BOOK
Chronic Kidney Disease, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, E-Book
David J. Polzin | Larry D. Cowgill
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice focuses on Chronic Kidney Disease. Article topics include: New Biomarkers for Detecting Kidney Disease; Is Progressive CKD a Slow AKI?; Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Progressive CKD in Cats; Controversies; Update on Managing Feeding and Hydration in Dogs and Cats with CKD; Update on Phosphorous and Calcitriol Therapy; Update on Medical Management of Clinical Manifestations of CKD; and more!
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | Cover | ||
Chronic Kidney Disease\r | i | ||
Copyright\r | ii | ||
Contributors | iii | ||
EDITORS | iii | ||
AUTHORS | iii | ||
Contents | vii | ||
Preface\r | vii | ||
Symmetric Dimethylarginine: Improving the Diagnosis and Staging of Chronic Kidney Disease in Small Animals\r | vii | ||
Kidney Disease and the Nexus of Chronic Kidney Disease and Acute Kidney\rInjury: The Role of Novel Biomarkers as Early and Accurate Diagnostics\r | vii | ||
Is Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease a Slow Acute Kidney Injury?\r | vii | ||
Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats\r | viii | ||
Controversies in Veterinary Nephrology: Renal Diets Are Indicated for Cats\rwith International Renal Interest Society Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 2 to 4:\rThe Pro View\r | viii | ||
Controversies in Veterinary Nephrology: Renal Diets Are Indicated for Cats\rwith International Renal Interest Society Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 2 to 4:\rThe Con View\r | viii | ||
Controversies in Veterinary Nephrology: Differing Viewpoints: Role of Dietary\rProtein in the Management of Feline Chronic Kidney Disease\r | ix | ||
Utilization of Feeding Tubes in the Management of Feline Chronic Kidney Disease\r | ix | ||
Management of Proteinuria in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease\r | ix | ||
Update on Mineral and Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease\r | ix | ||
Does Secondary Renal Osteopathy Exist in Companion Animals?\r | x | ||
Update on Medical Management of Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease\r | x | ||
Nephroureteral Obstructions: The Use of Stents and Ureteral Bypass Systems for Renal Decompression\r | x | ||
Update on the Current Status of Kidney Transplantation for Chronic Kidney Disease in Animals\r | x | ||
VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: SMALL\rANIMAL PRACTICE\r | xii | ||
FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xii | ||
January 2017 | xii | ||
March 2017 | xii | ||
May 2017 | xii | ||
RECENT ISSUES | xii | ||
September 2016 | xii | ||
July 2016 | xii | ||
May 2016 | xii | ||
Preface | xiii | ||
Symmetric Dimethylarginine | 941 | ||
Key points | 941 | ||
Introduction | 941 | ||
Discovery | 942 | ||
Biochemistry | 942 | ||
Methylarginine Synthesis | 942 | ||
Elimination | 943 | ||
Current challenges with assessing kidney function | 943 | ||
Glomerular Filtration Rate | 943 | ||
Poor Sensitivity and Specificity of Serum Creatinine Testing | 944 | ||
Analytical Variability of Serum Creatinine Measurements | 945 | ||
Criteria for a Better Kidney Biomarker | 945 | ||
Symmetric dimethylarginine correlates with glomerular filtration rate | 946 | ||
Dogs with X-linked Hereditary Nephropathy | 946 | ||
Cats, Azotemic and Nonazotemic | 947 | ||
Reference interval development | 947 | ||
Dogs | 948 | ||
Is Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease a Slow Acute Kidney Injury? | 995 | ||
Key points | 995 | ||
THE 2015 INTERNATIONAL RENAL INTEREST SOCIETY NAPA MEETING | 996 | ||
IS THERE A NEED TO DISTINGUISH TWO SPECIFIC TYPES OF KIDNEY DISEASE: ACUTE VERSUS CHRONIC? | 998 | ||
IDENTIFICATION OF PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: THE SEARCH FOR ACTIVE INJURY MARKERS | 1001 | ||
CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS FOR ACTIVE KIDNEY INJURY | 1002 | ||
POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF NOVEL ACTIVE INJURY KIDNEY BIOMARKERS TO FORECAST EARLY KIDNEY INJURY | 1005 | ||
Early Recognition of Acute Kidney Injury | 1005 | ||
Active Kidney Injury in Urinary Tract Infection | 1006 | ||
Active Kidney Injury in Acute and Chronic Cardiorenal Syndrome | 1008 | ||
IS PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE A SLOW-MOVING ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY? A NEW LOOK AT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1008 | ||
REFERENCES | 1011 | ||
Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats | 1015 | ||
Key points | 1015 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1015 | ||
CAUSE OF FELINE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1016 | ||
AGING AND THE KIDNEY | 1016 | ||
ASSOCIATION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE WITH DEMOGRAPHIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS | 1018 | ||
ASSOCIATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE WITH CONCURRENT DISEASE | 1019 | ||
Cardiovascular and Renal Disorder | 1019 | ||
Diabetes Mellitus | 1020 | ||
Hyperthyroidism | 1020 | ||
Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Stone Disease | 1021 | ||
Infectious Disease | 1021 | ||
Urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis | 1021 | ||
Feline immunodeficiency virus | 1021 | ||
Morbillivirus | 1022 | ||
Leptospirosis | 1022 | ||
Bartonellosis | 1022 | ||
RENAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS: THE KIDNEY’S RESPONSE TO INJURY | 1022 | ||
Myofibroblasts | 1024 | ||
Inflammatory Cells | 1025 | ||
Pericytes | 1025 | ||
Tubular Epithelial Cells | 1026 | ||
EVIDENCE OF FIBROSIS IN FELINE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1026 | ||
MECHANISMS OF PROGRESSION AND MALADAPTIVE REPAIR IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1027 | ||
HEMODYNAMIC ADAPTATIONS | 1027 | ||
ACTIVATION OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM | 1028 | ||
SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION | 1031 | ||
PROTEINURIA | 1032 | ||
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA | 1033 | ||
HYPOXIA | 1034 | ||
OXIDATIVE STRESS | 1035 | ||
SUMMARY | 1037 | ||
REFERENCES | 1038 | ||
Controversies in Veterinary Nephrology: Renal Diets Are Indicated for Cats with International Renal Interest Society Chroni ... | 1049 | ||
Key points | 1049 | ||
THE EFFECTS OF IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION ON FOOD AND WATER INTAKE | 1049 | ||
FELINE RENAL DIETS AND NUTRITION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1050 | ||
EVIDENCE SUPPORTING RENAL DIETS AS EFFECTIVE IN CATS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1051 | ||
WHAT IS THE RATIONAL FOR PROTEIN RESTRICTION IN RENAL DIETS? | 1052 | ||
THE INTERNATIONAL RENAL INTEREST SOCIETY’S GUIDELINES FOR DIETARY THERAPY IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1055 | ||
MUSCLE WASTING AND THE UREMIC ENVIRONMENT | 1056 | ||
FEEDING HIGHER-PROTEIN DIETS TO CATS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1058 | ||
RENAL DIETS: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? | 1059 | ||
CLINICAL DECISION PROCESS FOR FEEDING CATS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1059 | ||
SUPPORTING NUTRITION BY PROMOTING ADEQUATE FOOD CONSUMPTION | 1061 | ||
REFERENCES | 1062 | ||
Controversies in Veterinary Nephrology: Renal Diets Are Indicated for Cats with International Renal Interest Society Chroni ... | 1067 | ||
Key points | 1067 | ||
INTRODUCTION: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF FELINE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES AND GOALS OF DIETARY MANAGEMENT | 1067 | ||
DIETARY MANAGEMENT IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1069 | ||
Protein | 1069 | ||
Phosphorus | 1075 | ||
Sodium | 1076 | ||
Fatty acids | 1077 | ||
Potassium | 1078 | ||
Acid–Base Balance | 1079 | ||
Energy Intake, Loss of Body Weight, and Body Condition | 1080 | ||
Water | 1082 | ||
Other Nutrients | 1083 | ||
COMMENTARY: FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 1083 | ||
SUMMARY | 1085 | ||
REFERENCES | 1087 | ||
Controversies in Veterinary Nephrology: Differing Viewpoints | 1095 | ||
Key points | 1095 | ||
REFERENCES | 1098 | ||
Utilization of Feeding Tubes in the Management of Feline Chronic Kidney Disease | 1099 | ||
Key points | 1099 | ||
APPROPRIATE NUTRITION IS CRITICAL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1100 | ||
MALNUTRITION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1100 | ||
CALCULATING CALORIE NEEDS | 1102 | ||
ASSISTED ENTERAL FEEDING | 1103 | ||
COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FEEDING TUBES | 1106 | ||
ESOPHAGOSTOMY TUBE MAINTENANCE | 1108 | ||
LONG-TERM TUBE MAINTENANCE | 1108 | ||
SUMMARY | 1109 | ||
REFERENCES | 1110 | ||
Appendix 1. APPENDIX 1 ESOPHAGOSTOMY TUBE PLACEMENT | 1111 | ||
Management of Proteinuria in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease | 1115 | ||
Key points | 1115 | ||
PROTEINURIA AS A PROGNOSTIC INDICATOR IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1116 | ||
NORMAL RENAL HANDLING OF PROTEIN | 1116 | ||
LABORATORY TESTS FOR URINE PROTEIN | 1117 | ||
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF PROTEINURIA | 1118 | ||
INHIBITION OF THE RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN–ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM TO MANAGE PROTEINURIA | 1119 | ||
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 1120 | ||
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers | 1121 | ||
Combined Therapy with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers | 1123 | ||
Aldosterone Breakthrough | 1123 | ||
Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists | 1124 | ||
Monitoring Drug Therapy | 1124 | ||
Making Therapeutic Adjustments for Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibitors | 1124 | ||
Managing Hyperkalemia | 1125 | ||
MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION | 1125 | ||
DIET | 1126 | ||
RENAL BIOPSY | 1126 | ||
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS | 1127 | ||
REFERENCES | 1128 | ||
Update on Mineral and Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease | 1131 | ||
Key points | 1131 | ||
MINERAL AND BONE DISORDERS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1131 | ||
Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | 1131 | ||
Renal Osteodystrophy | 1134 | ||
Vessel and Tissue Mineralization | 1135 | ||
TREATMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE MINERAL AND BONE DISORDER | 1135 | ||
Dietary Therapy | 1137 | ||
Phosphate Binders | 1137 | ||
Treating Hyperphosphatemic, Hypocalcemic Patients | 1138 | ||
Treating Hyperphosphatemic, Normocalcemic Patients | 1139 | ||
Treating Hyperphosphatemic, Hypercalcemic Patients | 1141 | ||
CONTROLLING SERUM PARATHYROID HORMONE CONCENTRATION | 1141 | ||
Vitamin D Analogues | 1143 | ||
Calcimimetics | 1144 | ||
Hemodialysis | 1144 | ||
SUMMARY | 1145 | ||
REFERENCES | 1145 | ||
Does Secondary Renal Osteopathy Exist in Companion Animals? | 1151 | ||
Key points | 1151 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1151 | ||
Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | 1151 | ||
Prevalence of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease | 1152 | ||
Bone Abnormalities Associated with Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | 1152 | ||
Renal osteodystrophy | 1152 | ||
METHODS TO ASSESS BONE QUALITY | 1153 | ||
Bone Mineral Density | 1153 | ||
Porosity | 1153 | ||
Mechanical Assessment of Bone Quality: Bending Tests | 1153 | ||
RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY IN HUMAN AND ANIMALS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE | 1155 | ||
Renal Osteodystrophy in Human Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease | 1155 | ||
Bone Abnormalities in Veterinary Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease | 1155 | ||
Material Properties of the Cortical Bone | 1156 | ||
Bone Geometry | 1157 | ||
Mechanical Properties of the Cortical Bone | 1157 | ||
PROPERTIES OF CANCELLOUS BONE | 1158 | ||
Species Differences | 1158 | ||
DOGS AND CATS AS A MODEL FOR RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY IN HUMANS | 1159 | ||
SUMMARY | 1159 | ||
REFERENCES | 1159 | ||
Update on Medical Management of Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease | 1163 | ||
Key points | 1163 | ||
MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION | 1163 | ||
Introduction/Etiology/Epidemiology | 1163 | ||
Patient Evaluations | 1164 | ||
Treatment Recommendations | 1165 | ||
Evaluation of Outcome/Complications | 1166 | ||
MANAGEMENT OF HYPOKALEMIA | 1166 | ||
Introduction/Etiology/Epidemiology | 1166 | ||
Patient Evaluations | 1166 | ||
Treatment Recommendations | 1167 | ||
Evaluation of Outcome/Complications | 1167 | ||
MANAGEMENT OF ANEMIA | 1168 | ||
Introduction/Etiology/Epidemiology | 1168 | ||
Patient Evaluations | 1168 | ||
Treatment Recommendations | 1169 | ||
Evaluation of Outcome/Complications | 1170 | ||
MANAGEMENT OF UREMIC DYSREXIA, NAUSEA, AND VOMITING | 1170 | ||
Introduction/Etiology/Epidemiology | 1170 | ||
Patient Evaluations | 1171 | ||
Treatment Recommendations | 1172 | ||
Evaluation of Outcome/Complications | 1173 | ||
MANAGEMENT OF CONSTIPATION | 1174 | ||
Introduction/Etiology/Epidemiology | 1174 | ||
Patient Evaluations | 1174 | ||
Treatment Recommendations | 1175 | ||
Evaluation of Outcome/Complications | 1176 | ||
BALANCING MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY OF LIFE | 1177 | ||
REFERENCES | 1177 | ||
Nephroureteral Obstructions | 1183 | ||
Key points | 1183 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1183 | ||
Diagnosis | 1184 | ||
Decision-making | 1185 | ||
Treatment | 1186 | ||
Ureteral stenting | 1186 | ||
Ureteral bypass | 1190 | ||
REFERENCES | 1191 | ||
Update on the Current Status of Kidney Transplantation for Chronic Kidney Disease in Animals | 1193 | ||
Key points | 1193 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1193 | ||
CANDIDATE PRESENTATION | 1194 | ||
RECIPIENT EVALUATION | 1194 | ||
Typing and Cross-Matching Incompatibilities | 1195 | ||
Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension | 1196 | ||
Urinary Tract Evaluation | 1197 | ||
Evaluation for Infectious Disease | 1197 | ||
KIDNEY DONORS | 1198 | ||
PREOPERATIVE TREATMENT | 1199 | ||
Immunosuppressive Therapy | 1199 | ||
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy | 1200 | ||
ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT | 1200 | ||
SURGERY | 1202 | ||
POSTOPERATIVE MONITORING AND TROUBLESHOOTING PERIOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS | 1207 | ||
LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT AND COMPLICATIONS | 1209 | ||
LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS | 1209 | ||
Acute Rejection | 1209 | ||
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis | 1211 | ||
Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis | 1211 | ||
Immunosuppressive Therapy | 1212 | ||
Infection | 1212 | ||
NEOPLASIA | 1213 | ||
DIABETES MELLITUS | 1213 | ||
COMPLICATIONS IN DOGS | 1214 | ||
OUTCOME | 1214 | ||
REFERENCES | 1214 | ||
Index | 1219 |