Significant were Economic and Financial Factors?\r | 120 | ||
| Eric Williams and the 'Decline Thesis'\r | 121 | ||
| Economic considerations | 122 | ||
| Financial considerations | 123 | ||
| What was the Impact of the Work of Individuals?\r | 124 | ||
| Thomas Clarkson (1760–1846)\r | 125 | ||
| William Wilberforce (1759–1833) | 127 | ||
| Olaudah Equiano (1745–97) | 129 | ||
| The Changing Political Climate\r | 131 | ||
| The influence of the American War of Independence\r | 131 | ||
| Napoleon and the British slave trade\r | 131 | ||
| Changing political climates and growing fears of slave resistance\r | 132 | ||
| Assessing historical perspectives | 134 | ||
| Preparing for your exams\r | 139 | ||
| Preparing for your AS Level Paper 1 exam\r | 139 | ||
| Preparing for your A Level Paper 1 exam\r | 153 | ||
| The unification of Italy, c1830–70\r | 166 | ||
| Introduction\r | 166 | ||
| Chapter 2a.1: Challenges to the restored order and the failure of revolution, c1830–49\r | 168 | ||
| Introduction\r | 168 | ||
| How Significant were the Challenges to the Restored Order, 1830–47?\r | 169 | ||
| Political geography in 1830 | 169 | ||
| The failure of the 1830–32 revolutions\r | 171 | ||
| The cultural challenge of the Risorgimento\r | 173 | ||
| Political ideas and secret societies\r | 174 | ||
| Economic divisions and social problems | 175 | ||
| What was the Impact of Italian Nationalism, c1830–49?\r | 178 | ||
| Mazzini and Young Italy\r | 178 | ||
| Balbo and the rule of Charles Albert in Piedmont\r | 179 | ||
| Gioberti and the reforms of Pope Pius IX\r | 180 | ||
| Why did Revolution Break Out in 1848–49?\r | 181 | ||
| Outbreak of revolution in the Italian states\r | 182 | ||
| The situation in Piedmont, including the First Italian War of Independence\r | 184 | ||
| Counter-revolution | 186 | ||
| The Roman Republic, 1848–49 | 186 | ||
| Why did the Revolutions of 1848–49 Fail?\r | 188 | ||
| Austrian and French intervention | 189 | ||
| Lack of international support | 189 | ||
| Reaction of the papacy | 190 | ||
| Piedmont's weaknesses\r | 190 | ||
| Chapter 2a.2: The rise of Piedmont, 1849–56\r | 192 | ||
| Introduction\r | 192 | ||
| What was the Legacy of the 1848–49 Revolutions?\r | 193 | ||
| Victor Emmanuel II and the Statuto\r | 193 | ||
| The impact on Austrian dominance | 196 | ||
| The impact on the papacy | 197 | ||
| The French occupation of Rome | 198 | ||
| The failure of Mazzini | 198 | ||
| Developments in liberalism and nationalism | 200 | ||
| What were the Main Political Developments in Piedmont?\r | 202 | ||
| The rule of Victor Emmanuel II\r | 202 | ||
| The appointment of Cavour 1852 and its impact\r | 203 | ||
| Anti-clericalism\r | 203 | ||
| Policies to create political stability\r | 204 | ||
| Liberal and nationalist infl uences\r | 204 | ||
| How did Piedmont Develop Economically?\r | 206 | ||
| Commercial and industrial growth | 206 | ||
| The significance of trade agreements and the impact of the development of railways\r | 207 | ||
| Government investment in infrastructure\r | 207 | ||
| The significance of Cavour\r | 208 | ||
| How did Piedmont's Diplomatic Position Change Between 1849 and 1856?\r | 209 | ||
| Relationship with Austria 1849\r | 209 | ||
| The significance of the Crimean War and Congress of Paris\r | 210 | ||
| Relations with Britain and France\r | 212 | ||
| The significance of Cavour\r | 213 | ||
| Chapter 2a.3: The creation of the kingdom of Italy, 1856–61\r | 216 | ||
| Introduction\r | 216 | ||
| Why did War Against Austria Break Out in 1859?\r | 217 | ||
| Support from Piedmont for nationalists\r | 217 | ||
| Relations with Napoleon III\r | 219 | ||
| Significance of the Orsini Affair and Pact of Plombières\r | 220 | ||
| The preparation for and outbreak of war with Austria\r | 222 | ||
| What was the Impact of the War?\r | 223 | ||
| Significance of Magenta and Solferino\r | 223 | ||
| The nature of the peace settlement | 224 | ||
| Cavour's resignation and its significance\r | 226 | ||
| Annexation of central Italian states\r | 226 | ||
| Loss of Nice and Savoy | 227 | ||
| What was the Significance of Garibaldi?\r | 228 | ||
| Garibaldi's aims and objectives\r | 228 | ||
| Garibaldi's relationship with Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II\r | 229 | ||
| Expedition to and success in Sicily\r | 230 | ||
| Invasion and takeover of Naples\r | 231 | ||
| How did Italy Unite in 1860–61?\r | 232 | ||
| Garibaldi's decision to take Rome and the response of Piedmont\r | 232 | ||
| The significance of the meeting at Teano\r | 233 | ||
| Plebiscites in the south and papal territories\r | 236 | ||
| The kingdom of Italy established\r | 237 | ||
| Chapter 2a.4: Consolidating the kingdom of Italy, 1861–70\r | 240 | ||
| Introduction\r | 240 | ||
| How Serious were the Major Obstacles to Unity After 1861?\r | 242 | ||
| Austrian and French influence\r | 242 | ||
| The papacy\r | 242 | ||
| The reaction to 'Piedmontisation', including the 'Brigands’ war’, 1861–65\r | 243 | ||
| The economic and social impact of the north-south divide\r | 249 | ||
| How Successfully was the 'Venetian Question' Solved?\r | 250 | ||
| Failure of Garibaldi, 1862–64\r | 250 | ||
| Aims of Victor Emmanuel\r | 251 | ||
| Diplomacy with Prussia and war with Austria 1866\r | 251 | ||
| Union with Venetia\r | 252 | ||
| How Effectively was the Problem of Rome Solved\r | 254 | ||
| The papacy and French occupation\r | 254 | ||
| The failure of Garibaldi and diplomacy, 1862–67\r | 255 | ||
| The impact of the Franco-Prussian war\r | 256 | ||
| The Italian takeover of Rome\r | 257 | ||
| To what Extent was Italy Unified in 1871?\r | 257 | ||
| Factors promoting unity, including the constitutional monarchy and national institutions\r | 257 | ||
| The divisive effects of social and economic problems\r | 258 | ||
| Papal opposition\r | 259 | ||
| Political disunity and continued irredenta\r | 259 | ||
| Preparing for your exams\r | 265 | ||
| Preparing for your AS Level Paper 2 exam\r | 265 | ||
| Preparing for your A Level Paper 2 exam\r | 275 | ||
| The unification of Germany, c1840–71\r | 284 | ||
| Introduction\r | 284 | ||
| Chapter 2b.1: Popular pressure and causes of revolution, 1840–48\r | 286 | ||
| Introduction\r | 286 | ||
| The Political Situation in the 1840s\r | 286 | ||
| The role of Austria\r | 286 | ||
| Prussia under Frederick William III\r | 288 | ||
| The growth of liberalism | 289 | ||
| The growth of nationalism | 291 | ||
| The 1840 crisis | 293 | ||
| Economic and Social Developments in the 1840s\r | 294 | ||
| The economic situation within the German Confederation\r | 294 | ||
| The development of the railways\r | 299 | ||
| Industrialisation and social classes\r | 300 | ||
| The economic crisis of 1846–47\r | 301 | ||
| What were the Short-Term Causes of Revolution, 1846–48?\r | 302 | ||
| Middle-class unrest\r | 302 | ||
| Liberalism in Prussia\r | 303 | ||
| The impact of the revolution in France | 304 | ||
| The constitutional crisis in Baden\r | 305 | ||
| Outbreak of Revolution in 1848\r | 306 | ||
| The 1848 revolution in Austria\r | 306 | ||
| The 1848 revolution in the German states\r | 306 | ||
| Response of the German rulers\r | 308 | ||
| Summary\r | 309 | ||
| Chapter 2b.2: Failure of revolution, 1848–51\r | 310 | ||
| Introduction\r | 310 | ||
| To what Extent did the Frankfurt Parliament Attain its Objectives by 1849?\r | 312 | ||
| The Vorparlament\r | 312 | ||
| The nature and work of the Frankfurt Assembly\r | 313 | ||
| Disagreements | 315 | ||
| The Fifty Articles | 316 | ||
| The collapse of the assembly | 316 | ||
| Significance of the weaknesses and political divisions\r | 317 | ||
| What was Changed by the Prussian Revolution, 1848–49?\r | 320 | ||
| Events in Berlin and the response of Frederick William IV\r | 320 | ||
| The liberal government\r | 321 | ||
| Conservative reaction and counter-revolution | 323 | ||
| The Prussian constitution | 324 | ||
| In what Ways can the Revolutions of 1848 Be seen as a Failure?\r | 325 | ||
| Counter-revolution and the strength of conservative forces across Germany\r | 326 | ||
| The revival of Habsburg power in Austria\r | 327 | ||
| Weakness of, and divisions among, revolutionaries | 328 | ||
| How did the Revolutions of 1848 Change German Politics?\r | 329 | ||
| The ambitions of Prussia and Austria, 1849–51\r | 329 | ||
| The re-establishment of the German Confederation\r | 330 | ||
| The significance of revolutionary failure for German nationalism and liberalism\r | 332 | ||
| Summary\r | 333 | ||
| Chapter 2b.3: Austro-Prussian rivalry, 1852–66\r | 334 | ||
| Introduction\r | 334 | ||
| How Far did Economic and Political Setbacks Weaken Austria's Position by 1862?\r | 335 | ||
| Political influence in Germany\r | 335 | ||
| Economic and financial problems\r | 336 | ||
| Rejection from the Zollverein\r | 337 | ||
| International setbacks\r | 338 | ||
| To what Extent did Prussia Take the Lead in the Industrialisation of the German Confederation?\r | 339 | ||
| Development of the Zollverein\r | 339 | ||
| Financial strength\r | 340 | ||
| Increased industrial production\r | 340 | ||
| Agricultural reform\r | 341 | ||
| The expansion of the railways and state investment\r | 342 | ||
| How Effective were Reforms in Prussia in Enabling her to Rival Austria?\r | 343 | ||
| Otto von Manteuffel's reforms\r | 343 | ||
| Liberalism and nationalism and the Nationalverein\r | 344 | ||
| The regency and accession of William I\r | 346 | ||
| Reform of the army\r | 346 | ||
| The constitutional crisis, 1860–62\r | 346 | ||
| The impact of Bismarck's appointment\r | 347 | ||
| Why was Prussia Able to Achieve Pre-Eminence in Germany By 1866?\r | 348 | ||
| Bismarck's aims\r | 348 | ||
| Austria attempts to reform the Confederation\r | 349 | ||
| The significance of the Polish revolt\r | 352 | ||
| Austrio-Prussian intervention in Denmark\r | 352 | ||
| Bismarck's preparation for war\r | 352 | ||
| The significance of the Seven Weeks' War\r | 355 | ||
| Summary\r | 357 | ||
| Chapter 2b.4: Prussia and the Kleindeutschland solution, 1866–71\r | 358 | ||
| Introduction\r | 358 | ||
| What was the Significance of Prussia's Role in Germany, 1866–67?\r | 359 | ||
| The Treaty of Prague\r | 359 | ||
| The annexation of the north German states\r | 360 | ||
| The North German Confederation\r | 361 | ||
| Prussia's relationship with south German states\r | 362 | ||
| Creation of the Zollparlament\r | 363 | ||
| Bismarck and the National Liberals\r | 364 | ||
| Why were Prussian Relations with France so Important?\r | 364 | ||
| Napoleon III and Bismarck\r | 364 | ||
| The significance of the Luxembourg Crisis \r | 366 | ||
| The Hohenzollern candidature and the Ems telegram\r | 368 | ||
| The outbreak of war\r | 370 | ||
| The significance of the international situation 1870\r | 372 | ||
| Why did Prussia need to Win the Franco-Prussian War?\r | 373 | ||
| Increased support for German nationalism\r | 373 | ||
| Strengthening of Bismarck's position\r | 373 | ||
| The creation of a German Empire\r | 374 | ||
| The significance of the Treaty of Frankfurt, 1871\r | 377 | ||
| Why was Prussia so Successful in Unifying Germany?\r | 378 | ||
| The role of Bismarck\r | 378 | ||
| Military strength | 379 | ||
| Economic factors\r | 379 | ||
| German nationalism\r | 380 | ||
| The international situation\r | 380 | ||
| Revolution from above or revolution from below?\r | 381 | ||
| Preparing for your exams\r | 383 | ||
| Preparing for your AS Level Paper 2 exam\r | 383 | ||
| Preparing for your A Level Paper 2 exam\r | 393 | ||
| Index\r | 402 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 406 |