BOOK
Human Anatomy, Global Edition
Elaine N. Marieb | Patricia Brady Wilhelm | Jon B. Mallatt
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For one-semester courses in human anatomy.
Help students visualize human anatomy
The #1 best-selling textbook for the human anatomy course, Human Anatomy, Eighth Edition is widely regarded as the most readable and visually accessible book on the market. The book’s hallmark strengths – detailed art that teaches better and a student-friendly narrative are enhanced through more prominent in-text media references and updated Focus Figures. Within the text, photos reinforce real-world applications, and cadaver photos and micrographs appear side-by-side with art, working together to help students accurately visualize key anatomical structures.
MasteringA&P not included. Students, if MasteringA&P is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MasteringA&P should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
MasteringA&P is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | 3 | ||
| Copyright Page | 4 | ||
| About the Authors | 5 | ||
| Preface | 18 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 20 | ||
| Brief Contents | 21 | ||
| Contents | 22 | ||
| 1. The Human Body: An Orientation | 37 | ||
| An Overview of Anatomy | 38 | ||
| Subdisciplines of Anatomy | 38 | ||
| The Hierarchy of Structural Organization | 38 | ||
| Scale: Length, Volume, and Weight | 42 | ||
| Anatomical Terminology | 42 | ||
| Gross Anatomy: An Introduction | 42 | ||
| Regional and Directional Terms | 42 | ||
| Body Planes and Sections | 43 | ||
| The Human Body Plan | 46 | ||
| Body Cavities and Membranes | 47 | ||
| Abdominal Quadrants | 49 | ||
| Anatomical Variability | 49 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy: An Introduction | 49 | ||
| Light and Electron Microscopy | 49 | ||
| Scanning Electron Microscopy | 51 | ||
| Artifacts | 51 | ||
| Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques | 51 | ||
| X-Ray Imaging | 51 | ||
| Advanced X-Ray Techniques | 52 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 53 | ||
| Sonography | 54 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 54 | ||
| Focus on Levels of Structural Organization | 39 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 55 | ||
| Review Questions | 56 | ||
| 2. Cells: The Living Units | 58 | ||
| Overview of Cells | 59 | ||
| The Plasma Membrane | 60 | ||
| Structure | 62 | ||
| Functions | 62 | ||
| Membrane Transport | 63 | ||
| The Cytoplasm | 64 | ||
| Cytosol | 64 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Organelles | 65 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Inclusions | 69 | ||
| The Nucleus | 70 | ||
| Nuclear Envelope | 70 | ||
| Nucleolus | 70 | ||
| Chromatin and Chromosomes | 71 | ||
| The Cell Life Cycle | 73 | ||
| Interphase | 73 | ||
| Cell Division | 73 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of Cells | 76 | ||
| Cell Differentiation | 76 | ||
| Aging | 77 | ||
| Focus on Mitosis | 74 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 78 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 78 | ||
| Review Questions | 80 | ||
| 3. Basic Embryology | 82 | ||
| Stages of Prenatal Development | 82 | ||
| The Basic Body Plan | 83 | ||
| The Embryonic Period | 84 | ||
| Week 1: From Zygote to Blastocyst | 84 | ||
| Week 2: The Two-Layered Embryo | 86 | ||
| Week 3: The Three-Layered Embryo | 86 | ||
| Week 4: The Body Takes Shape | 90 | ||
| Weeks 5–8: The Second Month of Embryonic Development | 92 | ||
| The Fetal Period | 95 | ||
| Focus on Birth Defects | 96 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 97 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 97 | ||
| Review Questions | 98 | ||
| 4. Tissues | 100 | ||
| I. Epithelial Tissue | 101 | ||
| Special Characteristics of Epithelia | 102 | ||
| Classification of Epithelia | 102 | ||
| Glands | 108 | ||
| Epithelial Surface Features | 110 | ||
| II. Connective Tissue | 113 | ||
| Special Characteristics of Connective Tissues | 114 | ||
| Structural Elements of Connective Tissues | 114 | ||
| Classification of Connective Tissues | 117 | ||
| Covering and Lining Membranes | 125 | ||
| III. Muscle Tissue | 129 | ||
| IV. Nervous Tissue | 129 | ||
| Tissue Response to Injury | 131 | ||
| Inflammation | 131 | ||
| Repair | 133 | ||
| The Tissues Throughout Life | 133 | ||
| Focus on Identifying Epithelial and Connective Tissues | 126 | ||
| Cancer—The Intimate Enemy | 135 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 134 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 136 | ||
| Review Questions | 137 | ||
| 5. The Integumentary System | 139 | ||
| The Skin and the Hypodermis | 140 | ||
| Epidermis | 141 | ||
| Dermis | 144 | ||
| Hypodermis | 146 | ||
| Skin Color | 146 | ||
| Appendages of the Skin | 147 | ||
| Nails | 147 | ||
| Hair and Hair Follicles | 148 | ||
| Sebaceous Glands | 151 | ||
| Sweat Glands | 151 | ||
| Disorders of the Integumentary System | 152 | ||
| Burns | 152 | ||
| Skin Cancer | 154 | ||
| The Skin Throughout Life | 154 | ||
| Tattoos | 146 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 155 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 156 | ||
| Review Questions | 157 | ||
| 6. Bones and Skeletal Tissues | 159 | ||
| Cartilages | 160 | ||
| Location and Basic Structure | 160 | ||
| Types of Cartilage | 161 | ||
| Growth of Cartilage | 163 | ||
| Bones | 163 | ||
| Functions of Bones | 163 | ||
| Bone Tissue | 163 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of Bones | 164 | ||
| Microscopic Structure of Bone | 168 | ||
| Bone Development and Growth | 171 | ||
| Bone Remodeling | 175 | ||
| Repair of Bone Fractures | 177 | ||
| Disorders of Bones | 179 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 179 | ||
| Osteomalacia and Rickets | 180 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 180 | ||
| The Skeleton Throughout Life | 181 | ||
| The Marvelous Properties of Cartilage | 162 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 182 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 182 | ||
| Review Questions | 183 | ||
| 7. Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton | 186 | ||
| The Skull | 188 | ||
| Overview of Skull Geography | 188 | ||
| Cranial Bones | 189 | ||
| Facial Bones | 198 | ||
| Special Parts of the Skull | 203 | ||
| The Vertebral Column | 206 | ||
| Regions and Normal Curvatures | 206 | ||
| Ligaments of the Spine | 207 | ||
| Intervertebral Discs | 207 | ||
| General Structure of Vertebrae | 208 | ||
| Regional Vertebral Characteristics | 209 | ||
| The Thoracic Cage | 214 | ||
| Sternum | 215 | ||
| Ribs | 215 | ||
| Disorders of the Axial Skeleton | 216 | ||
| Cleft Palate | 216 | ||
| Stenosis of the Lumbar Spine | 216 | ||
| Abnormal Spinal Curvatures | 216 | ||
| The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life | 217 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 218 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 218 | ||
| Review Questions | 219 | ||
| 8. Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton | 221 | ||
| The Pectoral Girdle | 222 | ||
| Clavicles | 222 | ||
| Scapulae | 223 | ||
| The Upper Limb | 223 | ||
| Arm | 223 | ||
| Forearm | 227 | ||
| Hand | 228 | ||
| The Pelvic Girdle | 230 | ||
| Ilium | 230 | ||
| Ischium | 232 | ||
| Pubis | 232 | ||
| Pelvic Structure and Childbearing | 233 | ||
| The Lower Limb | 233 | ||
| Thigh | 233 | ||
| Leg | 235 | ||
| Foot | 238 | ||
| Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton | 240 | ||
| The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life | 241 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 241 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 242 | ||
| Review Questions | 242 | ||
| 9. Joints | 244 | ||
| Classification of Joints | 245 | ||
| Fibrous Joints | 245 | ||
| Sutures | 245 | ||
| Syndesmoses | 246 | ||
| Gomphoses | 246 | ||
| Cartilaginous Joints | 246 | ||
| Synchondroses | 246 | ||
| Symphyses | 246 | ||
| Synovial Joints | 246 | ||
| General Structure of Synovial Joints | 247 | ||
| Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints | 249 | ||
| Types of Synovial Joints | 253 | ||
| Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints | 253 | ||
| Selected Synovial Joints | 257 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint | 258 | ||
| Sternoclavicular Joint | 260 | ||
| Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint | 260 | ||
| Elbow Joint | 262 | ||
| Wrist Joint | 263 | ||
| Hip Joint | 264 | ||
| Knee Joint | 265 | ||
| Ankle Joint | 268 | ||
| Disorders of Joints | 270 | ||
| Joint Injuries | 270 | ||
| Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions | 271 | ||
| The Joints Throughout Life | 273 | ||
| Focus on Synovial Joints | 254 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 273 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 274 | ||
| Review Questions | 275 | ||
| 10. Skeletal Muscle Tissue | 277 | ||
| Overview of Muscle Tissue | 278 | ||
| Properties of Muscle Tissue | 278 | ||
| Functions of Muscle Tissue | 278 | ||
| Types of Muscle Tissue | 278 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 280 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle | 280 | ||
| Microscopic and Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue | 282 | ||
| Disorders of Skeletal Muscle Tissue | 291 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy | 291 | ||
| Myofascial Pain Syndrome | 292 | ||
| Fibromyalgia | 292 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue Throughout Life | 293 | ||
| Anabolic Steroid Abuse | 293 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 294 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 294 | ||
| Review Questions | 296 | ||
| 11. Muscles of the Body | 298 | ||
| Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles | 299 | ||
| Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships | 300 | ||
| Organizational Scheme Based on Embryonic Development | 302 | ||
| Muscle Actions and Interactions | 304 | ||
| Naming the Skeletal Muscles | 306 | ||
| Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body | 306 | ||
| Muscle Compartments of the Limbs | 307 | ||
| The Muscle Tables | 314 | ||
| Regional Surface Anatomy | 368 | ||
| The Head | 369 | ||
| The Neck | 370 | ||
| The Thorax | 371 | ||
| The Abdomen | 371 | ||
| The Back | 372 | ||
| The Upper Limb and Shoulder | 373 | ||
| The Lower Limb and Gluteal Region | 376 | ||
| Focus on Muscle Action | 305 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 380 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 380 | ||
| Review Questions | 383 | ||
| 12. Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue | 385 | ||
| The Functional Organization of the Nervous System | 386 | ||
| Functions of the Nervous System | 386 | ||
| Basic Divisions of the Nervous System | 386 | ||
| Nervous Tissue | 389 | ||
| The Neuron | 389 | ||
| Neuroglia | 394 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System: An Overview | 397 | ||
| Gray and White Matter of the CNS | 397 | ||
| Nerves | 397 | ||
| Neuronal Integration | 399 | ||
| Reflex Arcs | 399 | ||
| Neuronal Circuits | 400 | ||
| Integration Between the PNS and CNS | 402 | ||
| Disorders of Nervous Tissue | 403 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 403 | ||
| Neuronal Regeneration | 404 | ||
| Nervous Tissue Throughout Life | 405 | ||
| Embryonic Development of Nervous Tissue | 405 | ||
| Focus on Neuronal Pathways | 402 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 407 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 407 | ||
| Review Questions | 408 | ||
| 13. The Central Nervous System | 410 | ||
| The Brain | 411 | ||
| Embryonic Development of the Brain | 411 | ||
| Basic Parts and Organization of the Brain | 413 | ||
| Ventricles of the Brain | 413 | ||
| The Brain Stem | 414 | ||
| The Cerebellum | 419 | ||
| The Diencephalon | 421 | ||
| The Cerebrum | 424 | ||
| Functional Brain Systems | 435 | ||
| Protection of the Brain | 437 | ||
| The Spinal Cord | 443 | ||
| White Matter of the Spinal Cord | 446 | ||
| Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots | 447 | ||
| Protection of the Spinal Cord | 448 | ||
| Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Central Nervous System | 449 | ||
| Ascending Pathways | 450 | ||
| Descending Pathways | 452 | ||
| Disorders of the Central Nervous System | 455 | ||
| Spinal Cord Damage | 455 | ||
| Brain Dysfunction | 455 | ||
| The Central Nervous System Throughout Life | 457 | ||
| Embryonic Development and Congenital Conditions | 457 | ||
| Postnatal Changes in the Brain | 458 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 456 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 459 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 459 | ||
| Review Questions | 461 | ||
| 14. The Peripheral Nervous System | 463 | ||
| Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System | 464 | ||
| Peripheral Sensory Receptors | 464 | ||
| Functional Classification | 465 | ||
| Structural Classification | 465 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 468 | ||
| I. The Olfactory Nerves | 471 | ||
| II. The Optic Nerves | 471 | ||
| III. The Oculomotor Nerves | 472 | ||
| IV. The Trochlear Nerves | 472 | ||
| V. The Trigeminal Nerves | 473 | ||
| VI. The Abducens Nerves | 474 | ||
| VII. The Facial Nerves | 475 | ||
| VIII. The Vestibulocochlear Nerves | 476 | ||
| IX. The Glossopharyngeal Nerves | 477 | ||
| X. The Vagus Nerves | 478 | ||
| XI. The Accessory Nerves | 479 | ||
| XII. The Hypoglossal Nerves | 479 | ||
| Spinal Nerves | 480 | ||
| Innervation of the Back | 482 | ||
| Innervation of the Anterior Thoracic and Abdominal Wall | 482 | ||
| Nerve Plexuses | 482 | ||
| Innervation of Joints of the Body | 495 | ||
| Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes | 495 | ||
| Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System | 497 | ||
| Shingles | 497 | ||
| Migraines | 497 | ||
| Peripheral Neuropathy | 497 | ||
| The Peripheral Nervous System Throughout Life | 498 | ||
| Focus on Innervation of the Upper Limb | 486 | ||
| Focus on Innervation of the Lower Limb | 492 | ||
| Postpolio Syndrome: The Plight of Some ”Recovered” Polio Victims | 498 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 499 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 499 | ||
| Review Questions | 501 | ||
| 15. The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons | 503 | ||
| Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System | 504 | ||
| Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems | 504 | ||
| Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System | 506 | ||
| The Parasympathetic Division | 508 | ||
| Cranial Outflow | 508 | ||
| Sacral Outflow | 509 | ||
| The Sympathetic Division | 509 | ||
| Basic Organization | 509 | ||
| Sympathetic Pathways | 513 | ||
| The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division | 516 | ||
| Visceral Sensory Neurons | 517 | ||
| Visceral Reflexes | 517 | ||
| Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System | 519 | ||
| Control by the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord | 519 | ||
| Control by the Hypothalamus and Amygdaloid Body | 519 | ||
| Control by the Cerebral Cortex | 519 | ||
| Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System | 519 | ||
| The Autonomic Nervous System Throughout Life | 520 | ||
| Focus on Comparing Somatic Motor and Autonomic Innervation | 505 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 521 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 521 | ||
| Review Questions | 522 | ||
| 16. The Special Senses | 524 | ||
| The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell | 525 | ||
| Taste (Gustation) | 525 | ||
| Smell (Olfaction) | 526 | ||
| Embryonic Development of the Chemical Senses | 527 | ||
| Disorders of the Chemical Senses | 527 | ||
| The Eye and Vision | 528 | ||
| Accessory Structures of the Eye | 528 | ||
| Anatomy of the Eyeball | 531 | ||
| The Eye as an Optical Device | 537 | ||
| Visual Pathways | 538 | ||
| Embryonic Development of the Eye | 540 | ||
| Disorders of the Eye and Vision | 542 | ||
| The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium | 542 | ||
| The External Ear | 542 | ||
| The Middle Ear | 544 | ||
| The Internal Ear | 545 | ||
| Auditory and Equilibrium Pathways | 551 | ||
| Embryonic Development of the Ear | 551 | ||
| Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing | 553 | ||
| The Special Senses Throughout Life | 553 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 554 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 554 | ||
| Review Questions | 557 | ||
| 17. The Endocrine System | 558 | ||
| Overview | 559 | ||
| Endocrine Organs | 559 | ||
| Hormones | 559 | ||
| The Major Endocrine Organs | 561 | ||
| The Pituitary Gland | 561 | ||
| The Thyroid Gland | 567 | ||
| The Parathyroid Glands | 568 | ||
| The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands | 570 | ||
| The Pineal Gland | 572 | ||
| The Pancreas | 572 | ||
| The Thymus | 573 | ||
| The Gonads | 573 | ||
| Other Endocrine Structures | 573 | ||
| Disorders of the Endocrine System | 574 | ||
| Pituitary Disorders | 574 | ||
| A Disorder of the Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus | 574 | ||
| Disorders of the Thyroid Gland | 575 | ||
| Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex | 575 | ||
| The Endocrine System Throughout Life | 576 | ||
| Focus on Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interactions | 564 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 577 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 578 | ||
| Review Questions | 580 | ||
| 18. Blood | 582 | ||
| Composition of Blood | 583 | ||
| Blood Plasma | 583 | ||
| Formed Elements | 584 | ||
| Blood Cell Formation | 589 | ||
| Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis | 589 | ||
| Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation | 590 | ||
| Disorders of the Blood | 592 | ||
| Disorders of Erythrocytes | 592 | ||
| Disorders of Leukocytes | 593 | ||
| Disorders of Platelets | 593 | ||
| The Blood Throughout Life | 593 | ||
| Transplants of Bone Marrow and Cord Blood | 594 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 595 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 595 | ||
| Review Questions | 596 | ||
| 19. The Heart | 598 | ||
| Location and Orientation Within the Thorax | 599 | ||
| Structure of the Heart | 601 | ||
| Coverings | 601 | ||
| Layers of the Heart Wall | 601 | ||
| Heart Chambers | 602 | ||
| Heart Valves | 607 | ||
| Valve Structure | 607 | ||
| Valve Function | 607 | ||
| Heart Sounds | 607 | ||
| Pathway of Blood Through the Heart | 609 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | 611 | ||
| Structure of Cardiac Muscle | 611 | ||
| Mechanism of Contraction | 612 | ||
| Conducting System and Innervation | 613 | ||
| Conducting System | 613 | ||
| Innervation | 614 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Heart | 615 | ||
| Coronary Arteries | 615 | ||
| Cardiac Veins | 616 | ||
| Disorders of the Heart | 616 | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease | 616 | ||
| Heart Failure | 616 | ||
| Disorders of the Conduction System | 616 | ||
| The Heart Throughout Life | 618 | ||
| Development of the Heart | 618 | ||
| The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age | 619 | ||
| Focus on Blood Flow Through the Heart | 610 | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease | 617 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 620 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 620 | ||
| Review Questions | 622 | ||
| 20. Blood Vessels | 624 | ||
| Part 1: General Characteristics of Blood Vessels | 625 | ||
| Structure of Blood Vessel Walls | 625 | ||
| Types of Blood Vessels | 625 | ||
| Arteries | 625 | ||
| Capillaries | 628 | ||
| Venous Vessels | 630 | ||
| Vascular Anastomoses | 631 | ||
| Part 2: Blood Vessels of the Body | 632 | ||
| The Pulmonary Circulation | 632 | ||
| The Systemic Circulation | 633 | ||
| Systemic Arteries | 633 | ||
| Systemic Veins | 644 | ||
| Disorders of the Blood Vessels | 654 | ||
| Blood Vessels Throughout Life | 658 | ||
| Fetal Circulation | 658 | ||
| Blood Vessels in Adulthood | 659 | ||
| Focus on Fetal and Newborn Circulation | 656 | ||
| Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Dra ¯no | 655 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 659 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 659 | ||
| Review Questions | 661 | ||
| 21. The Lymphatic and Immune Systems | 663 | ||
| The Lymphatic System | 664 | ||
| Lymphatic Capillaries | 664 | ||
| Collecting Lymphatic Vessels | 665 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 665 | ||
| Lymph Trunks | 666 | ||
| Lymph Ducts | 666 | ||
| The Immune System | 668 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 669 | ||
| Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation | 670 | ||
| Lymphoid Tissue | 671 | ||
| Lymphoid Organs | 673 | ||
| Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems | 677 | ||
| The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Throughout Life | 677 | ||
| AIDS: The Modern-Day Plague? | 672 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 678 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 678 | ||
| Review Questions | 680 | ||
| 22. The Respiratory System | 681 | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System | 682 | ||
| The Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses | 683 | ||
| The Pharynx | 687 | ||
| The Larynx | 687 | ||
| The Trachea | 690 | ||
| The Bronchial Tree | 692 | ||
| The Lungs and Pleurae | 695 | ||
| Ventilation | 700 | ||
| The Mechanism of Ventilation | 700 | ||
| Neural Control of Ventilation | 702 | ||
| Disorders of the Respiratory System | 703 | ||
| Bronchial Asthma | 703 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 703 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 705 | ||
| The Respiratory System Throughout Life | 706 | ||
| Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen | 704 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 707 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 707 | ||
| Review Questions | 709 | ||
| 23. The Digestive System | 711 | ||
| Overview | 712 | ||
| Abdominal Regions | 713 | ||
| The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum | 716 | ||
| Digestive Processes | 718 | ||
| Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal | 719 | ||
| Histology | 719 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 721 | ||
| The Mouth and Associated Organs | 723 | ||
| The Pharynx | 728 | ||
| The Esophagus | 728 | ||
| The Stomach | 730 | ||
| The Small Intestine | 733 | ||
| The Large Intestine | 736 | ||
| Anatomy of the Accessory Organs | 742 | ||
| The Liver | 742 | ||
| The Gallbladder | 746 | ||
| The Pancreas | 746 | ||
| Disorders of the Digestive System | 748 | ||
| Peptic Ulcers | 748 | ||
| Intestinal Obstruction | 748 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 748 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 748 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis and the Pancreas | 749 | ||
| The Digestive System Throughout Life | 749 | ||
| Embryonic Development | 749 | ||
| The Digestive System in Later Life | 750 | ||
| Focus on the Peritoneum and the Digestive System Organs | 714 | ||
| Focus on Digestive Processes and the Histology of the Alimentary Canal | 740 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 751 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 751 | ||
| Review Questions | 754 | ||
| 24. The Urinary System | 756 | ||
| Kidneys | 757 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys | 757 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys | 760 | ||
| Ureters | 767 | ||
| Gross Anatomy | 767 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy | 767 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 768 | ||
| Gross Anatomy | 768 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy | 769 | ||
| Urethra | 770 | ||
| Micturition | 771 | ||
| Disorders of the Urinary System | 772 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infections | 772 | ||
| Renal Calculi | 772 | ||
| Cancer of Urinary Organs | 773 | ||
| The Urinary System Throughout Life | 773 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 775 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 775 | ||
| Review Questions | 777 | ||
| 25. The Reproductive System | 779 | ||
| The Male Reproductive System | 780 | ||
| The Testes | 780 | ||
| Male Reproductive Ducts | 783 | ||
| Accessory Glands | 786 | ||
| The Penis | 787 | ||
| The Male Perineum | 788 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 788 | ||
| The Female Reproductive System | 791 | ||
| The Ovaries | 791 | ||
| The Uterine Tubes | 793 | ||
| The Uterus | 794 | ||
| Oogenesis and the Female Menstrual Cycle | 796 | ||
| The Vagina | 802 | ||
| The External Genitalia and Female Perineum | 803 | ||
| The Mammary Glands | 803 | ||
| Pregnancy and Childbirth | 804 | ||
| Pregnancy | 804 | ||
| Childbirth | 809 | ||
| Disorders of the Reproductive System | 810 | ||
| Reproductive System Cancers in Males | 810 | ||
| Reproductive System Cancers in Females | 810 | ||
| The Reproductive System Throughout Life | 813 | ||
| Embryonic Development of the Sex Organs | 813 | ||
| Descent of the Gonads | 813 | ||
| Puberty | 815 | ||
| Menopause | 815 | ||
| Contraception: To Be or Not To Be | 801 | ||
| Related Clinical Terms | 816 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 816 | ||
| Review Questions | 818 | ||
| Appendix A: The Metric System | 821 | ||
| Appendix B: Answers to Check Your Understanding, Multiple Choice, and Matching Questions | 823 | ||
| Glossary | 831 | ||
| Photo and Illustration Credits | 843 | ||
| Index | 845 | ||
| Word Roots: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms | BEP1 | ||
| Back Cover | Back Cover |