BOOK
Edexcel AS/A Level History, Paper 1&2: Communist states in the 20th century Student Book
Steve Phillips | Ben Gregory | Nigel Bushnell
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This book covers the essential content in the new specifications in a rigorous and engaging way, using detailed narrative, sources, timelines, key words, helpful activities and extension material
helps develop conceptual understanding of areas such as evidence, interpretations, causation and change, through targeted activities
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | 3 | ||
| How to use this book | 4 | ||
| Introduction: AS/A Level History | 6 | ||
| Russia 1917-91: from Lenin to Yeltsin | 8 | ||
| 1.1: Communist government in the USSR, 1917-85 | 10 | ||
| Introduction | 10 | ||
| Bolshevik aims | 10 | ||
| The October Revolution, 1917 | 12 | ||
| How did the Bolsheviks Establish a One-Party State Between 1917 and 1924? | 12 | ||
| The creation of a one-party state and the party congress of 1921 | 12 | ||
| The nature of government under Lenin | 15 | ||
| The growing centralisation of power | 17 | ||
| Conclusion | 20 | ||
| How did Stalin Exercise Power Over the Communist Party and the Soviet State? | 20 | ||
| The elimination of opponents in government and party | 21 | ||
| The purges of the 1930s | 22 | ||
| Stalin’s power over party and state | 27 | ||
| To what Extent did the Nature of Communist Party Rule Change After the Death of Stalin up to 1985? | 31 | ||
| Khrushchev’s attempts to reform government and de-Stalinisation | 31 | ||
| The return to stability under Brezhnev, 1964–82 | 33 | ||
| Growing political stagnation | 34 | ||
| Conclusion | 35 | ||
| 1.2: Industrial and agricultural change, 1917-85 | 36 | ||
| Introduction | 36 | ||
| How did the Government Exercise Control Over the Economy Between 1917 and 1928? | 36 | ||
| The nationalisation of industry | 37 | ||
| War Communism and the New Economic Policy | 38 | ||
| State control of industry and agriculture | 41 | ||
| What was the Impact of the Five-Year Plans and Collectivisation under Stalin? | 43 | ||
| The Five-Year Plans and industrial change | 43 | ||
| Agricultural collectivisation and its impact | 46 | ||
| Recovery from war after 1945 | 51 | ||
| How far did Economic Policy Change Between 1953 and 1985? | 53 | ||
| The promotion of light industry, chemicals and consumer goods | 53 | ||
| Investment in agriculture and the Virgin Lands Scheme | 55 | ||
| The limited attempts at reform after 1964 | 56 | ||
| Economic decline | 58 | ||
| 1.3: Control of the people, 1917-85 | 62 | ||
| How did the Soviet Government Exercise Control over the Media, Propaganda and Religion? | 62 | ||
| State control of mass media and propaganda | 63 | ||
| The personality cults of Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev | 65 | ||
| Attacks on religious beliefs and practices | 68 | ||
| How did the use of the Secret Police Change Through the Period 1917 to 1985? | 70 | ||
| Attacks on opponents of the government | 71 | ||
| The roles of Yagoda, Yezhov and Beria | 71 | ||
| Andropov’s suppression of dissidents, 1967-82 | 76 | ||
| The continued monitoring of populardiscontent, 1982-85 | 78 | ||
| How Effective was the Soviet Government’s use of Culture and the Arts? | 80 | ||
| Prolekult , avant-garde and Socialist Realism, 1917-53 | 80 | ||
| Nonconformity from the 1950s | 83 | ||
| Clashes between artists and the government to 1985 | 84 | ||
| 1.4: Social developments, 1917-85 | 88 | ||
| Introduction | 88 | ||
| How Successful was the Government in | 89 | ||
| Full employment, housing and social benefits, 1917-53 | 89 | ||
| Khrushchev, Brezhnev and the promotion of a stable society, 1953-85 | 93 | ||
| To what Extent did the Role of Women and the Family Change between 1917 and 1985? | 97 | ||
| The changing status of different groups of women in towns and countryside | 98 | ||
| Changing government attitudes towards the family as a social unit | 102 | ||
| How Successful was the Soviet Government’s Attempts to Improve the Provision of Education? | 105 | ||
| The growth of primary, secondary and higher education | 105 | ||
| State control of the curriculum | 109 | ||
| 1.5: What explains the fall of the USSR, c1985-91? | 114 | ||
| Introduction | 114 | ||
| Evaluating Interpretations of History | 116 | ||
| How Important were Economic Weaknesses in Bringing about the fall of the USSR? | 117 | ||
| Long-term economic weakness | 117 | ||
| Gorbachev's initial economic reforms: discipline and acceleration | 117 | ||
| Interpretations of Gorbachev’s economic reforms | 120 | ||
| How Significant were the Failures of Gorbachev’s Political Reforms? | 121 | ||
| Glasnost and the need to reform the Party | 122 | ||
| Gorbachev’s attempted reforms of the Party | 123 | ||
| The impact of Gorbachev’s failure to reform the Party | 124 | ||
| Interpretations of Gorbachev’s failure to bring about political reform | 125 | ||
| What Impact did the Resurgence of Nationalism Play in the Collapse of the USSR? | 126 | ||
| The ending of the Brezhnev Doctrine | 126 | ||
| The consequences of the ending of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Eastern Europe | 126 | ||
| The communist collapse spreads | 127 | ||
| The growth of nationalist sentiment within the USSR | 128 | ||
| Interpretations of the role of nationalism within the USSR | 130 | ||
| How Far were Gorbachev and Yeltsin Responsible for the Collapse of the USSR in 1991? | 131 | ||
| Interpretations of Gorbachev’s responsibility for the collapse of the USSR | 131 | ||
| The role of Yeltsin in the collapse of the USSR | 134 | ||
| Preparing for your exams | 139 | ||
| Mao’s China, 1949-76 | 166 | ||
| 2a.1: Establishing Communist rule, 1949-57 | 168 | ||
| Introduction | 168 | ||
| Key developments, 1911–49 | 168 | ||
| How Serious were the Problems Facing the Prc when it was set up in 1949? | 170 | ||
| The aftermath of the civil war of 1946-49 | 170 | ||
| The state of China’s industry, agriculture and national infrastructure | 171 | ||
| How Successful were the Communists in Creating a Political System that would Give them Control of Power Within the Prc? | 173 | ||
| The organisation of the government | 174 | ||
| Mao’s dominant position within government | 178 | ||
| The growth of democratic centralism | 179 | ||
| How Effectively did the Communist Party Deal with Opposition? | 180 | ||
| The reunification campaigns, 1949-50 | 181 | ||
| The use of terror against opponents of Communist rule | 182 | ||
| The ‘three antis’ and ‘five antis’ movements, 1951-52 | 184 | ||
| The development of the laogai system | 185 | ||
| The Hundred Flowers campaign (1957) and its aftermath | 186 | ||
| To what Extent did Involvement in the Korean Waraffect the Development of the Prc? | 188 | ||
| The war’s role in enhancing CCP control, suppressing opposition and promoting national unity | 188 | ||
| The human and fi nancial costs of intervention in Korea | 189 | ||
| China’s enhanced international prestige | 191 | ||
| 2a.2: Agriculture and industry, 1949-65 | 192 | ||
| How and why did the System of Land Ownership Change during 1949-57? | 193 | ||
| Attacks on landlordism and the redistribution of land | 193 | ||
| Moves towards agricultural co-operation | 195 | ||
| The change from voluntary to enforced collectivisation | 196 | ||
| What was the Impact of the People’s Communes after 1958? | 197 | ||
| Reasons for launching the Communes | 197 | ||
| How the Communes were organised | 197 | ||
| Communal living | 198 | ||
| The abolition of private farming | 198 | ||
| Lysenkoism | 199 | ||
| The great famine of 1958-62 | 199 | ||
| The restoration of private farming by Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping | 203 | ||
| How Successful was the First Five-Year Plan, 1952-56? | 205 | ||
| Why it was not immediately introduced | 205 | ||
| The USSR’s financial and technical support | 205 | ||
| The plan’s targets | 205 | ||
| Successes and failures of the plan | 206 | ||
| What was the Impact of the Second Five-Year Plan, 1958-62? | 207 | ||
| Mao’s reasons for launching it | 207 | ||
| How the plan worked | 208 | ||
| State-owned enterprises | 209 | ||
| Successes and failures of the Second Five-Year Plan | 211 | ||
| The Lushan Conference, July 1959 | 212 | ||
| Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping and economic reform, 1962–65 (the Third Five-Year Plan) | 213 | ||
| 2a.3: The Cultural Revolution and its aftermath, 1966-76 | 216 | ||
| Why did Mao Launch the Cultural Revolution? | 218 | ||
| Divisions within the CCP between ideologues and pragmatists | 218 | ||
| The quest for permanent revolution | 218 | ||
| Attacks on the bureaucracy | 219 | ||
| Divisions within the CCP between supporters and opponents of Mao’s policies | 219 | ||
| How Effective were the Red Guards in Carrying out the Cultural Revolution? | 222 | ||
| Mao’s hold on young people | 222 | ||
| The mass rallies of 1966 | 224 | ||
| The attacks on the ‘four olds’ | 225 | ||
| The growth of anarchy and the use of terror | 226 | ||
| Cultural destruction | 226 | ||
| How was the cultural Revolution used to Attack Mao’s Political and Class | 227 | ||
| The attacks on Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping | 227 | ||
| The attack on Lin Biao | 227 | ||
| The purging of the CCP membership | 230 | ||
| Purging ‘Capitalist roaders’ and foreigners living in China | 231 | ||
| How and why was the cultural Revolution Wound down after 1968? | 233 | ||
| The restoration of order by the PLA | 233 | ||
| The ‘up to the mountains and down to the villages’ campaign | 234 | ||
| The return to power of Deng Xiaoping and Zhou Enlai | 235 | ||
| Reining in the Gang of Four | 236 | ||
| The death of Mao, 1976 | 236 | ||
| 2a.4: Social and cultural changes, 1949-76 | 240 | ||
| To what Extent did the status of Women Change Between 1949 and 1976? | 240 | ||
| Foot binding | 241 | ||
| The Marriage Law, 1950 | 241 | ||
| The impact of collectivisation and the communes on women’s lives | 243 | ||
| Women and the family | 244 | ||
| The nature and extent of change | 245 | ||
| The problem of changing traditional views, especially in the countryside | 246 | ||
| How Successful were the Changes made to Education and Health Provision? | 247 | ||
| The growth of literacy | 247 | ||
| Pinyin | 247 | ||
| The collapse of education after 1966 | 247 | ||
| Health: the barefoot doctors | 248 | ||
| Successes and failures of health-care reform | 249 | ||
| Why did the Communists Attempt to Change Chinese Culture? | 251 | ||
| Attacks on traditional culture in towns and the countryside | 252 | ||
| The role of Jiang Qing and the imposition of revolutionary art and culture | 254 | ||
| How did the Communists Seek to Destroy the Practice of Religion? | 257 | ||
| Attacks on Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, Islam and ancestor worship | 257 | ||
| Conclusion | 261 | ||
| Preparing for your exams | 265 | ||
| The German Democratic Republic, 1949-90 | 284 | ||
| 2b.1: Establishing and consolidating communist rule in the GDR, c1949-61 | 286 | ||
| Introduction | 286 | ||
| Why did Events in the years 1945 to 1949 Lead to the Division of Germany? | 288 | ||
| The Soviet zone | 289 | ||
| The creation of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) | 289 | ||
| Growing divisions among the victor powers | 290 | ||
| Formation of the GDR, 1949 | 292 | ||
| To what Extent was the System of Government in the Gdr Democratic? | 292 | ||
| The head of state | 293 | ||
| The Volkskammer (People’s Chamber) | 293 | ||
| The Länderkammer (States Chamber) | 293 | ||
| The dominance of the SED and its General Secretary, Ulbricht | 294 | ||
| Conclusion | 295 | ||
| How Successful was the Development of the GDR’s Economy in the years 1949-61? | 295 | ||
| The USSR’s seizure of reparations from1945 | 296 | ||
| Socialist economics and planning | 296 | ||
| Industrial developments | 297 | ||
| Agricultural collectivisation | 298 | ||
| Opposition to socialist economics | 299 | ||
| The rising of June 1953 | 299 | ||
| The impact of socialist economics on the GDR | 301 | ||
| Why did the GDR find it Necessary to Build the Berlin Wall in 1961? | 302 | ||
| Emigration in the 1950s and its impact | 302 | ||
| Reasons for the crisis of 1960-61 | 304 | ||
| The building of the Berlin Wall and its importance | 305 | ||
| The impact of the Berlin Wall | 306 | ||
| The influence of Khrushchev | 308 | ||
| Conclusion | 308 | ||
| 2b.2: The development of the East Germanstate, 1961-85 | 310 | ||
| Introduction | 310 | ||
| To what extent did the GDR’s economy stabilise after 1961? | 311 | ||
| Economic stabilisation after 1961 | 311 | ||
| The end of mass emigration | 312 | ||
| The New Economic System, 1963-68, and the Economic System of Socialism, 1968-71 | 313 | ||
| Increased economic production, including consumer goods | 315 | ||
| Membership of COMECON and its importance | 316 | ||
| Conclusion | 317 | ||
| How Successful was Honecker in Developing a Distinct Identity for the GDR During the Years 1971-85? | 317 | ||
| Honecker and the development of a GDR identity | 317 | ||
| The importance of sport, especially Olympic successes and women’s sports | 319 | ||
| Conclusion | 321 | ||
| How Far did Relations Between the GDR and the FRG Improve in the Years 1961-85? | 322 | ||
| Ostpolitik (‘East Politics’) | 322 | ||
| The agreements of 1970-72 | 324 | ||
| The relaxation of travel restrictions and the growth of communications with the FRG | 325 | ||
| The impact of Ostpolitik on the GDR’s economy and standard of living | 326 | ||
| How Successful was the GDR in Improving its International Prestige in the Years 1961-85? | 328 | ||
| International recognition of the GDR | 328 | ||
| State visits | 329 | ||
| Relations with COMECON and the Warsaw Pact countries | 330 | ||
| The attitude of the Soviet government towards the GDR | 331 | ||
| Conclusion | 332 | ||
| 2b.3: Life in East Germany, 1949-85 | 334 | ||
| Introduction | 334 | ||
| Did the GDR Create a Successful Welfare System? | 335 | ||
| Housing | 335 | ||
| Education | 337 | ||
| The changing status and role of women | 339 | ||
| The development of an extensive social welfare programme | 339 | ||
| Did a combination of repression and support keep the SED in control? | 341 | ||
| The Ministry of State Security (the Stasi): its methods and activities | 341 | ||
| Control of young people through the Free German Youth (FDJ) | 343 | ||
| Propaganda and censorship | 345 | ||
| Extent of popular support for the GDR | 347 | ||
| Conclusion | 347 | ||
| What was the role of the protestant church in the GDR? | 348 | ||
| Attacks on religious beliefs and practices | 348 | ||
| Education and Protestant youth groups | 349 | ||
| The establishment of a dialogue between Church and state | 350 | ||
| How Far did Western Influences have an impact on life in the GDR? | 351 | ||
| The impact of Ostpolitik on travel between the two German states | 352 | ||
| The influence of television, films and popular music | 353 | ||
| Conclusion | 356 | ||
| 2b.4: Growing crises and the collapse ofcommunist rule in the GDR, 1985-90 | 358 | ||
| Introduction | 358 | ||
| Why were the economic problems of the GDR so severe by the late 1980s? | 359 | ||
| The economy in the 1980s | 360 | ||
| The growing national debt | 360 | ||
| High spending on health and welfare | 361 | ||
| The poor quality of consumer and other goods | 361 | ||
| Economic relations with West Germany | 362 | ||
| How significant was gorbachev’s refusal to continue to support the GDR? | 363 | ||
| The impact of perestroika and glasnost on the GDR’s government and people | 363 | ||
| The pressure for reform | 364 | ||
| The role of Protestant opposition groups | 365 | ||
| The declining authority of the SED government | 365 | ||
| How did events in 1989 lead to such a sudden opening of the berlin wall? | 366 | ||
| The opening of Hungary’s border with Austria | 367 | ||
| The impact of emigration from the GDR | 368 | ||
| Gorbachev’s visit to East Berlin in October | 368 | ||
| The decline of Honecker’s infl uence and his dismissal | 370 | ||
| Krenz and the opening of the Berlin Wall | 370 | ||
| Conclusion | 373 | ||
| Why was the reunification of the GDR and the FRG so rapid? | 375 | ||
| The collapse of the SED government in 1989 and the elections of March 1990 | 375 | ||
| The reunifi cation of East and West Germany, March-October 1990 | 377 | ||
| The attitudes of Kohl, Britain, the USA and the USSR | 377 | ||
| The accession of the eastern territories to West Germany | 380 | ||
| Conclusion | 381 | ||
| Preparing for your exams | 383 | ||
| Index | 402 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 406 |