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Book Details
Abstract
For courses in introductory microbiology.
Invest in your future: Microbiology Matters.
Known for its unique and effective art program, conversational writing style, and author-created Video Tutors, the Fifth Edition of Robert Bauman’s Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy consistently emphasizes why microbiology matters, especially in health care. The text provides a mobile-friendly, multimedia learning experience, from new in-text Disease in Depth visual explorations to interactive tutorials. In text QR codes allow instant access to an expanded collection of videos, including 15 new Video Tutors and 6 new Micro Matters animated video cases. The widely used MasteringMicrobiology homework and assessment program offers a greater variety of assignment options such as new Interactive Microbiology tutorials, MicroBooster video tutors, Connecting Concepts coaching activities, and more.
MasteringMicrobiology™ is not included. Students, if MasteringMicrobiology is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN. MasteringMicrobiology should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
MasteringMicrobiology an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. Interactive, self-paced tutorials provide individualized coaching to help students stay on track. With a wide range of activities available, students can actively learn, understand, and retain even the most difficult concepts.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | 9 | ||
| Copyright Page | 10 | ||
| About the Author | 11 | ||
| Preface | 12 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 19 | ||
| Table of Contents | 20 | ||
| Feature Boxes | 29 | ||
| 1 A Brief History of Microbiology | 31 | ||
| The Early Years of Microbiology | 32 | ||
| What Does Life Really Look Like? | 32 | ||
| How Can Microbes Be Classified? | 33 | ||
| The Golden Age of Microbiology | 37 | ||
| Does Microbial Life Spontaneously Generate? | 37 | ||
| What Causes Fermentation? | 40 | ||
| What Causes Disease? | 41 | ||
| How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? | 45 | ||
| The Modern Age of Microbiology | 48 | ||
| What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life? | 48 | ||
| How Do Genes Work? | 48 | ||
| What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment? | 50 | ||
| How Do We Defend Against Disease? | 50 | ||
| What Will the Future Hold? | 51 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 52 | ||
| Questions for Review | 52 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 54 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 55 | ||
| 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology | 56 | ||
| Atoms | 57 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 57 | ||
| Isotopes | 57 | ||
| Electron Configurations | 58 | ||
| Chemical Bonds | 60 | ||
| Nonpolar Covalent Bonds | 60 | ||
| Polar Covalent Bonds | 61 | ||
| Ionic Bonds | 62 | ||
| Hydrogen Bonds | 63 | ||
| Chemical Reactions | 64 | ||
| Synthesis Reactions | 64 | ||
| Decomposition Reactions | 64 | ||
| Exchange Reactions | 65 | ||
| Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts | 65 | ||
| Water | 65 | ||
| Acids and Bases | 66 | ||
| Salts | 68 | ||
| Organic Macromolecules | 68 | ||
| Functional Groups | 69 | ||
| Lipids | 70 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 72 | ||
| Proteins | 74 | ||
| Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids | 78 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 81 | ||
| Questions for Review | 82 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 83 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 84 | ||
| 3 Cell Structure and Function | 85 | ||
| Processes of Life | 86 | ||
| Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview | 87 | ||
| External Structures of Bacterial Cells | 89 | ||
| Glycocalyces | 89 | ||
| Flagella | 89 | ||
| Fimbriae and Pili | 92 | ||
| Bacterial Cell Walls | 93 | ||
| Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Walls | 94 | ||
| Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls | 96 | ||
| Bacteria Without Cell Walls | 96 | ||
| Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes | 96 | ||
| Structure | 96 | ||
| Function | 97 | ||
| Cytoplasm of Bacteria | 102 | ||
| Cytosol | 102 | ||
| Inclusions | 102 | ||
| Endospores | 103 | ||
| Nonmembranous Organelles | 104 | ||
| External Structures of Archaea | 104 | ||
| Glycocalyces | 105 | ||
| Flagella | 105 | ||
| Fimbriae and Hami | 105 | ||
| Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes | 106 | ||
| Cytoplasm of Archaea | 106 | ||
| External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells | 107 | ||
| Glycocalyces | 107 | ||
| Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes | 107 | ||
| Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes | 109 | ||
| Flagella | 109 | ||
| Cilia | 109 | ||
| Other Nonmembranous Organelles | 110 | ||
| Membranous Organelles | 111 | ||
| Endosymbiotic Theory | 115 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 117 | ||
| Questions for Review | 119 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 122 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 123 | ||
| 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification | 124 | ||
| Units of Measurement | 125 | ||
| Microscopy | 126 | ||
| General Principles of Microscopy | 126 | ||
| Light Microscopy | 127 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 132 | ||
| Probe Microscopy | 133 | ||
| Staining | 134 | ||
| Preparing Specimens for Staining | 134 | ||
| Principles of Staining | 136 | ||
| Simple Stains | 136 | ||
| Differential Stains | 137 | ||
| Special Stains | 138 | ||
| Staining for Electron Microscopy | 139 | ||
| Classification and Identification of Microorganisms | 140 | ||
| Linnaeus and Taxonomic Categories | 141 | ||
| Domains | 143 | ||
| Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics | 144 | ||
| Taxonomic Keys | 147 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 148 | ||
| Questions for Review | 149 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 151 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 151 | ||
| 5 Microbial Metabolism | 152 | ||
| Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism | 153 | ||
| Catabolism and Anabolism | 153 | ||
| Oxidation and Reduction Reactions | 154 | ||
| ATP Production and Energy Storage | 154 | ||
| The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism | 155 | ||
| Carbohydrate Catabolism | 161 | ||
| Glycolysis | 161 | ||
| Cellular Respiration | 163 | ||
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway | 169 | ||
| Fermentation | 169 | ||
| Other Catabolic Pathways | 171 | ||
| Lipid Catabolism | 171 | ||
| Protein Catabolism | 172 | ||
| Photosynthesis | 173 | ||
| Chemicals and Structures | 173 | ||
| Light-Dependent Reactions | 174 | ||
| Light-Independent Reactions | 175 | ||
| Other Anabolic Pathways | 178 | ||
| Carbohydrate Biosynthesis | 178 | ||
| Lipid Biosynthesis | 179 | ||
| Amino Acid Biosynthesis | 179 | ||
| Nucleotide Biosynthesis | 180 | ||
| Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Functions | 181 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 183 | ||
| Questions for Review | 185 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 187 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 189 | ||
| 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth | 190 | ||
| Growth Requirements | 191 | ||
| Nutrients: Chemical and Energy Requirements | 191 | ||
| Physical Requirements | 194 | ||
| Associations and Biofilms | 197 | ||
| Culturing Microorganisms | 199 | ||
| Clinical Sampling | 200 | ||
| Obtaining Pure Cultures | 201 | ||
| Culture Media | 202 | ||
| Special Culture Techniques | 206 | ||
| Preserving Cultures | 206 | ||
| Growth of Microbial Populations | 207 | ||
| Generation Time | 208 | ||
| Mathematical Considerations in Population Growth | 208 | ||
| Phases of Microbial Population Growth | 208 | ||
| Continuous Culture in a Chemostat | 210 | ||
| Measuring Microbial Reproduction | 210 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 215 | ||
| Questions for Review | 217 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 218 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 219 | ||
| 7 Microbial Genetics | 220 | ||
| The Structure and Replication of Genomes | 221 | ||
| The Structure of Nucleic Acids | 221 | ||
| The Structure of Prokaryotic Genomes | 221 | ||
| The Structure of Eukaryotic Genomes | 223 | ||
| DNA Replication | 225 | ||
| Gene Function | 230 | ||
| The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype | 230 | ||
| The Transfer of Genetic Information | 230 | ||
| The Events in Transcription | 231 | ||
| Translation | 234 | ||
| Regulation of Genetic Expression | 239 | ||
| Mutations of Genes | 243 | ||
| Types of Mutations | 244 | ||
| Effects of Point Mutations | 245 | ||
| Mutagens | 245 | ||
| Frequency of Mutation | 247 | ||
| DNA Repair | 248 | ||
| Identifying Mutants, Mutagens, and Carcinogens | 248 | ||
| Genetic Recombination and Transfer | 251 | ||
| Horizontal Gene Transfer Among Prokaryotes | 252 | ||
| Transposons and Transposition | 257 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 259 | ||
| Questions for Review | 260 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 263 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 264 | ||
| 8 Recombinant DNA Technology | 265 | ||
| The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology | 266 | ||
| The Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology | 266 | ||
| Mutagens | 266 | ||
| The Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Synthesize cDNA | 267 | ||
| Synthetic Nucleic Acids | 267 | ||
| Restriction Enzymes | 268 | ||
| Vectors | 270 | ||
| Gene Libraries | 271 | ||
| Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology | 271 | ||
| Multiplying DNA In Vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction | 271 | ||
| Selecting a Clone of Recombinant Cells | 273 | ||
| Separating DNA Molecules: Gel Electrophoresis and the Southern Blot | 273 | ||
| DNA Microarrays | 273 | ||
| Inserting DNA into Cells | 274 | ||
| Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology | 275 | ||
| Genetic Mapping | 275 | ||
| Microbial Community Studies | 278 | ||
| Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications | 279 | ||
| Agricultural Applications | 281 | ||
| The Ethics and Safety of Recombinant DNA Technology | 282 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 284 | ||
| Questions for Review | 285 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 286 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 287 | ||
| 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment | 288 | ||
| Basic Principles of Microbial Control | 289 | ||
| Terminology of Microbial Control | 289 | ||
| Microbial Death Rates | 290 | ||
| Action of Antimicrobial Agents | 291 | ||
| The Selection of Microbial Control Methods | 291 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Methods | 291 | ||
| Biosafety Levels | 293 | ||
| Physical Methods of Microbial Control | 294 | ||
| Heat-Related Methods | 294 | ||
| Refrigeration and Freezing | 297 | ||
| Desiccation and Lyophilization | 297 | ||
| Filtration | 298 | ||
| Osmotic Pressure | 299 | ||
| Radiation | 299 | ||
| Chemical Methods of Microbial Control | 301 | ||
| Phenol and Phenolics | 302 | ||
| Alcohols | 302 | ||
| Halogens | 302 | ||
| Oxidizing Agents | 304 | ||
| Surfactants | 304 | ||
| Heavy Metals | 305 | ||
| Aldehydes | 305 | ||
| Gaseous Agents | 305 | ||
| Enzymes | 306 | ||
| Antimicrobial Drugs | 306 | ||
| Methods for Evaluating Disinfectants and Antiseptics | 306 | ||
| Development of Resistant Microbes | 308 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 308 | ||
| Questions for Review | 309 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 311 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 312 | ||
| 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs | 313 | ||
| The History of Antimicrobial Agents | 314 | ||
| Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action | 315 | ||
| Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis | 316 | ||
| Inhibition of Protein Synthesis | 318 | ||
| Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes | 319 | ||
| Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways | 320 | ||
| Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis | 321 | ||
| Prevention of Virus Attachment, Entry, or Uncoating | 323 | ||
| Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs | 323 | ||
| Spectrum of Action | 323 | ||
| Effectiveness | 324 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 326 | ||
| Safety and Side Effects | 327 | ||
| Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs | 328 | ||
| The Development of Resistance in Populations | 328 | ||
| Mechanisms of Resistance | 328 | ||
| Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance | 331 | ||
| Retarding Resistance | 331 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 343 | ||
| Questions for Review | 344 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 345 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 346 | ||
| 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes | 347 | ||
| General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms | 348 | ||
| Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells | 348 | ||
| Endospores | 348 | ||
| Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells | 349 | ||
| Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells | 350 | ||
| Modern Prokaryotic Classification | 352 | ||
| Survey of Archaea | 352 | ||
| Extremophiles | 353 | ||
| Methanogens | 355 | ||
| Survey of Bacteria | 355 | ||
| Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria | 355 | ||
| Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria | 357 | ||
| High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria | 360 | ||
| Gram-Negative Proteobacteria | 362 | ||
| Other Gram-Negative Bacteria | 371 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 372 | ||
| Questions for Review | 373 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 375 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 375 | ||
| 12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes | 376 | ||
| General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Organisms | 377 | ||
| Reproduction of Eukaryotes | 377 | ||
| Classification of Eukaryotic Organisms | 380 | ||
| Protozoa | 381 | ||
| Distribution of Protozoa | 381 | ||
| Morphology of Protozoa | 382 | ||
| Nutrition of Protozoa | 382 | ||
| Reproduction of Protozoa | 383 | ||
| Classification of Protozoa | 383 | ||
| Fungi | 387 | ||
| The Significance of Fungi | 388 | ||
| Morphology of Fungi | 388 | ||
| Nutrition of Fungi | 389 | ||
| Reproduction of Fungi | 390 | ||
| Classification of Fungi | 391 | ||
| Lichens | 394 | ||
| Algae | 396 | ||
| Distribution of Algae | 396 | ||
| Morphology of Algae | 396 | ||
| Reproduction of Algae | 396 | ||
| Classification of Algae | 397 | ||
| Water Molds | 399 | ||
| Other Eukaryotes of Microbiological Interest: Parasitic Helminths and Vectors | 400 | ||
| Arachnids | 400 | ||
| Insects | 400 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 402 | ||
| Questions for Review | 403 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 405 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 406 | ||
| 13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions | 407 | ||
| Characteristics of Viruses | 408 | ||
| Genetic Material of Viruses | 409 | ||
| Hosts of Viruses | 409 | ||
| Sizes of Viruses | 410 | ||
| Capsid Morphology | 410 | ||
| Viral Shapes | 410 | ||
| The Viral Envelope | 412 | ||
| Classification of Viruses | 413 | ||
| Viral Replication | 415 | ||
| Lytic Replication of Bacteriophages | 415 | ||
| Lysogenic Replication of Bacteriophages | 418 | ||
| Replication of Animal Viruses | 418 | ||
| The Role of Viruses in Cancer | 423 | ||
| Culturing Viruses in the Laboratory | 424 | ||
| Culturing Viruses in Mature Organisms | 425 | ||
| Culturing Viruses in Embryonated Chicken Eggs | 426 | ||
| Culturing Viruses in Cell (Tissue) Culture | 426 | ||
| Are Viruses Alive? | 427 | ||
| Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions | 427 | ||
| Characteristics of Viroids | 427 | ||
| Characteristics of Prions | 428 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 431 | ||
| Questions for Review | 432 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 433 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 434 | ||
| 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology | 435 | ||
| Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and Their Hosts | 436 | ||
| Types of Symbiosis | 436 | ||
| Normal Microbiota in Hosts | 437 | ||
| How Normal Microbiota Become Opportunistic Pathogens | 438 | ||
| Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases of Humans | 440 | ||
| Animal Reservoirs | 440 | ||
| Human Carriers | 441 | ||
| Nonliving Reservoirs | 441 | ||
| The Invasion and Establishment of Microbes in Hosts: Infection | 441 | ||
| Exposure to Microbes: Contamination and Infection | 441 | ||
| Portals of Entry | 441 | ||
| The Role of Adhesion in Infection | 443 | ||
| The Nature of Infectious Disease | 444 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease: Symptoms, Signs, and Syndromes | 444 | ||
| Causation of Disease: Etiology | 445 | ||
| Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents | 447 | ||
| The Stages of Infectious Diseases | 450 | ||
| The Movement of Pathogens Out of Hosts: Portals of Exit | 452 | ||
| Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission | 452 | ||
| Contact Transmission | 452 | ||
| Vehicle Transmission | 452 | ||
| Vector Transmission | 453 | ||
| Classification of Infectious Diseases | 454 | ||
| Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases | 456 | ||
| Frequency of Disease | 456 | ||
| Epidemiological Studies | 457 | ||
| Hospital Epidemiology: Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections | 459 | ||
| Epidemiology and Public Health | 461 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 464 | ||
| Questions for Review | 465 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 467 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 468 | ||
| 15 Innate Immunity | 469 | ||
| An Overview of the Body’s Defenses | 470 | ||
| The Body’s First Line of Defense | 470 | ||
| The Role of Skin in Innate Immunity | 470 | ||
| The Role of Mucous Membranes in Innate Immunity | 471 | ||
| The Role of the Lacrimal Apparatus in Innate Immunity | 472 | ||
| The Role of Normal Microbiota in Innate Immunity | 472 | ||
| Other First-Line Defenses | 473 | ||
| The Body’s Second Line of Defense | 474 | ||
| Defense Components of Blood | 474 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 477 | ||
| Nonphagocytic Killing | 478 | ||
| Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens | 479 | ||
| Inflammation | 484 | ||
| Fever | 487 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 489 | ||
| Questions for Review | 490 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 492 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 493 | ||
| 16 Adaptive Immunity | 494 | ||
| Overview of Adaptive Immunity | 495 | ||
| Elements of Adaptive Immunity | 496 | ||
| The Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System | 496 | ||
| Antigens | 498 | ||
| Preparation for an Adaptive Immune Response | 499 | ||
| T Lymphocytes (T Cells) | 501 | ||
| B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies | 504 | ||
| Immune Response Cytokines | 510 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immune Responses | 511 | ||
| Activation of Cytotoxic T Cell Clones and Their Functions | 511 | ||
| The Perforin-Granzyme Cytotoxic Pathway | 513 | ||
| The CD95 Cytotoxic Pathway | 513 | ||
| Memory T Cells | 513 | ||
| T Cell Regulation | 514 | ||
| Antibody Immune Responses | 514 | ||
| Inducement of T-Dependent Antibody Immunity with Clonal Selection | 514 | ||
| Memory Cells and the Establishment of Immunological Memory | 516 | ||
| Types of Acquired Immunity | 517 | ||
| Naturally Acquired Active Immunity | 517 | ||
| Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity | 517 | ||
| Artificially Acquired Active Immunity | 518 | ||
| Artificially Acquired Passive Immunotherapy | 518 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 520 | ||
| Questions for Review | 521 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 523 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 524 | ||
| 17 Immunization and Immune Testing | 525 | ||
| Immunization | 526 | ||
| Brief History of Immunization | 526 | ||
| Active Immunization | 527 | ||
| Passive Immunotherapy | 532 | ||
| Serological Tests That Use Antigens and Corresponding Antibodies | 533 | ||
| Precipitation Tests | 534 | ||
| Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Tests | 535 | ||
| Agglutination Tests | 535 | ||
| Neutralization Tests | 536 | ||
| The Complement Fixation Test | 537 | ||
| Labeled Antibody Tests | 537 | ||
| Point-of-Care Testing | 541 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 542 | ||
| Questions for Review | 543 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 545 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 546 | ||
| 18 Immune Disorders | 547 | ||
| Hypersensitivities | 548 | ||
| Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity | 548 | ||
| Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity | 552 | ||
| Type III (Immune Complex–Mediated) Hypersensitivity | 555 | ||
| Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity | 557 | ||
| Autoimmune Diseases | 561 | ||
| Causes of Autoimmune Diseases | 561 | ||
| Examples of Autoimmune Diseases | 561 | ||
| Immunodeficiency Diseases | 562 | ||
| Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases | 563 | ||
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases | 563 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 564 | ||
| Questions for Review | 565 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 567 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 567 | ||
| 19 Pathogenic Gram-Positive Bacteria | 568 | ||
| Staphylococcus | 569 | ||
| Structure and Physiology | 569 | ||
| Pathogenicity | 569 | ||
| Epidemiology | 570 | ||
| Staphylococcal Diseases | 571 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention | 572 | ||
| Streptococcus | 573 | ||
| Group A Streptococcus: Streptococcus pyogenes | 574 | ||
| Group B Streptococcus: Streptococcus agalactiae | 578 | ||
| Other Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci | 579 | ||
| Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci: The Viridans Group | 579 | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 579 | ||
| Enterococcus | 581 | ||
| Structure and Physiology | 581 | ||
| Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Diseases | 581 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention | 582 | ||
| Bacillus | 583 | ||
| Structure, Physiology, and Pathogenicity | 583 | ||
| Epidemiology | 583 | ||
| Disease | 583 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention | 584 | ||
| Clostridium | 584 | ||
| Clostridium perfringens | 585 | ||
| Clostridium difficile | 585 | ||
| Clostridium botulinum | 586 | ||
| Clostridium tetani | 588 | ||
| Listeria | 590 | ||
| Mycoplasmas | 590 | ||
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 591 | ||
| Other Mycoplasmas | 594 | ||
| Corynebacterium | 594 | ||
| Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Disease | 595 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention | 595 | ||
| Mycobacterium | 595 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 596 | ||
| Leprosy | 596 | ||
| Other Mycobacterial Infections | 597 | ||
| Propionibacterium | 600 | ||
| Nocardia and Actinomyces | 602 | ||
| Nocardia asteroides | 602 | ||
| Actinomyces | 602 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 603 | ||
| Questions for Review | 605 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 606 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 607 | ||
| 20 Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli | 608 | ||
| Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci: Neisseria | 609 | ||
| Structure and Physiology of Neisseria | 609 | ||
| The Gonococcus: Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 610 | ||
| The Meningococcus: Neisseria meningitidis | 612 | ||
| Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Facultatively Anaerobic Bacilli | 613 | ||
| The Enterobacteriaceae: An Overview | 613 | ||
| Coliform Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae | 616 | ||
| Noncoliform Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae | 620 | ||
| Truly Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae | 621 | ||
| The Pasteurellaceae | 625 | ||
| Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Aerobic Bacilli | 626 | ||
| Bartonella | 627 | ||
| Brucella | 627 | ||
| Bordetella | 628 | ||
| Burkholderia | 630 | ||
| Pseudomonads | 630 | ||
| Francisella | 632 | ||
| Legionella | 633 | ||
| Coxiella | 634 | ||
| Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Anaerobic Bacilli | 635 | ||
| Bacteroides | 635 | ||
| Prevotella | 635 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 636 | ||
| Questions for Review | 637 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 639 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 640 | ||
| 21 Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Vibrios | 641 | ||
| Rickettsias | 642 | ||
| Rickettsia | 642 | ||
| Orientia tsutsugamushi | 643 | ||
| Ehrlichia and Anaplasma | 646 | ||
| Chlamydias | 647 | ||
| Chlamydia trachomatis | 647 | ||
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae | 650 | ||
| Chlamydophila psittaci | 650 | ||
| Spirochetes | 650 | ||
| Treponema | 651 | ||
| Borrelia | 654 | ||
| Leptospira | 657 | ||
| Pathogenic Gram-Negative Vibrios | 658 | ||
| Vibrio | 658 | ||
| Campylobacter jejuni | 660 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | 660 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 663 | ||
| Questions for Review | 664 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 666 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 667 | ||
| 22 Pathogenic Fungi | 668 | ||
| An Overview of Medical Mycology | 669 | ||
| The Epidemiology of Mycoses | 669 | ||
| Categories of Fungal Agents: True Fungal Pathogens and Opportunistic Fungi | 669 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Fungal Diseases | 670 | ||
| The Diagnosis of Fungal Infections | 670 | ||
| Antifungal Therapies | 671 | ||
| Antifungal Vaccines | 671 | ||
| Systemic Mycoses Caused by Pathogenic Fungi | 672 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 673 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 674 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 675 | ||
| Paracoccidioidomycosis | 677 | ||
| Systemic Mycoses Caused by Opportunistic Fungi | 677 | ||
| Pneumocystis Pneumonia | 677 | ||
| Candidiasis | 678 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 678 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 682 | ||
| Zygomycoses | 684 | ||
| The Emergence of Fungal Opportunists in AIDS Patients | 684 | ||
| Superficial, Cutaneous, and Subcutaneous Mycoses | 685 | ||
| Superficial Mycoses | 685 | ||
| Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses | 686 | ||
| Fungal Intoxications and Allergies | 689 | ||
| Mycotoxicoses | 689 | ||
| Mushroom Poisoning (Mycetismus) | 689 | ||
| Allergies to Fungi | 689 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 691 | ||
| Questions for Review | 692 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 694 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 695 | ||
| 23 Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors | 696 | ||
| Parasitology | 697 | ||
| Arthropod Vectors | 698 | ||
| Protozoan Parasites of Humans | 698 | ||
| Ciliates | 698 | ||
| Amoebas | 699 | ||
| Flagellates | 700 | ||
| Apicomplexans | 705 | ||
| Helminthic Parasites of Humans | 713 | ||
| Cestodes | 713 | ||
| Trematodes | 717 | ||
| Nematodes | 719 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 724 | ||
| Questions for Review | 726 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 728 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 729 | ||
| 24 Pathogenic DNA Viruses | 730 | ||
| Poxviridae | 731 | ||
| Smallpox | 731 | ||
| Molluscum Contagiosum | 733 | ||
| Other Poxvirus Infections | 733 | ||
| Herpesviridae | 734 | ||
| Infections of Human Herpesvirus 1 and 2 | 735 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 3 (Varicella-Zoster Virus) Infections | 738 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr Virus) Infections | 740 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 5 (Cytomegalovirus) Infections | 741 | ||
| Other Herpesvirus Infections | 742 | ||
| Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae | 743 | ||
| Papillomavirus Infections | 743 | ||
| Polyomavirus Infections | 743 | ||
| Adenoviridae | 745 | ||
| Hepadnaviridae | 746 | ||
| Hepatitis B Infections | 747 | ||
| The Role of Hepatitis B Virus in Hepatic Cancer | 749 | ||
| Parvoviridae | 749 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 750 | ||
| Questions for Review | 751 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 753 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 754 | ||
| 25 Pathogenic RNA Viruses | 755 | ||
| Naked, Positive ssRNA Viruses: Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Astroviridae, and Hepeviridae | 756 | ||
| Common Colds Caused by Rhinoviruses | 756 | ||
| Diseases of Enteroviruses | 757 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 760 | ||
| Acute Gastroenteritis | 760 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 761 | ||
| Enveloped, Positive ssRNA Viruses: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Coronaviridae | 762 | ||
| Diseases of +RNA Arboviruses | 762 | ||
| Other Diseases of Enveloped +ssRNA Viruses | 766 | ||
| Enveloped, Positive ssRNA Viruses with Reverse Transcriptase: Retroviridae | 769 | ||
| Oncogenic Retroviruses (Deltaretrovirus) | 770 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Retroviruses (Lentivirus) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 770 | ||
| Enveloped, Unsegmented, Negative ssRNA Viruses: Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Filoviridae | 777 | ||
| Measles | 777 | ||
| Diseases of Parainfluenza Virus | 779 | ||
| Mumps | 780 | ||
| Disease of Respiratory Syncytial Virus | 780 | ||
| Rabies | 781 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Fevers | 783 | ||
| Enveloped, Segmented, Negative ssRNA Viruses: Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Arenaviridae | 783 | ||
| Influenza | 783 | ||
| Diseases of Bunyaviruses | 787 | ||
| Diseases of Arenaviruses | 787 | ||
| Naked, Segmented dsRNA Viruses: Reoviridae | 790 | ||
| Rotavirus Infections | 790 | ||
| Coltivirus Infections | 791 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 792 | ||
| Questions for Review | 794 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 796 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 797 | ||
| 26 Applied and Environmental Microbiology | 798 | ||
| Food Microbiology | 799 | ||
| The Roles of Microorganisms in Food Production | 799 | ||
| The Causes and Prevention of Food Spoilage | 802 | ||
| Foodborne Illnesses | 806 | ||
| Industrial Microbiology | 806 | ||
| The Roles of Microbes in Industrial Fermentations | 806 | ||
| Industrial Products of Microorganisms | 807 | ||
| Water Treatment | 809 | ||
| Environmental Microbiology | 816 | ||
| Microbial Ecology | 816 | ||
| Bioremediation | 817 | ||
| The Problem of Acid Mine Drainage | 817 | ||
| The Roles of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles | 819 | ||
| Soil Microbiology | 821 | ||
| Aquatic Microbiology | 823 | ||
| Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism | 825 | ||
| Assessing Microorganisms as Potential Agents of Warfare or Terror | 825 | ||
| Known Microbial Threats | 826 | ||
| Defense Against Bioterrorism | 827 | ||
| The Roles of Recombinant Genetic Technology in Bioterrorism | 827 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 828 | ||
| Questions for Review | 830 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 833 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 834 | ||
| Answers to Questions for Review | 835 | ||
| Glossary | 839 | ||
| Credits | 859 | ||
| Index | 862 |