BOOK
OCR AS/A level Biology A Student Book 1
Sue Hocking | Frank Sochacki | Mark Winterbottom
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Covering modules 1-4 of OCR AS and A level Biology A specifications, for first teaching in September 2015, this book will help develop your scientific thinking and provide you with a deep understanding of the subject.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | 4 | ||
| How to use this book | 6 | ||
| Module 1: Development of practical skills in biology | 8 | ||
| Chapter 1.1: Practical skills assessed in a written examination | 8 | ||
| 1.1.1 Planning | 10 | ||
| Solving problems in a practical context | 10 | ||
| An example of a problem | 10 | ||
| 1.1.2 Implementing an investigation | 12 | ||
| Using practical apparatus and techniques correctly | 12 | ||
| Appropriate units for measurement | 13 | ||
| Presenting your observations and data | 14 | ||
| 1.1.3 Analysis of data 1: Qualitative and quantitative data | 16 | ||
| Processing, analysing and interpreting results | 16 | ||
| Using mathematical skills to analyse quantitative data | 16 | ||
| Appropriate use of signifi cant fi gures | 17 | ||
| 1.1.4 Analysis of data 2: Graphs | 18 | ||
| Line graphs | 18 | ||
| Scattergrams | 19 | ||
| Bar graphs | 19 | ||
| Histograms | 19 | ||
| 1.1.5 Evaluation | 20 | ||
| Evaluating results and drawing conclusions | 20 | ||
| Identifying anomalies in data | 21 | ||
| Limitations in experimental procedures | 21 | ||
| Errors | 21 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: How science can go wrong | 22 | ||
| Practice questions | 24 | ||
| Module 2: Foundations in biology | 26 | ||
| Chapter 2.1: Cell structure | 26 | ||
| 2.1.1 Microscopes | 28 | ||
| Magnification | 28 | ||
| Resolution | 28 | ||
| Optical microscopes | 28 | ||
| Calculating magnification | 28 | ||
| Laser scanning microscopes | 29 | ||
| Electron microscopes | 29 | ||
| Range of objects seen with and without microscopes | 29 | ||
| 2.1.2 Slides and photomicrographs | 31 | ||
| Making slides | 31 | ||
| Observing prepared specimens | 31 | ||
| 2.1.3 Measuring objects seen with a light microscope | 33 | ||
| Using graticules | 33 | ||
| 2.1.4 The ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells: membrane-bound organelles | 35 | ||
| Organelles | 35 | ||
| Membrane-bound organelles | 35 | ||
| 2.1.5 Other features of eukaryotic cells | 39 | ||
| Organelles without membranes | 39 | ||
| 2.1.6 How organelles work together in cells | 41 | ||
| Making and secreting a protein | 41 | ||
| 2.1.7 Prokaryotic cells | 42 | ||
| Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | 42 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Cell Theory | 44 | ||
| Practice questions | 46 | ||
| Chapter 2.2: Biological molecules | 48 | ||
| 2.2.1 Molecular bonding | 50 | ||
| Covalent bonds | 50 | ||
| Condensation, hydrolysis and polymerisation | 50 | ||
| Monomers and polymers | 51 | ||
| Hydrogen bonds | 51 | ||
| 2.2.2 Properties of water | 52 | ||
| Liquid | 52 | ||
| Density | 52 | ||
| Solvent | 52 | ||
| Cohesion and surface tension | 52 | ||
| High specific heat capacity | 53 | ||
| High latent heat of vaporisation | 53 | ||
| Reactant | 53 | ||
| 2.2.3 Carbohydrates 1: Sugar | 54 | ||
| What are carbohydrates for? | 54 | ||
| Monosaccharides | 54 | ||
| Disaccharides | 54 | ||
| 2.2.4 Carbohydrates 2: Polysaccharides as energy stores | 56 | ||
| Energy sources and energy stores | 56 | ||
| Why are polysaccharides good energy stores? | 56 | ||
| 2.2.5 Carbohydrates 3: Polysaccharides as structural units | 58 | ||
| Cellulose | 58 | ||
| Other structural polysaccharides | 60 | ||
| 2.2.6 Lipids 1: Triglycerides | 61 | ||
| What are lipids? | 61 | ||
| Triglyceride structure | 61 | ||
| Functions of triglycerides | 62 | ||
| 2.2.7 Lipids 2: Phospholipids and cholesterol | 63 | ||
| Phospholipids | 63 | ||
| Cholesterol | 64 | ||
| 2.2.8 Proteins 1: Amino acids | 65 | ||
| Proteins | 65 | ||
| Structure of amino acids | 65 | ||
| The peptide bond | 65 | ||
| 2.2.9 Proteins 2: Protein structure and bonding | 67 | ||
| Primary structure | 67 | ||
| Secondary structure | 67 | ||
| Tertiary structure | 68 | ||
| Quaternary structure | 68 | ||
| Protein bonding | 68 | ||
| 2.2.10 Proteins 3: Fibrous and globular proteins | 70 | ||
| Properties and functions of some fi brous proteins | 70 | ||
| Structure, properties and function of some globular proteins | 71 | ||
| Computer modelling of protein structure | 71 | ||
| 2.2.11 Inorganic ions | 72 | ||
| Cations | 72 | ||
| Anions | 72 | ||
| 2.2.12 Practical biochemistry 1: Qualitative tests for biological molecules | 74 | ||
| Testing for carbohydrates | 74 | ||
| Testing for lipids | 75 | ||
| Testing for proteins | 75 | ||
| 2.2.13 Practical biochemistry 2: Quantitative tests for biological molecules | 76 | ||
| Quantitative testing for reducing sugar | 76 | ||
| Use of biosensors | 77 | ||
| 2.2.14 Practical biochemistry 3: Chromatography | 78 | ||
| Principles of chromatography | 78 | ||
| What happens? | 79 | ||
| How does it work? | 79 | ||
| How is chromatography used? | 79 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Biological Molecules | 80 | ||
| Practice questions | 82 | ||
| Chapter 2.3: Nucleic acids | 84 | ||
| 2.3.1 DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid | 86 | ||
| Nucleotides | 86 | ||
| DNA is a nucleic acid | 87 | ||
| 2.3.2 How DNA replicates | 89 | ||
| DNA is a self-replicating molecule | 89 | ||
| Semi-conservative replication | 89 | ||
| 2.3.3 How DNA codes for polypeptides | 91 | ||
| RNA | 91 | ||
| Genes and the genetic code | 91 | ||
| Transcription and translation | 92 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: The RNA revolution | 94 | ||
| Practice questions | 96 | ||
| Chapter 2.4: Enzymes | 98 | ||
| 2.4.1 Enzymes – biological catalysts | 100 | ||
| Why are enzymes so remarkable? | 100 | ||
| Enzyme structure determines function | 100 | ||
| Where enzymes work | 101 | ||
| 2.4.2 Cofactors | 103 | ||
| Some enzymes need help | 103 | ||
| Prosthetic groups | 103 | ||
| Other cofactors | 103 | ||
| Coenzymes | 104 | ||
| 2.4.3 The mechanism of enzyme action | 105 | ||
| The lock-and-key hypothesis | 105 | ||
| The induced-fit hypothesis | 106 | ||
| Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction | 107 | ||
| 2.4.4 The effect of temperature on enzyme activity | 108 | ||
| Heat and kinetic energy | 108 | ||
| Collisions between enzyme and substrate molecules | 108 | ||
| Heat makes molecules vibrate | 108 | ||
| Optimum temperature | 109 | ||
| Temperature coefficient, Q 10 | 110 | ||
| 2.4.5 The effect of pH on enzyme activity | 111 | ||
| What is pH? | 111 | ||
| Buffers | 111 | ||
| How changes in pH affect bonds within molecules | 111 | ||
| Not all enzymes have the same optimum pH | 112 | ||
| 2.4.6 The effect of substrate concentration on the rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions | 113 | ||
| The effect of changing substrate concentration | 113 | ||
| 2.4.7 The effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of reaction | 115 | ||
| Enzyme availability in cells | 115 | ||
| Increasing the enzyme concentration in an enzyme-controlled reaction | 115 | ||
| Initial rate of reaction | 116 | ||
| 2.4.8 Enzyme inhibitors | 117 | ||
| Competitive inhibitors | 117 | ||
| Non-competitive inhibition | 117 | ||
| End-product inhibition | 118 | ||
| Control of metabolic sequences | 118 | ||
| 2.4.9 Enzyme inhibition: poisons and medicinal drugs | 120 | ||
| Metabolic poisons that act as enzyme inhibitors | 120 | ||
| Medicinal drugs acting by enzyme inhibition | 120 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: The bite that heals | 122 | ||
| Practice questions | 124 | ||
| Chapter 2.5: Biological membranes | 126 | ||
| 2.5.1 The structure of cell membranes | 128 | ||
| Cell membranes are partially permeable barriers | 128 | ||
| The roles of membranes | 128 | ||
| The fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure | 128 | ||
| Not all cell membranes have the same composition | 129 | ||
| 2.5.2 Diffusion across membranes | 131 | ||
| Simple diffusion | 131 | ||
| Facilitated diffusion | 132 | ||
| 2.5.3 Osmosis | 133 | ||
| Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules | 133 | ||
| Water potential | 134 | ||
| 2.5.4 How substances cross membranes using active processes | 136 | ||
| Active transport – moving against the concentration gradient | 136 | ||
| Bulk transport | 136 | ||
| 2.5.5 Factors affecting membrane structure and permeability | 138 | ||
| Temperature and kinetic energy | 138 | ||
| Phospholipids and changing temperature | 138 | ||
| Proteins and temperature | 138 | ||
| Effect of solvents on phospholipids | 139 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Red blood cell membrane disorders | 140 | ||
| Practice questions | 142 | ||
| Chapter 2.6: Cell division, cell diversity and cell differentiation | 144 | ||
| 2.6.1 The cell cycle and its regulation | 146 | ||
| The eukaryotic cell cycle | 146 | ||
| Regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle | 146 | ||
| 2.6.2 Mitosis | 148 | ||
| The significance of mitosis in the life cycle | 148 | ||
| The main stages of mitosis | 148 | ||
| 2.6.3 Meiosis | 150 | ||
| The significance of meiosis in life cycles | 150 | ||
| Homologous chromosomes | 150 | ||
| The main stages of meiosis | 150 | ||
| How meiosis produces genetic variation | 152 | ||
| 2.6.4 Diversity in animal cells | 153 | ||
| The need for cell differentiation and specialisation | 153 | ||
| Differentiation | 153 | ||
| Some specialised animal cells | 153 | ||
| 2.6.5 Cell diversity in plants | 155 | ||
| Some specialised plant cells | 155 | ||
| 2.6.6 Animal tissues | 157 | ||
| Epithelial tissue | 157 | ||
| Connective tissue | 157 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 158 | ||
| 2.6.7 Plant tissues and organs | 159 | ||
| Plant tissues | 159 | ||
| How xylem and phloem derive from meristems | 160 | ||
| Plant organs | 160 | ||
| 2.6.8 Organs and organ systems in animals | 161 | ||
| Animal organs | 161 | ||
| Organ systems | 161 | ||
| 2.6.9 Stem cells and their potential uses | 162 | ||
| Sources of stem cells | 162 | ||
| Potential uses in research and medicine | 162 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: The Eastlack skeleton | 164 | ||
| Practice questions | 166 | ||
| Module 3: Exchange and transport | 168 | ||
| Chapter 3.1: Exchange surfaces and breathing | 168 | ||
| 3.1.1 Exchange surfaces | 170 | ||
| Size matters | 170 | ||
| The features of a good exchange surface | 171 | ||
| 3.1.2 Mammalian gaseous exchange system | 172 | ||
| Gaseous exchange in the lungs | 172 | ||
| Ventilation | 173 | ||
| 3.1.3 Tissues in the gaseous exchange system | 174 | ||
| Lung tissue | 174 | ||
| The airways | 174 | ||
| The trachea and bronchi | 174 | ||
| 3.1.4 Measuring lung volumes | 176 | ||
| Using a spirometer | 176 | ||
| Lung volumes | 176 | ||
| Oxygen uptake | 177 | ||
| 3.1.5 Gas exchange in other rganisms | 178 | ||
| Bony fish | 178 | ||
| Insects | 179 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Asthma | 180 | ||
| Practice questions | 182 | ||
| Chapter 3.2: Transport in animals | 184 | ||
| 3.2.1 Transport in animals | 186 | ||
| The need for a transport system | 186 | ||
| Features of a good transport system | 186 | ||
| 3.2.2 Blood vessels | 188 | ||
| Open circulatory systems | 188 | ||
| Closed circulatory systems | 188 | ||
| Blood vessels | 188 | ||
| 3.2.3 Exchange at the capillaries | 190 | ||
| Blood plasma and tissue fluid | 190 | ||
| Movement of fluids | 191 | ||
| 3.2.4 The structure of the heart | 192 | ||
| External features of the heart | 192 | ||
| Internal features of the mammalian heart | 192 | ||
| Blood pressure | 193 | ||
| Cardiac muscle structure | 193 | ||
| 3.2.5 The cardiac cycle | 194 | ||
| The action of the valves | 194 | ||
| Pressure changes in the heart chambers | 195 | ||
| Pressure in the blood vessels | 195 | ||
| 3.2.6 Coordination of the cardiac cycle | 196 | ||
| The need for coordination | 196 | ||
| Initiation and control of the heartbeat | 196 | ||
| Electrocardiograms | 197 | ||
| 3.2.7 Transport of oxygen | 198 | ||
| Haemoglobin | 198 | ||
| Fetal haemoglobin | 199 | ||
| 3.2.8 Transporting carbon dioxide | 200 | ||
| The role of haemoglobin | 200 | ||
| The effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration | 201 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Living at altitude | 202 | ||
| Practice questions | 204 | ||
| Chapter 3.3: Transport in plants | 206 | ||
| 3.3.1 Transport in plants | 208 | ||
| Why do plants need a transport system? | 208 | ||
| Distribution of vascular tissue | 208 | ||
| Dissection of plant material | 209 | ||
| 3.3.2 Transport tissues | 210 | ||
| Xylem | 210 | ||
| Phloem | 210 | ||
| 3.3.3 Movement of water through plants | 212 | ||
| Pathways taken by water | 212 | ||
| Movement from cell to cell | 213 | ||
| 3.3.4 Transpiration | 214 | ||
| 3.3.5 The transpiration stream | 216 | ||
| Water uptake and movement across the root | 216 | ||
| Movement of water up the stem | 217 | ||
| How water leaves the leaf | 217 | ||
| 3.3.6 The adaptations of plants to the availability of water | 218 | ||
| Terrestrial plants | 218 | ||
| Hydrophytes | 219 | ||
| 3.3.7 Translocation | 220 | ||
| Active loading | 220 | ||
| Movement of sucrose | 221 | ||
| Thinking Bigger: Guttation | 222 | ||
| Practice questions | 224 | ||
| Module 4: Biodiversity, evolution and disease | 226 | ||
| Chapter 4.1: Communicable diseases | 226 | ||
| 4.1.1 Organisms that cause disease | 228 | ||
| What is a pathogen? | 228 | ||
| Bacteria | 228 | ||
| Fungi | 228 | ||
| Viruses | 228 | ||
| Protoctista | 229 | ||
| 4.1.2 Transmission of pathogens | 230 | ||
| Transmission between animals | 230 | ||
| Transmission of plant pathogens | 231 | ||
| Disease and climate | 231 | ||
| 4.1.3 Plant defences against pathogens | 232 | ||
| Passive defences | 232 | ||
| Active defences | 232 | ||
| 4.1.4 Primary defences against disease | 234 | ||
| The skin | 234 | ||
| Blood clotting and skin repair | 234 | ||
| Mucous membranes | 235 | ||
| Coughing and sneezing | 236 | ||
| Infl ammation | 236 | ||
| Other primary defences | 236 | ||
| 4.1.5 Secondary non-specific defences | 237 | ||
| Antigens and opsonins | 237 | ||
| Phagocytes | 237 | ||
| Active immunity | 238 | ||
| 4.1.6 The specific immune response | 239 | ||
| Cells produced in the immune response | 239 | ||
| Cell signalling | 239 | ||
| Autoimmune diseases | 239 | ||
| 4.1.7 Antibodies | 241 | ||
| Antigens and antibodies | 241 | ||
| Primary and secondary responses | 243 | ||
| 4.1.8 Vaccination | 244 | ||
| What is a vaccination? | 244 | ||
| Application of vaccines | 244 | ||
| Control of epidemics | 244 | ||
| Different types of immunity | 245 | ||
| 4.1.9 Development and use of drugs | 246 | ||
| Sources of new medicines | 246 | ||
| Thinking Bigger-HIV | 248 | ||
| Practice questions | 250 | ||
| Chapter 4.2: Biodiversity | 252 | ||
| 4.2.1 Biodiversity | 254 | ||
| Biodiversity | 254 | ||
| Using samples to measure biodiversity of a habitat | 254 | ||
| 4.2.2 Sampling plants | 256 | ||
| Sampling a habitat | 256 | ||
| Sampling plants | 256 | ||
| 4.2.3 Sampling animals | 258 | ||
| Sampling animals by observation | 258 | ||
| Collecting samples of live animals | 258 | ||
| 4.2.4 Calculating biodiversity | 260 | ||
| Estimating biodiversity | 260 | ||
| Measuring biodiversity within a habitat | 260 | ||
| Measuring genetic diversity | 261 | ||
| 4.2.5 What affects biodiversity? | 262 | ||
| Human population growth | 262 | ||
| Agriculture | 262 | ||
| Climate change | 263 | ||
| Extinction | 263 | ||
| 4.2.6 Reasons to maintain biodiversity | 264 | ||
| Ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity | 264 | ||
| Economic reasons to maintain biodiversity | 265 | ||
| Maths skills | 300 | ||
| Arithmetic and numerical computation | 300 | ||
| Algebra | 301 | ||
| Handling data | 301 | ||
| Graphs | 301 | ||
| Applying your skills | 302 | ||
| Preparing for your exams | 304 | ||
| Glossary | 314 | ||
| Index | 324 |