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Book Details
Abstract
Created for the new 2015 OCR AS and A level specifications, our new Student Books cover the topics comprehensively, developing scientific thinking in your students, providing them with a deep understanding of the subject and creating confident, independent scientists.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | 4 | ||
| How to use this book | 6 | ||
| Topic 1: Biological molecules | 8 | ||
| Chapter 1.1: Chemistry for life | 8 | ||
| 1: Chemistry for life | 10 | ||
| Ionic and covalent bonding | 10 | ||
| The importance of inorganic ions | 11 | ||
| The chemistry of water | 12 | ||
| The importance of water | 12 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 14 | ||
| Chapter 1.2: Biological molecules 1 | 16 | ||
| 1: Carbohydrates 1 – monosaccharides and disaccharides | 18 | ||
| What are organic compounds? | 18 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 18 | ||
| 2: Carbohydrates 2 – polysaccharides | 21 | ||
| Carbohydrates as energy stores | 22 | ||
| Carbohydrates in plants | 23 | ||
| 3: Lipids | 25 | ||
| Fats and oils | 25 | ||
| The nature of lipids | 26 | ||
| Phospholipids | 27 | ||
| 4: Proteins | 28 | ||
| Amino acids | 28 | ||
| Bonds in proteins | 28 | ||
| Protein structure | 29 | ||
| Fibrous and globular proteins | 30 | ||
| Conjugated proteins | 30 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Trehalose - A Sugar for Dry Eyes? | 32 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 34 | ||
| Chapter 1.3: Biological molecules 2 | 36 | ||
| 1: Nucleotides and ATP | 38 | ||
| Nucleotides | 38 | ||
| ATP | 38 | ||
| 2: Nucleic acids | 40 | ||
| Building the polynucleotides | 40 | ||
| 3: How DNA works | 42 | ||
| Uncovering the mechanism of replication | 42 | ||
| How DNA makes copies of itself | 43 | ||
| 4: The genetic code | 44 | ||
| What is the genetic code? | 44 | ||
| Cracking the code | 44 | ||
| 5: DNA and protein synthesis | 47 | ||
| Different types of RNA | 47 | ||
| Protein synthesis | 48 | ||
| 6: Gene mutation | 50 | ||
| Different types of mutations | 50 | ||
| How gene mutations can affect the phenotype | 50 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 52 | ||
| Chapter 1.4: Enzymes | 54 | ||
| 1: Enzymes | 56 | ||
| What is an enzyme? | 56 | ||
| 2: How enzymes work | 58 | ||
| How do enzymes work? | 58 | ||
| Measuring reaction rate | 59 | ||
| What do we know about enzymes? | 60 | ||
| 3: Enzyme inhibition | 62 | ||
| Reversible inhibition of enzymes | 62 | ||
| Irreversible inhibition of enzymes | 62 | ||
| End-product inhibition and the regulation of the cell | 63 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Raw Enzymes-Really? | 64 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 66 | ||
| Topic 2: Cells and viruses | 68 | ||
| Chapter 2.1: Eukaryotic cells | 68 | ||
| 1: Observing cells | 70 | ||
| Discovering cells | 70 | ||
| Microscopes | 71 | ||
| The electron microscope | 72 | ||
| 2: Cell membranes | 74 | ||
| Membranes in cells | 74 | ||
| The structure of membranes | 74 | ||
| 3: Eukaryotic cells 1 - common cellular structures | 76 | ||
| The characteristics of eukaryotic cells | 76 | ||
| The typical animal cell | 77 | ||
| The nucleus | 77 | ||
| Mitochondria | 77 | ||
| The centrioles | 78 | ||
| The cytoskeleton | 78 | ||
| Vacuoles | 78 | ||
| 4: Eukaryotic cells 2 – protein transport | 80 | ||
| 80S and 70S ribosomes | 80 | ||
| Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum | 80 | ||
| The Golgi apparatus | 81 | ||
| Lysosomes | 81 | ||
| 5: Eukaryotic cells 3 – plant cell structures | 83 | ||
| The plant cell wall | 84 | ||
| Plasmodesmata | 84 | ||
| 6: Eukaryotic cells 4 – plant organelles | 86 | ||
| Permanent vacuole | 86 | ||
| Chloroplasts | 87 | ||
| Amyloplasts | 87 | ||
| 7: The organisation of cells | 88 | ||
| Tissues | 88 | ||
| Organs | 89 | ||
| Systems | 89 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 90 | ||
| Chapter 2.2: Prokaryotic cells | 92 | ||
| 1: Prokaryotic cells | 94 | ||
| The structure of bacteria | 94 | ||
| Gram staining and bacterial cell walls | 95 | ||
| Antibiotics and bacterial cell walls | 96 | ||
| Alternative ways of classifying bacteria | 97 | ||
| 2: Viruses | 98 | ||
| Viruses | 98 | ||
| The structure of viruses | 98 | ||
| Classifying viruses | 98 | ||
| How viruses reproduce | 99 | ||
| DNA virus replication | 99 | ||
| RNA virus replication | 99 | ||
| Viruses and disease | 101 | ||
| 3: Controlling viral infections | 102 | ||
| The spread of viral diseases | 102 | ||
| Treating viral diseases | 102 | ||
| Preventing viral disease | 102 | ||
| The development of new medicines | 104 | ||
| Speeding up the process | 104 | ||
| Ethical implications | 104 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Ebola - A Deadly Virus | 106 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 108 | ||
| Chapter 2.3: Eukaryotic cell division - mitosis | 110 | ||
| 1: The cell cycle | 112 | ||
| What are chromosomes? | 112 | ||
| The cell cycle | 112 | ||
| 2: Mitosis | 114 | ||
| The stages of mitosis | 114 | ||
| 3: Asexual reproduction | 117 | ||
| Strategies for asexual reproduction | 117 | ||
| Topic 3: Classification | 150 | ||
| Chapter 3.1: Classification | 150 | ||
| 1: Principles of classification | 152 | ||
| The background to biodiversity | 152 | ||
| Why classify? | 152 | ||
| The history of taxonomy | 152 | ||
| The main taxonomic groups | 152 | ||
| The binomial system | 153 | ||
| 2: What is a species? | 154 | ||
| The concept of species | 154 | ||
| Other definitions of species | 155 | ||
| Limitations of species models | 156 | ||
| Identifying a species | 157 | ||
| 3: Identifying individual species | 158 | ||
| The importance of DNA | 158 | ||
| The caviar con | 158 | ||
| DNA barcodes | 158 | ||
| 4: New evidence for evolution | 160 | ||
| Fossil DNA and human evolution | 160 | ||
| DNA, lice and human evolution | 160 | ||
| New models support old theories | 161 | ||
| 5: Domains, kingdoms or both? | 162 | ||
| Biochemical relationships | 162 | ||
| More biochemical relationships | 163 | ||
| Two domains or three? | 163 | ||
| How many kingdoms? | 167 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Taking Advantage Of Change | 168 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 170 | ||
| Chapter 3.2: Natural selection | 172 | ||
| 1: Evolution and adaptation | 174 | ||
| Observing evolution | 174 | ||
| The theory of evolution | 174 | ||
| Neo-Darwinism - evolution in the twenty-first century | 174 | ||
| Adaptation to a niche | 175 | ||
| Adaptations for survival | 176 | ||
| 2: Natural selection in action | 178 | ||
| Oysters adapting to change | 178 | ||
| Natural selection in moths | 178 | ||
| Selecting for reproductive success | 179 | ||
| Directional selection | 180 | ||
| 3: The evolutionary race between pathogens and medicines | 181 | ||
| Beating bacteria, step 1 | 181 | ||
| Bacteria fight back | 181 | ||
| Beating bacteria, step 2 | 181 | ||
| What does the future hold? | 182 | ||
| 4: Speciation | 183 | ||
| Isolation and speciation | 183 | ||
| Isolating mechanisms | 183 | ||
| Allopatric speciation | 183 | ||
| Adaptive radiation | 184 | ||
| Sympatric speciation | 185 | ||
| Cichlid fish in the African lakes | 186 | ||
| Cichlid speciation | 186 | ||
| Fear for the future | 187 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Reviving the Quagga | 188 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 190 | ||
| Chapter 3.3: Biodiversity | 192 | ||
| 1: The importance of biodiversity | 194 | ||
| Defining biodiversity | 194 | ||
| Why is biodiversity important? | 194 | ||
| Assessing biodiversity at the species level | 195 | ||
| Measuring biodiversity | 197 | ||
| How biodiversity varies | 198 | ||
| When to measure biodiversity? | 198 | ||
| 2: Biodiversity within a species | 199 | ||
| Gene and allele frequency | 199 | ||
| Measuring genetic biodiversity | 200 | ||
| The isolated islands of Hawaii | 201 | ||
| 3: Ecosystem services | 202 | ||
| Ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversity | 202 | ||
| Ecosystems services | 202 | ||
| Taking an ecosystems approach | 203 | ||
| 4: Ex situ and in situ conservation | 204 | ||
| Ex-situ conservation | 204 | ||
| In-situ conservation | 205 | ||
| Conflicts in conservation | 207 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 208 | ||
| Topic 4: Exchange and transport | 210 | ||
| Chapter 4.1: Cell transport mechanisms | 210 | ||
| 1: Transport in cells | 212 | ||
| The need for transport | 212 | ||
| The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane | 212 | ||
| The main types of transport in cells | 213 | ||
| 2: Diffusion and facilitated diffusion | 214 | ||
| Diffusion | 214 | ||
| Facilitated diffusion | 214 | ||
| 3: Osmosis – a special case of diffusion | 216 | ||
| What is osmosis? | 216 | ||
| Osmotic concentrations | 217 | ||
| Osmosis in animal cells | 217 | ||
| Osmosis in plant cells | 217 | ||
| 4: Active transport | 220 | ||
| How does active transport work? | 220 | ||
| Endocytosis and exocytosis | 221 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 222 | ||
| Chapter 4.2: Gas exchange | 224 | ||
| 1: The need for gas exchange surfaces | 226 | ||
| Gas exchange in small organisms | 226 | ||
| Gas exchange in large organisms | 227 | ||
| Factors affecting the rate of diffusion | 227 | ||
| 2: The mammalian gas exchange system | 228 | ||
| Effective gas exchange | 228 | ||
| The human gas exchange system | 228 | ||
| Gas exchange in the alveoli | 229 | ||
| Breathing | 230 | ||
| Protecting the lungs | 231 | ||
| 3: Gas exchange in insects | 232 | ||
| Gas exchange in insects | 232 | ||
| Very active insects | 233 | ||
| 4: Gas exchange in fish | 234 | ||
| The gas exchange system in fish | 234 | ||
| 5: Gas exchange in plants | 236 | ||
| The gas exchange surfaces in plants | 236 | ||
| Controlling gas exchange | 237 | ||
| Lenticels and gas exchange | 238 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Asthma | 240 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 242 | ||
| Chapter 4.3: Circulation | 244 | ||
| 1: Principles of circulation | 246 | ||
| The need for transport | 246 | ||
| Circulation systems | 246 | ||
| 2: The roles of the blood | 248 | ||
| The components of the blood and their main functions | 248 | ||
| Platelets | 249 | ||
| 3: Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide | 250 | ||
| Transport of oxygen | 250 | ||
| Other respiratory pigments | 251 | ||
| Transport of carbon dioxide | 252 | ||
| The clotting of the blood | 252 | ||
| The blood clotting cascade | 253 | ||
| 4: Blood circulation | 254 | ||
| The blood vessels | 254 | ||
| Arteries | 254 | ||
| Capillaries | 255 | ||
| Veins | 255 | ||
| 5: The human heart | 257 | ||
| The structure of the heart | 257 | ||
| How your heart works | 258 | ||
| 6: Controlling the heart | 260 | ||
| The control of the heartbeat | 260 | ||
| 7: Atherosclerosis | 263 | ||
| Cardiovascular diseases in the UK | 263 | ||
| The formation of atherosclerosis | 263 | ||
| Effect of atherosclerosis on health | 264 | ||
| 8: Risk factors for atherosclerosis | 266 | ||
| Epidemiology | 266 | ||
| Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis | 266 | ||
| Modifiable (lifestyle) risk factors for atherosclerosis | 267 | ||
| Links between factors | 268 | ||
| 9: Tissue fluid and lymph | 270 | ||
| The formation of tissue fluid | 270 | ||
| The formation of lymph | 271 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: An Artificial Pacemaker | 272 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 274 | ||
| Chapter 4.4: Transport in plants | 276 | ||
| 1: Transport tissues in plants | 278 | ||
| Xylem | 278 | ||
| The structure of the phloem | 279 | ||
| 2: The uptake of water by plants | 281 | ||
| Water from the soil | 281 | ||
| Translocation of water | 281 | ||
| Transpiration and the transpiration stream | 282 | ||
| Factors affecting transpiration | 284 | ||
| Root pressure | 285 | ||
| 3: Translocation of sucrose | 287 | ||
| Translocation in the phloem | 287 | ||
| Mass flow and pressure flow hypotheses | 288 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Turgor - Pressure Which Powers Plants | 290 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 292 | ||
| Maths skills | 294 | ||
| Arithmetic and numerical computation | 294 | ||
| Algebra | 295 | ||
| Handling data | 295 | ||
| Graphs | 298 | ||
| Applying your skills | 298 | ||
| Preparing for your exams | 300 | ||
| Glossary | 306 | ||
| Index | 316 |