Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Now in its 3rd Edition, this bestselling volume in the popular Requisites series, by Drs. Debra M. Ikeda and Kanae K. Miyake, thoroughly covers the fast-changing field of breast imaging. Ideal for residency, clinical practice and certification and MOC exam study, it presents everything you need to know about diagnostic imaging of the breast, including new BI-RADS standards, new digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) content, ultrasound, and much more. Compact and authoritative, it provides up-to-date, expert guidance in reading and interpreting mammographic, ultrasound, DBT, and MRI images for efficient and accurate detection of breast disease.
- Features over 1,300 high-quality images throughout.
- Summarizes key information with numerous outlines, tables, ''pearls,'' and boxed material for easy reference.
- Focuses on essentials to pass the boards and the MOC exam and ensure accurate diagnoses in clinical practice.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- All-new Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) recommendations for management and terminology for mammography, elastography in ultrasound, and MRI.
- Step-by-step guidance on how to read new 3D tomosynthesis imaging studies with example cases, including limitations, and pitfalls.
- More evidence on the management of high risk breast lesions.
- Correlations of ultrasound, mammography, and MRI with tomosynthesis imaging.
- Detailed basis of contrast-enhanced MRI studies.
- Recent nuclear medicine techniques such as FDG PET/CT, NaF PET.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC\r | ES1 | ||
| The Requisites Breast Imaging | ii | ||
| THE REQUISITES Breast Imaging | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Contents | x | ||
| Video Contents | xi | ||
| 1 - Mammography Acquisition: Screen-Film, Digital Mammography and Tomosynthesis, the Mammography Quality Standards Act, and Computer-Aided Detection | 1 | ||
| Screen-Film Mammography Image Acquisition | 3 | ||
| Digital Mammography Image Acquisition | 5 | ||
| Tomosynthesis Acquisition | 9 | ||
| Views and Positioning | 11 | ||
| Image Labeling in Mammography | 12 | ||
| IMAGE EVALUATION AND ARTIFACTS | 14 | ||
| Screen-Film Mammography Quality Control | 24 | ||
| Full-Field Digital Mammography Quality Assurance and Quality Control | 24 | ||
| Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Quality Assurance and Quality Control | 24 | ||
| COMPUTER-AIDED DETECTION | 25 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 27 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 28 | ||
| 2 - Mammogram Analysis and Interpretation | 30 | ||
| BREAST CANCER RISK FACTORS | 30 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF BREAST CANCER | 33 | ||
| THE NORMAL MAMMOGRAM | 34 | ||
| Anatomy and Image Contrast | 34 | ||
| DISPLAY OF MAMMOGRAMS | 38 | ||
| Optimization of Reading Room and Image Display | 38 | ||
| First Look at Two-Dimensional Views and Older Studies | 38 | ||
| Systematic Search on Each Mammographic Two-Dimensional View and Tomosynthesis | 41 | ||
| LOCATION OF A FINDING | 41 | ||
| Location Description Based on BI-RADS 2013 | 41 | ||
| Keys to Identify the Location of a Finding | 43 | ||
| Distance from the Nipple | 43 | ||
| Two-Dimensional Triangulation | 43 | ||
| Tomosynthesis Triangulation Using Slice Locators | 43 | ||
| Two-Dimensional Rolled Views | 44 | ||
| SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO MAMMOGRAPHY INTERPRETATION | 44 | ||
| Before Reading Mammogram | 44 | ||
| Systematic Approach to Interpretation of Mammogram | 44 | ||
| Step 1. Overall Search: Quality of Images and Balance of Breast Tissue Density | 45 | ||
| Step 2. Targeted Search: Anatomical Structure | 48 | ||
| Step 3. Targeted Search: Abnormal Density in Danger Zones | 51 | ||
| Step 2. Targeted Search: Anatomical Structures | 48 | ||
| Step 4. Targeted Search: Calcifications | 52 | ||
| Step 5. Tomosynthesis | 54 | ||
| Step 6. Compare Current and Older Films | 54 | ||
| Step 7. Use Computer-Aided Detection | 54 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY | 55 | ||
| Diagnostic versus Screening Mammography | 55 | ||
| To Visualize Findings in Hard to See Locations | 57 | ||
| To Characterize True Findings | 58 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC LIMITATIONS | 59 | ||
| Breast Cancer Missed by Mammography | 59 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 74 | ||
| 3 - Mammographic Analysis of Breast Calcifications | 75 | ||
| NORMAL BREAST ANATOMY AND CALCIFICATIONS | 75 | ||
| BREAST DUCTS, TERMINAL DUCTAL LOBULAR UNITS, PATHOLOGY, AND CALCIFICATIONS | 75 | ||
| TECHNIQUE FOR FINDING CALCIFICATIONS | 77 | ||
| Typically Benign Calcifications | 81 | ||
| Skin Calcifications | 84 | ||
| Vascular Calcifications | 85 | ||
| Round Calcifications (0.5 mm or Less Is Punctate) | 91 | ||
| Rim Calcifications (with Radiolucent Centers) | 92 | ||
| Dystrophic Calcifications | 92 | ||
| Milk of Calcium | 95 | ||
| Suture | 97 | ||
| White Artifacts Simulating Calcifications | 97 | ||
| Suspicious Calcification Morphology | 100 | ||
| Amorphous Calcifications | 100 | ||
| Coarse Heterogeneous | 104 | ||
| Fine Pleomorphic | 104 | ||
| Fine Linear or Fine Linear–Branching | 104 | ||
| Calcification Distribution | 109 | ||
| Diffuse | 110 | ||
| Regional | 110 | ||
| Grouped | 110 | ||
| Linear | 113 | ||
| Segmental | 113 | ||
| STABLE SUSPICIOUS CALCIFICATIONS | 114 | ||
| BREAST IMAGING REPORTINGAND DATA SYSTEM CATEGORY 3 CALCIFICATIONS (GROUPED PUNCTATE) AND MANAGEMENT | 114 | ||
| ULTRASOUND IN EVALUATIONOF CALCIFICATIONS | 115 | ||
| DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU APPEARANCE ON MAMMOGRAPHY VERSUS MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 117 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 120 | ||
| 4 - Mammographic and Ultrasound Analysis of Breast Masses | 122 | ||
| MAMMOGRAPHY FOR EVALUATING NONPALPABLE MASSES, ASYMMETRIES, AND PALPABLE MASSES | 122 | ||
| DESCRIPTION OF MASSES, ASYMMETRY, AND ARCHITECTURAL DISTORTION BASED ON BREAST IMAGING REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM 2013 MAMMOGRAPH... | 124 | ||
| Masses | 124 | ||
| Asymmetry | 125 | ||
| Architectural Distortion | 132 | ||
| Associated Features of Masses | 136 | ||
| Ultrasound Technique and Analysis of Masses | 139 | ||
| MAMMOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASOUND ATLAS OF MASSES | 141 | ||
| Masses with Spiculated Borders and Sclerosing Features | 141 | ||
| Cancer | 141 | ||
| Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common breast cancer and accounts for approximately 90% of all ... | 141 | ||
| Invasive Lobular Carcinoma. Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is most commonly seen as an equal-density or high-density noncalcif... | 141 | ||
| Tubular Carcinoma. Tubular carcinoma is a generally slow-growing tumor with a bilateral incidence of 12% to 40%. On mammography,... | 143 | ||
| Postbiopsy Scar | 144 | ||
| Radial Scar | 145 | ||
| Fat Necrosis, Sclerosing Adenosis, and Other Benign Breast Disease | 145 | ||
| Masses with Round/Oval Shapes or Expansile Borders | 146 | ||
| Cyst and Cystic Mass | 146 | ||
| Fibroadenoma | 147 | ||
| Papilloma | 149 | ||
| Cancer | 150 | ||
| Invasive Ductal Cancer. Invasive ductal cancer is the most common round breast cancer (Fig. 4.43). The “round” invasive ductal c... | 150 | ||
| Medullary Carcinoma. Medullary carcinoma is an invasive breast cancer that commonly has a round or pushing border. It occasional... | 150 | ||
| Mucinous (Colloid) Carcinoma. This rare, round or oval cancer contains malignant tumor cells that float in mucin within a solid ... | 150 | ||
| Papillary Carcinoma. This rare tumor accounts for only 1% to 2% of all cancers and is the malignant form of benign intraductal p... | 152 | ||
| Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. A very rare tumor that clinically manifests as a palpable firm mass, the adenoid cystic carcinoma, has... | 152 | ||
| Phyllodes Tumor | 152 | ||
| Breast Metastasis | 152 | ||
| Lactating Adenoma | 154 | ||
| Masses with Indistinct Margins | 154 | ||
| Cancer | 154 | ||
| Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. On mammography, the indistinct margins of invasive ductal carcinoma are caused by infiltration of the... | 154 | ||
| Invasive Lobular Carcinoma. Often seen on only one view, lobular carcinoma may appear as an indistinct mass without microcalcifi... | 155 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Squamous cell tumor is the most common type of metaplastic breast carcinoma and belongs to a group of r... | 155 | ||
| Sarcoma | 155 | ||
| Lymphoma | 155 | ||
| Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia | 156 | ||
| Masses Containing Fat | 157 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 157 | ||
| Hamartoma | 157 | ||
| Oil Cyst | 157 | ||
| Lipoma | 157 | ||
| Steatocystoma Multiplex | 157 | ||
| Fat-Containing Cancer on Tomosynthesis | 159 | ||
| Liposarcoma | 161 | ||
| Fluid-Containing Masses | 161 | ||
| Cyst | 161 | ||
| Hematoma/Seroma | 161 | ||
| Abscess | 161 | ||
| Intracystic Papilloma | 162 | ||
| Galactocele | 162 | ||
| Necrotic Cancer | 164 | ||
| Intracystic Carcinoma | 164 | ||
| Masses on the Skin | 164 | ||
| Sebaceous and Epidermal Inclusion Cysts | 164 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 167 | ||
| 5 - Breast Ultrasound Principles | 171 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 171 | ||
| B-Mode Gray Scale Image Optimization | 171 | ||
| Doppler Sonography | 172 | ||
| Elastography | 173 | ||
| Other Techniques | 173 | ||
| BREAST ANATOMY | 173 | ||
| Tissue Composition | 174 | ||
| Masses | 174 | ||
| Shape | 179 | ||
| Orientation | 179 | ||
| Margin | 179 | ||
| Echo Pattern | 183 | ||
| Posterior Features | 187 | ||
| Calcifications | 188 | ||
| Associated Features | 188 | ||
| Special Cases | 191 | ||
| Reporting Ultrasound Findings Based on Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System 2013 | 191 | ||
| MASSES: FEATURE ANALYTIC APPROACH | 193 | ||
| Breast Cysts: Simple and Complicated Cysts | 193 | ||
| Complex Cystic and Solid Masses | 193 | ||
| Benign Solid Masses | 199 | ||
| Fibroadenoma | 199 | ||
| Other Benign or Benign-Appearing Masses | 199 | ||
| Malignant Solid Masses | 199 | ||
| Palpable Findings in Men | 207 | ||
| Mammography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Detected Nonpalpable Masses | 207 | ||
| SPECIAL INDICATIONS | 209 | ||
| Posttreatment Breast | 209 | ||
| Cancers Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy | 213 | ||
| Screening Breast Ultrasound | 213 | ||
| Ultrasound-Guided Interventions | 214 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 217 | ||
| 6 - Mammographic and Ultrasound-Guided Breast Biopsy Procedures | 218 | ||
| BEFORE PROCEDURE | 218 | ||
| Prebiopsy Patient Workup | 218 | ||
| Informed Consent | 219 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS NEEDLE BIOPSY OF CYSTS, SOLID MASSES, OR CALCIFICATIONS | 219 | ||
| Biopsy Needle Types | 219 | ||
| Cyst Aspiration | 222 | ||
| Palpation Guidance | 223 | ||
| Ultrasound Guidance | 223 | ||
| Stereotactic Guidance | 225 | ||
| Core Specimen Radiography | 228 | ||
| Carbon Marking and Tattoo Ink Marking | 234 | ||
| Patient Safety and Comfort after Biopsy | 234 | ||
| Complete Lesion Removal | 235 | ||
| Calcification and Epithelial Displacement | 235 | ||
| High-Risk Lesions, Including Controversies | 236 | ||
| Follow-up of Benign Lesions | 243 | ||
| Complications | 243 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE NEEDLE LOCALIZATION | 246 | ||
| Orthogonal Radiographic Guidance(X-Ray–Guided Needle Localization) | 246 | ||
| Orthogonal Radiographic Guidance (X-Ray–Guided Needle Localization) with Tomosynthesis | 246 | ||
| Stereotactic Guidance | 246 | ||
| Ultrasound Guidance | 246 | ||
| Radioguided Occult Lesion Localization (ROLL) | 250 | ||
| Specimen Radiography | 250 | ||
| Pathology Correlation | 251 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 254 | ||
| 7 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Breast Cancer and Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Breast Biopsy | 259 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING TECHNIQUES | 259 | ||
| Basic Principles | 259 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 260 | ||
| Equipment, Quality Control, and Safety | 261 | ||
| Patient Positioning for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning | 261 | ||
| Protocols and Image Processing | 264 | ||
| Precontrast T1- and T2-Weighted Imaging | 264 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 265 | ||
| Dynamic Contrast-Enhancement Study | 265 | ||
| MRI Spectroscopy | 266 | ||
| Common Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts and Pitfalls | 266 | ||
| Common Artifacts | 266 | ||
| Pitfalls in DCE Studies | 268 | ||
| Morphologic Analysis | 272 | ||
| Signal Intensity Analysis | 275 | ||
| Practical Systemic Interpretation Guide | 276 | ||
| Diagnostic Limitations | 277 | ||
| BREAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ATLAS | 279 | ||
| Normal Breast | 279 | ||
| Variations of Breast Parenchyma | 282 | ||
| Hormone-Mediated Variations of Background Parenchymal Enhancement | 282 | ||
| Lactation | 282 | ||
| Fibrocystic Change | 284 | ||
| Physiologic and Benign Lesions | 284 | ||
| Duct Ectasia and Breast Cysts | 284 | ||
| Intramammary Lymph Nodes | 284 | ||
| Fibroadenoma | 286 | ||
| Intraductal Papilloma | 286 | ||
| Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia | 286 | ||
| Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia and Lobular Carcinoma in Situ | 286 | ||
| Radial Scar/Complex Sclerosing Lesion | 291 | ||
| Sclerosing Adenosis | 291 | ||
| Postoperative Seroma and Hematoma | 291 | ||
| Postoperative Scar Tissue | 291 | ||
| Fat Necrosis | 292 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 292 | ||
| Silicone Granuloma | 292 | ||
| Granulomatous Mastitis | 293 | ||
| Malignant Lesions | 293 | ||
| Invasive Ductal Carcinoma | 293 | ||
| Invasive Lobular Carcinoma | 295 | ||
| Mucinous Carcinoma | 295 | ||
| Ductal Carcinoma in Situ | 298 | ||
| Phyllodes Tumor | 299 | ||
| Angiosarcoma | 303 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 303 | ||
| Screening | 303 | ||
| Diagnosis | 304 | ||
| Staging | 304 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING–DIRECTED INTERVENTION | 306 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Directed “Second-Look” Ultrasound | 306 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 315 | ||
| 8 - Breast Cancer Treatment-Related Imaging and the P | 321 | ||
| COMBINED CLINICAL AND IMAGING WORKUP OF BREAST ABNORMALITIES | 322 | ||
| BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT | 322 | ||
| EVALUATION OF AXILLARY LYMPH NODES | 326 | ||
| CLINICAL AND BREAST IMAGING FACTORS IN DETERMINING APPROPRIATE LOCAL THERAPY: LUMPECTOMY OR MASTECTOMY | 329 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE IMAGING | 330 | ||
| NORMAL POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING CHANGES AFTER BREAST BIOPSY OR LUMPECTOMY | 332 | ||
| WHOLE-BREAST, EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY, AND ACCELERATED PARTIAL BREAST IRRADIATION | 336 | ||
| TREATMENT FAILURE OR IPSILATERAL BREAST TUMOR RECURRENCE (IBTR | 345 | ||
| BREAST IMAGING BEFORE REEXCISION LUMPECTOMY OR RADIOTHERAPY | 340 | ||
| NORMAL IMAGING CHANGES AFTER RADIATION THERAPY | 340 | ||
| Mammography | 340 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 343 | ||
| MASTECTOMY | 347 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 353 | ||
| 9 - Breast Implants and the Reconstructed Breast | 357 | ||
| BREAST IMPLANTS | 357 | ||
| History in the United States | 357 | ||
| Implant Types | 358 | ||
| MAMMOGRAPHY AND IMPLANTS | 358 | ||
| Mammographic Limited-Compression Views and Implant-Displaced Views | 358 | ||
| Normal Implants on Mammography | 359 | ||
| Mammographic Findings after Implant Removal | 359 | ||
| Screening for Breast Cancer in Womenwith Implants | 359 | ||
| IMPLANT COMPLICATIONS | 367 | ||
| Capsular Contraction | 367 | ||
| Implant Rupture | 368 | ||
| Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma | 369 | ||
| IMAGING EVALUATION OF IMPLANT RUPTURE | 369 | ||
| Mammography | 369 | ||
| Ultrasound | 373 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 374 | ||
| DIRECT SILICONE/PARAFFIN INJECTION | 384 | ||
| BREAST RECONSTRUCTION | 384 | ||
| REDUCTION MAMMOPLASTY | 390 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 395 | ||
| 10 - Clinical Breast Problems and Unusual Breast Conditions | 397 | ||
| THE MALE BREAST: GYNECOMASTIA AND MALE BREAST CANCER | 397 | ||
| NIPPLE DISCHARGE AND GALACTOGRAPHY | 409 | ||
| NIPPLE AND SKIN RETRACTION | 413 | ||
| BREAST EDEMA | 414 | ||
| HORMONE CHANGES | 420 | ||
| BREAST PAIN | 421 | ||
| AXILLARY LYMPHADENOPATHY | 422 | ||
| PAGET DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE | 422 | ||
| SARCOMAS | 425 | ||
| MONDOR DISEASE | 427 | ||
| GRANULOMATOUS MASTITIS | 428 | ||
| DIABETIC MASTOPATHY | 430 | ||
| DESMOID TUMOR | 430 | ||
| TRICHINOSIS | 431 | ||
| DERMATOMYOSITIS | 432 | ||
| FOREIGN BODIES | 432 | ||
| HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA | 433 | ||
| NEUROFIBROMATOSIS | 433 | ||
| LYMPHANGIOMA | 434 | ||
| POLAND SYNDROME | 434 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 437 | ||
| 11 - 18F-FDG PET/CT and Nuclear Medicine for the Evaluation of Breast Cancer | 439 | ||
| PET/CT SCANNING PRINCIPLES | 439 | ||
| PET and PET/CT Scanners | 439 | ||
| 18F-Fluorodeoxyglocose | 440 | ||
| Quantitative Values | 441 | ||
| Detection of Breast Cancer | 443 | ||
| Initial Staging | 445 | ||
| Prognostic Estimation | 450 | ||
| Treatment Monitoring | 450 | ||
| Recurrence Evaluation | 451 | ||
| Radiation Planning | 451 | ||
| DEVELOPING POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY TECHNOLOGIES | 451 | ||
| Dedicated Breast Position Emission Tomography Systems | 451 | ||
| CONVENTIONAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNIQUES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER | 453 | ||
| Lymphoscintigraphy | 453 | ||
| Bone Scintigraphy | 456 | ||
| Detection of Bone Metastases | 456 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 463 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 464 | ||
| Index | 466 | ||
| A | 466 | ||
| B | 466 | ||
| C | 469 | ||
| D | 470 | ||
| E | 470 | ||
| F | 470 | ||
| G | 471 | ||
| H | 471 | ||
| I | 471 | ||
| K | 472 | ||
| L | 472 | ||
| M | 472 | ||
| N | 475 | ||
| O | 476 | ||
| P | 476 | ||
| Q | 477 | ||
| R | 477 | ||
| S | 477 | ||
| T | 478 | ||
| U | 479 | ||
| V | 479 | ||
| W | 479 | ||
| X | 479 | ||
| Y | 479 | ||
| IBC | ES2 |