BOOK
Edexcel AS/A level Chemistry Student Book 1
Cliff Curtis | Dave Scott | Jason Murgatroyd
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Created for the new 2015 Edexcel AS and A level specifications, our new Student Books cover the topics comprehensively, developing scientific thinking in your students, providing them with a deep understanding of the subject and creating confident, independent scientists.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | 4 | ||
| How to use this book | 6 | ||
| Topic 1: Atomic structure and the Periodic Table | 8 | ||
| Chapter 1.1: Atomic structure | 8 | ||
| 1: Structure of the atom and isotopes | 10 | ||
| Who discovered electrons, protons and neutrons? | 10 | ||
| Atomic number, mass number and isotopes | 10 | ||
| 2: Mass spectrometry and relative masses of atoms, isotopes and molecules | 12 | ||
| Relative atomic mass and relative isotopic mass | 12 | ||
| Using data obtained from a mass spectrometer | 12 | ||
| 3: Atomic orbitals and electronic configurations | 16 | ||
| Quantum shells | 16 | ||
| Electronic configurations | 18 | ||
| 4: Ionisation energies | 20 | ||
| Energy levels and emission spectra | 20 | ||
| First ionisation energy | 20 | ||
| Successive ionisation energies | 21 | ||
| What determines the energy of an electron? | 22 | ||
| Trends in ionisation energies | 22 | ||
| Chapter 1.2: The Periodic Table | 24 | ||
| 1: The Periodic Table | 24 | ||
| Groups, periods and blocks | 24 | ||
| 2: Periodicity | 26 | ||
| What is periodicity? | 26 | ||
| Atomic radii | 26 | ||
| Melting and boiling temperatures | 27 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 30 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 32 | ||
| Topic 2: Chemical bonding and structure | 34 | ||
| Chapter 2.1: Giant structures | 34 | ||
| 1: Metallic bonding | 36 | ||
| The nature of metallic bonding | 36 | ||
| Explaining the physical properties of metals | 36 | ||
| 2: Ionic bonding | 38 | ||
| The strength of ionic bonding | 38 | ||
| Trends in ionic radii | 39 | ||
| Physical properties of ionic compounds | 40 | ||
| The formation of cations and anions | 40 | ||
| Evidence for the existence of ions | 41 | ||
| 3: Covalent bonding | 42 | ||
| Formation of covalent bonds | 42 | ||
| Bond length and bond strength | 44 | ||
| 4: Electronegativity and bond polarity | 45 | ||
| What is electronegativity? | 45 | ||
| Distribution of electron density | 45 | ||
| Continuum of bonding type | 46 | ||
| Chapter 2.2: Discrete molecules | 48 | ||
| 1: Bonding in discrete molecules | 48 | ||
| Discrete molecules | 48 | ||
| Dot-and-cross diagrams | 48 | ||
| 2: Dative covalent bonds | 50 | ||
| Dative covalent bond formation | 50 | ||
| 3: Shapes of molecules and ions | 51 | ||
| Electron pair repulsion theory | 51 | ||
| The shapes of molecules and ions | 51 | ||
| The bond angles in molecules and ions | 52 | ||
| 4: Non-polar and polar molecules | 53 | ||
| Shape and polarity | 53 | ||
| 5: Intermolecular interactions | 55 | ||
| Background to non-bonded intermolecular interactions | 55 | ||
| London forces | 55 | ||
| Permanent dipoles | 56 | ||
| Summary of non-bonded intermolecular interactions | 56 | ||
| The hydrogen bond | 56 | ||
| 6: Intermolecular interactions and physical properties | 59 | ||
| Boiling temperatures of alkanes and alcohols | 59 | ||
| Anomalous properties of water | 62 | ||
| Choosing suitable solvents | 62 | ||
| Chapter 2.3: Physical properties related to structure and bonding | 65 | ||
| 1: Solid lattices | 65 | ||
| Introduction to solid lattices | 65 | ||
| Metallic lattices | 65 | ||
| Giant ionic lattices | 65 | ||
| Giant covalent lattices | 65 | ||
| Molecular lattices | 66 | ||
| 2: Structure and properties | 68 | ||
| Types of bonding and structure | 68 | ||
| Predicting physical properties | 68 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 70 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 72 | ||
| Topic 3: Redox reactions | 74 | ||
| Chapter 3.1: Oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons | 74 | ||
| 1: Electron loss and gain | 76 | ||
| Background to oxidation and reduction | 76 | ||
| Oxidation and reduction in terms of electron loss and gain | 76 | ||
| Chapter 3.2: Oxidising agents and reducing agents | 78 | ||
| 1: Calculating oxidation numbers | 78 | ||
| Oxidation number | 78 | ||
| Rules for determining the oxidation number | 78 | ||
| 2: Recognising reactions using oxidation numbers | 80 | ||
| Using oxidation numbers to classify reactions | 80 | ||
| 3: Use of oxidation numbers in nomenclature | 82 | ||
| Systematic names | 82 | ||
| Writing formulae when you have the oxidation number | 82 | ||
| 4: Writing full equations from ionic half‑equations | 84 | ||
| Balancing by counting electrons | 84 | ||
| Balancing using oxidation numbers | 85 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 86 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 88 | ||
| Topic 4: Inorganic chemistry and the Periodic Table | 90 | ||
| Chapter 4.1: Group 2 | 90 | ||
| 1: Trends in the Group 2 elements | 92 | ||
| Introduction to the Group 2 elements | 92 | ||
| Trend in ionisation energy | 92 | ||
| Trend in reactivity | 93 | ||
| 2: Reactions of the Group 2 elements | 94 | ||
| Reactions with oxygen | 94 | ||
| Reactions with chlorine | 94 | ||
| Reactions with water | 95 | ||
| Reactions of beryllium and radium | 95 | ||
| 3: Reactions of the Group 2 oxides and hydroxides, and trends in solubility | 96 | ||
| Reactions of the oxides with water | 96 | ||
| Trends in solubility of the hydroxides | 96 | ||
| Reactions of the oxides and hydroxides with acids | 97 | ||
| Trends in solubility of the Group 2 sulfates | 97 | ||
| 4: Thermal stability of Group 2 compounds, and the comparison with Group 1 | 98 | ||
| Factors affecting thermal stability | 98 | ||
| Thermal stability of nitrates | 99 | ||
| Thermal stability of carbonates | 99 | ||
| 5: Flame tests and the test for ammonium ions | 101 | ||
| Introduction to flame tests | 101 | ||
| How to do a flame test | 101 | ||
| What causes the colours in flame tests? | 102 | ||
| The test for ammonium ions | 103 | ||
| Chapter 4.2: Group 7 | 104 | ||
| 1: General trends in Group 7 | 104 | ||
| Introduction to the Group 7 elements | 104 | ||
| Trends in melting and boiling temperature | 104 | ||
| Trend in electronegativity | 105 | ||
| Trend in reactivity | 105 | ||
| 2: Redox reactions in Group 7 | 106 | ||
| Reactions with metals in Groups 1 and 2 | 106 | ||
| Halogen/halide displacement reactions | 106 | ||
| Disproportionation reactions of chlorine | 107 | ||
| Reactions of fluorine and astatine | 108 | ||
| 3: Reactions of halides with sulfuric acid | 109 | ||
| Redox reactions again | 109 | ||
| Observations and products | 110 | ||
| Constructing equations | 110 | ||
| 4: Other reactions of halides | 112 | ||
| Testing for halide ions in solution | 112 | ||
| Hydrogen halides acting as acids | 113 | ||
| Fluorides and astatides | 113 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 114 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 116 | ||
| Topic 5: Formulae, equations and amounts of substance | 118 | ||
| Chapter 5.1: Empirical and molecular formulae | 120 | ||
| 1: Empirical formulae | 120 | ||
| Introduction to empirical formulae | 120 | ||
| Calculating empirical formulae | 120 | ||
| 2: Molecular formulae | 122 | ||
| Introduction to molecular formulae | 122 | ||
| Using terminology correctly | 122 | ||
| Calculating molecular formulae | 123 | ||
| Using pV = nRT | 123 | ||
| Chapter 5.2: Amount of substance | 125 | ||
| 1: Calculations using moles and the Avogadro constant | 125 | ||
| What is a mole? | 125 | ||
| What is Avogadro’s constant? | 125 | ||
| Calculations using moles | 126 | ||
| 2: Writing chemical equations | 127 | ||
| What to remember when writing equations | 127 | ||
| Ionic equations | 128 | ||
| 3: Calculations using reacting masses | 130 | ||
| Introduction to reacting masses | 130 | ||
| Calculating reacting masses from equations | 130 | ||
| Working out equations from reacting masses | 131 | ||
| 4: Avogadro’s law and gas volume calculations | 132 | ||
| Avogadro’s law | 132 | ||
| Calculations using reacting volumes of gases | 132 | ||
| 5: Molar volume calculations | 134 | ||
| Molar volume | 134 | ||
| Calculations using molar volume | 134 | ||
| Chapter 5.3: Equations and calculations | 136 | ||
| 1: Concentrations of solutions | 136 | ||
| Calculations using mass concentration | 136 | ||
| Calculations using molar concentration | 136 | ||
| Calculations from equations using concentration and mass | 137 | ||
| 2: Making standard solutions | 138 | ||
| What are standard solutions and primary standards? | 138 | ||
| Making a standard solution of sulfamic acid | 138 | ||
| 3: Doing titrations | 140 | ||
| What is a titration? | 140 | ||
| Outline of the titration method | 140 | ||
| Titration techniques | 141 | ||
| Choosing an indicator | 141 | ||
| 4: Calculations from titrations | 142 | ||
| Calculating the average (mean) titre | 142 | ||
| Calculating a concentration | 142 | ||
| Chapter 5.4: Errors and uncertainties | 144 | ||
| 1: Mistakes, errors, accuracy and precision | 144 | ||
| Using the correct terminology | 144 | ||
| 2: Measurement errors and measurement uncertainties | 146 | ||
| Random and systematic errors | 146 | ||
| Measurement uncertainty | 147 | ||
| 3: Percentage measurement uncertainty | 148 | ||
| Percentage measurement uncertainties | 148 | ||
| Minimising error and uncertainty | 149 | ||
| Chapter 5.5: Yield and atom economy | 150 | ||
| 1: The yield of a reaction | 150 | ||
| Theoretical yield, actual yield and percentage yield | 150 | ||
| 2: Atom economy | 152 | ||
| Background to atom economy | 152 | ||
| How atom economy works | 152 | ||
| Chapter 5.6: Types of reaction | 154 | ||
| 1: Displacement reactions | 154 | ||
| What is a displacement reaction? | 154 | ||
| Displacement reactions involving metals | 154 | ||
| Displacement reactions involving halogens | 155 | ||
| 2: Precipitation reactions | 156 | ||
| Introduction | 156 | ||
| Chemical tests | 156 | ||
| Working out equations | 156 | ||
| 3: Reactions of acids | 158 | ||
| Introduction | 158 | ||
| Acids with metals | 158 | ||
| Acids with metal oxides and insoluble metal hydroxides | 158 | ||
| Acids with alkalis | 158 | ||
| Acids with carbonates | 159 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 160 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 162 | ||
| Topic 6: Organic chemistry | 164 | ||
| Chapter 6.1: Introduction to organic chemistry? | 164 | ||
| 1: What is organic chemistry? | 166 | ||
| Early days | 166 | ||
| 2: Different types of formulae | 168 | ||
| Using diagrams to refer to organic compounds | 168 | ||
| Different types of formula for chloroethane | 169 | ||
| 3: Functional groups and homologous series | 170 | ||
| Functional group | 170 | ||
| Homologous series | 170 | ||
| Properties of a homologous series | 171 | ||
| 4: Nomenclature | 172 | ||
| Why do we need rules for naming organic compounds? | 172 | ||
| The simple rules of nomenclature | 172 | ||
| Applying the rules to write names | 173 | ||
| Applying the rules to write formulae | 174 | ||
| 5: Isomerism | 175 | ||
| Structural isomerism | 175 | ||
| Types of structural isomerism | 175 | ||
| Stereoisomerism | 176 | ||
| E-Z notation | 177 | ||
| Chapter 6.2: Hydrocarbons | 178 | ||
| 1: Alkanes from crude oil | 178 | ||
| The need for fuels | 178 | ||
| Fractional distillation | 178 | ||
| Cracking | 179 | ||
| Reforming | 179 | ||
| 2: Alkanes as fuels | 180 | ||
| The complete combustion of alkanes | 180 | ||
| Incomplete combustion | 180 | ||
| Oxides of sulfur | 181 | ||
| Oxides of nitrogen | 181 | ||
| Catalytic converters to the rescue! | 181 | ||
| 3: Alternative fuels | 182 | ||
| The need for alternative fuels | 182 | ||
| Carbon neutrality | 182 | ||
| Biofuels | 182 | ||
| Comparing fuels | 183 | ||
| 4: Substitution reactions of alkanes | 184 | ||
| What is a substitution reaction? | 184 | ||
| Mechanisms | 184 | ||
| The chlorination of methane | 184 | ||
| Further substitution reactions | 185 | ||
| 5; Alkenes and their bonding | 186 | ||
| What are alkenes? | 186 | ||
| What is a C=C double bond? | 186 | ||
| 6: Addition reactions of alkenes | 188 | ||
| Why do addition reactions occur? | 188 | ||
| Hydrogenation | 189 | ||
| Halogenation | 189 | ||
| Hydration | 189 | ||
| Addition of hydrogen halides | 190 | ||
| Oxidation to diols | 190 | ||
| 7: The mechanisms of addition reactions | 191 | ||
| Background | 191 | ||
| Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides | 191 | ||
| Electrophilic addition of halogens | 191 | ||
| Unsymmetrical molecules | 192 | ||
| 8: Polymerisation reactions | 194 | ||
| Alkenes used in addition polymerisation | 194 | ||
| Equations for polymerisation reactions | 194 | ||
| Identifying the monomer | 195 | ||
| 9: Dealing with polymer waste | 196 | ||
| Background | 196 | ||
| Solutions to polymer waste | 196 | ||
| Biodegradable polymers | 197 | ||
| Life cycle analysis | 197 | ||
| Chapter 6.3: Halogenoalkanes | 198 | ||
| 1: Halogenoalkanes and hydrolysis reactions | 198 | ||
| What are halogenoalkanes? | 198 | ||
| What makes halogenoalkanes reactive? | 199 | ||
| Hydrolysis reactions | 199 | ||
| 2: Comparing the rates of hydrolysis reactions | 200 | ||
| Practical aspects | 200 | ||
| Interpreting the results for different halogens | 201 | ||
| Interpreting the results for different structures | 201 | ||
| 3: Halogenoalkane reactions and mechanisms | 202 | ||
| Substitution reactions | 202 | ||
| Nucleophilic substitution mechanisms | 202 | ||
| Elimination reactions | 203 | ||
| Chapter 6.4: Alcohols | 204 | ||
| 1: Alcohols and some of their reactions | 204 | ||
| What are alcohols? | 204 | ||
| Reactions | 204 | ||
| 2: Oxidation reactions of alcohols | 206 | ||
| Background | 206 | ||
| The products of oxidation | 206 | ||
| Different practical techniques | 207 | ||
| 3: Purifying an organic liquid | 208 | ||
| Background | 208 | ||
| Apparatus | 208 | ||
| Simple distillation | 209 | ||
| Fractional distillation | 210 | ||
| Solvent extraction | 210 | ||
| Drying | 210 | ||
| A test for purity | 211 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 212 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 214 | ||
| Topic 7: Modern analytical techniques | 216 | ||
| Chapter 7.1: Mass spectrometry | 216 | ||
| 1: Mass spectrometry in organic compounds | 218 | ||
| Background to mass spectrometry | 218 | ||
| Fragmentation in hydrocarbons | 218 | ||
| A typical mass spectrum | 219 | ||
| 2: Deducing structures from mass spectra | 220 | ||
| Fragmentation in other organic compounds | 220 | ||
| Chapter 7.2: Infrared spectroscopy | 222 | ||
| 1: Infrared spectroscopy | 222 | ||
| Infrared radiation | 222 | ||
| What does an infrared spectrum look like? | 223 | ||
| Characteristic absorptions | 223 | ||
| 2: Using infrared spectra | 224 | ||
| Different ways of using infrared spectra | 224 | ||
| Predicting the spectrum of an organic compound | 224 | ||
| Deducing the functional groups from a list of wavenumbers | 225 | ||
| Deducing the structure from wavenumbers and molecular formula | 225 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 226 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 228 | ||
| Topic 8: Chemical energetics | 230 | ||
| Chapter 8.1: Heat energy and enthalpy | 232 | ||
| 1: Introducing enthalpy and enthalpy change | 232 | ||
| Chemical and heat energy | 232 | ||
| Enthalpy and enthalpy changes | 232 | ||
| 2: Enthalpy level diagrams | 234 | ||
| How to construct and interpret enthalpy level diagrams | 234 | ||
| 3: Standard enthalpy change of combustion | 235 | ||
| What is meant by standard enthalpy change of combustion? | 235 | ||
| Experimental determination of enthalpy change of combustion of a liquid | 235 | ||
| 4: Standard enthalpy change of neutralisation | 237 | ||
| What is meant by standard enthalpy change of neutralisation? | 237 | ||
| Experimental determination of enthalpy change of neutralisation | 237 | ||
| 5: Standard enthalpy change of formation and Hess’s Law | 239 | ||
| What is meant by standard enthalpy change of formation? | 239 | ||
| Hess’s Law | 239 | ||
| Using Hess’s Law for other reactions | 241 | ||
| Chapter 8.2: Bond enthalpy | 242 | ||
| 1: Bond enthalpy and mean bond enthalpy | 242 | ||
| What is meant by bond enthalpy? | 242 | ||
| What is meant by mean bond enthalpy? | 242 | ||
| 2: Using mean bond enthalpies | 244 | ||
| Calculating an enthalpy change of reaction using mean bond enthalpies | 244 | ||
| Calculating mean bond enthalpies from enthalpy changes of reaction | 245 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 246 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 248 | ||
| Topic 9: Reaction kinetics | 250 | ||
| Chapter 9.1: Reaction rate | 250 | ||
| 1: Reaction rate, collision theory and activation energy | 252 | ||
| Rate of reaction | 252 | ||
| Collision theory | 252 | ||
| 2: Making a reaction go faster – Part 1 | 254 | ||
| The effect of concentration | 254 | ||
| The effect of pressure | 254 | ||
| The effect of surface area | 255 | ||
| 3: Making a reaction go faster – Part 2 | 256 | ||
| Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curves | 256 | ||
| 4: Making a reaction go faster – Part 3 | 258 | ||
| The effect of catalysts | 258 | ||
| Catalysts in industry | 259 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 260 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 262 | ||
| Topic 10: Chemical equilibrium | 264 | ||
| Chapter 10.1: Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium | 264 | ||
| 1: Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium | 266 | ||
| Irreversible and reversible reactions | 266 | ||
| The reaction between hydrogen and iodine | 266 | ||
| Dynamic equilibrium | 267 | ||
| 2: The effect of changes in conditions on equilibrium composition | 268 | ||
| Changing the composition of an equilibrium mixture | 268 | ||
| Limitations of making qualitative predictions | 270 | ||
| Chapter 10.2: Equilibrium position | 272 | ||
| 1: The Equilibrium Law | 272 | ||
| What are homogeneous and heterogeneous systems? | 272 | ||
| The equilibrium constant | 272 | ||
| The Equilibrium Law | 272 | ||
| Using Kc to predict the effect of concentration on position of equilibrium | 273 | ||
| 2: Reversible reactions in industry | 274 | ||
| Applying the principles of reaction rates and reversibility to industrial processes | 274 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 276 | ||
| Exam-style questions | 278 | ||
| Maths skills | 280 | ||
| Arithmetic and numerical computation | 280 | ||
| Using standard form | 280 | ||
| Using ratios, fractions and percentages | 280 | ||
| Algebra | 282 | ||
| Changing the subject of an equation | 282 | ||
| Handling data | 282 | ||
| Using significant figures | 282 | ||
| Applying your skills | 283 | ||
| Exam preparation | 286 | ||
| Glossary | 292 | ||
| Index | 297 |