Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Get quick access to the most important information surrounding cancer and oncology nursing care with Mosby’s Oncology Nursing Advisor, 2nd Edition. Covering everything from the various types of cancer and cancer treatment options to patient education and nursing best-practices, this indispensable nursing guide is like getting seven books in one! Plus, its user-friendly layout and straightforward coverage make it ideal for use in any clinical setting. With 17 new chapters, updated evidence-based content throughout, and proven patient teaching handouts, this new edition offers the authoritative guidance you need to provide the best possible oncology nursing care.
- Detailed descriptions of over 50 major cancer types provide essential information on incidence, etiology and risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic workup, histology, staging, treatment, prognosis, and prevention.
- Coverage of cancer management principles outlines a wide range of treatment and pharmacologic modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, and complementary and alternative therapies.
- Symptom management guidelines offer in-depth coverage of pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, assessment tools, lab and diagnostic tests, differential diagnoses, interventions, patient education, follow up care, and resources for over 30 common symptoms associated with cancer and cancer treatments.
- Essential information on many oncologic emergencies and emergent issues prepares readers to respond quickly to structural, metabolic, and hematologic emergencies.
- Section on palliative care and end-of-life issues offers helpful guidelines for dealing with topics related to survivorship, palliative care, the final hours of the cancer patient, and loss, grief, and bereavement.
- NEW! Updated evidence-based content reflects the latest national and international quality standards regarding various cancer types, major drug and non-drug treatments, treatment protocols, and approaches to symptom management.
- NEW! Nursing Practice Considerations section incorporates information on communication, cultural considerations, ethical considerations, safe and quality care, evidence-based practice, patient navigation, and patient education.
- NEW! 17 new chapters cover topics including myelofibrosis, neuroendocrine cancers, tumor treating fields, oral adherence, clinical trials, epistaxis, hypersensitivity reactions, hypertension, hyperglycemia, nail changes, ocular and visual changes, rashes, survivorship, quality and safety, evidence-based practice, nurse navigation, and patient education.
- NEW! Expanded content on patient education keeps readers on top of best practices in this critical area.
- NEW! High-quality electronic patient teaching handouts are evidence-based and have been vetted by practicing nurses.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | ES1 | ||
| MOSBY’S ONCOLOGY NURSING ADVISOR: A COMPREHENSIVE\rGUIDE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Acknowledgments | iii | ||
| Authors | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Reviewers | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| QR Codes for Patient Teaching Guides | x | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| One - Introduction | 1 | ||
| Cancer Epidemiology | 1 | ||
| Overview | 1 | ||
| Types of Epidemiology | 2 | ||
| Descriptive Epidemiology | 2 | ||
| Incidence. Incidence refers to the number of new cases of disease that occur during a specified period of time in a defined popu... | 2 | ||
| Mortality Rates. The table on page 2 shows the projected number of deaths from cancer in the United States in 2015. The mortalit... | 3 | ||
| Age-Specific Rates. Age-specific rates provide valuable insight and information about how disease risks vary among groups and po... | 3 | ||
| Prevalence. The prevalence of a disease or condition is the proportion of individuals in a specific population who have the dise... | 3 | ||
| Case-Fatality Rates. Cancer case-fatality rates are often an important indicator of the effectiveness of a particular cancer det... | 3 | ||
| Risk Factor. A risk factor is a trait or characteristic that is associated with a statistically significant increased likelihood... | 3 | ||
| Absolute Risk. Absolute risk is a measure of the occurrence of cancer, in terms of incidence (i.e., new cases) or mortality rate... | 3 | ||
| Relative Risk. The term relative risk refers to a comparison of the incidence or mortality rate among those with a particular ri... | 4 | ||
| Attributable Risk. Attributable risk is the amount of disease within the population that could be prevented by alteration of a p... | 4 | ||
| Odds Ratio. The odds ratio is a measure of association that provides information similar to that found in relative risk calculat... | 4 | ||
| Analytic Epidemiology | 4 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 5 | ||
| Family History | 5 | ||
| Medical History and Lifestyle Factors | 6 | ||
| Levels of Cancer Prevention | 6 | ||
| Accuracy of Screening Tests | 7 | ||
| Sensitivity | 7 | ||
| Specificity | 7 | ||
| Positive and Negative Predictive Values | 7 | ||
| Bias | 7 | ||
| Outcomes | 8 | ||
| Selection of a Screening Test | 8 | ||
| Cancer Screening Recommendations | 8 | ||
| Means to Express Cancer Prognosis and Outcomes | 9 | ||
| Ethnic Differences | 10 | ||
| Epidemiology Resources | 11 | ||
| Conclusion | 11 | ||
| Cancer Pathophysiology | 13 | ||
| Normal Cellular Biology | 13 | ||
| Normal Cells | 13 | ||
| Cell Cycle. The cell cycle is a sequence of events that leads to cell division and duplication of DNA to produce two identical c... | 13 | ||
| Cell Cycle Checkpoints. To move from one phase of the cell cycle to the next, the cell must pass through specific checkpoints. F... | 13 | ||
| Phenotypic Characteristics. Mature normal cells are functionally\rand morphologically differentiated, with a specific morphology... | 14 | ||
| Genotypic Characteristics. Gene storage and activity occurs in the nucleus of cells. Each normal cell contains all the genetic m... | 14 | ||
| Growth Characteristics. Early embryonic cells undergo mitosis and expand the size and cell numbers of the embryo. Cell division ... | 14 | ||
| Cell Cycle. Early embryonic cells move through each phase of the cell cycle in a specific sequence. Conditions surrounding the e... | 14 | ||
| Phenotypic Characteristics. Early embryonic cells are functionally\rand morphologically undifferentiated. Anatomic features that... | 14 | ||
| Genotypic Characteristics. All normal human early embryonic cells are euploid, containing the normal diploid chromosome number. ... | 14 | ||
| Commitment. At a predetermined point in early embryonic development, the cells initiate the steps to become differentiated. This... | 14 | ||
| Carcinogenesis | 15 | ||
| Cancer Stem Cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells to take the place of thos... | 18 | ||
| Angiogenesis. Primary and metastatic tumors need an adequate blood supply to grow and survive. The process by which vascular net... | 18 | ||
| Causes of Malignant Transformation | 18 | ||
| Chemical Carcinogenesis. Most instances of chemical carcinogenesis have been identified through clinical observations. In 1775,...\r | 18 | ||
| Smoking. Although evidence links cigarette use to the development of lung cancer, smoking remains the number one cause of the ma... | 19 | ||
| Alcohol. The mechanisms by which excessive alcohol intake affects cancer development have been identified (NCI, 2015a). Ethanol ... | 19 | ||
| Radiation. Radiant energy can induce malignant transformation in experimental animals and humans. The two most common forms of r... | 19 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation. Radiation is energy emitted and transferred through matter or space. Ionizing radiation creates enough energ... | 19 | ||
| Ultraviolet Radiation. Solar radiation is the primary source of UV radiation and is the major cause of skin cancer worldwide. UV... | 19 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation. The role of chronic inflammation in the development of cancer was proposed as early as the mid-19th centur... | 20 | ||
| Viruses. Viruses play a role in the development of certain cancers. For example, the human papillomavirus (HPV) is linked to the... | 20 | ||
| Dietary Influences. Dietary practices alone or in combination with environmental exposures are thought to be associated with car... | 20 | ||
| Host Factors | 20 | ||
| Surveillance Failure. An intact immune system provides the body with constant surveillance and detects the presence of foreign i... | 20 | ||
| Malignant Cell Mimics. Some cancer cells may initially have a less malignant phenotype and more normal cell surface characterist... | 21 | ||
| Decoy Jamming. Some cancer cells that synthesize specific surface proteins capable of triggering an immune response shed the TSA... | 21 | ||
| Bone Marrow Invasion. Invasion of bone marrow by cancer cells makes it less able to mount normal immune and inflammatory respons... | 21 | ||
| Enhanced Lymphocyte Suppression Activity. Some tumors release factors that selectively enhance the activity and number of regula... | 21 | ||
| Immune Blockade. Some cancer cells release factors that specifically suppress natural killer cells, which normally can destroy t... | 21 | ||
| Subclinical Antigen Dose. The initial malignant colony contains so few cells that they are not capable of triggering the immune ... | 21 | ||
| Increased Prostaglandin Production. Certain malignancies can increase the production and release prostaglandins by cancer cells ... | 21 | ||
| Downregulation of Tumor-Specific Antigens. As cancer cells progress toward an increasingly malignant state, some undergo antigen... | 21 | ||
| Immunoprivileged Sites. Malignant transformation occurs in areas of the body that have less active immune functions than other a... | 21 | ||
| Clinical Staging. Clinical staging provides an estimate of the size and extent of the tumor. Stage is determined by physical exa... | 22 | ||
| Pathologic Staging. Tumor size, number of sites, and degree of metastasis are determined by pathologic examination of tissue obt... | 22 | ||
| Restaging. Although it is uncommon, surgery may be done for recurrent disease to help determine its extent and the best treatmen... | 22 | ||
| Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging System. Survival rates are usually higher for individuals whose tumors are localized. This observa... | 22 | ||
| Conclusion | 23 | ||
| Cancer Genetics | 25 | ||
| Molecular Genetics | 25 | ||
| DNA Synthesis | 25 | ||
| Protein Synthesis | 27 | ||
| Neoplasia | 27 | ||
| Germline and Somatic Mutations | 29 | ||
| Management of Germline Mutations Associated with Hereditary Cancer Syndromes | 30 | ||
| Somatic Mutations in Cancer Treatment | 32 | ||
| Prognosis. Somatic mutation profiles can help clarify the prognosis for some malignancies. Patients who have activating mutation... | 32 | ||
| Risk of Recurrence. Understanding what the risk of recurrence is for a cancer and the potential benefits of systemic therapy can... | 32 | ||
| Treatment. Increasing numbers of somatic mutations have been identified that indicate whether a tumor will be susceptible or res... | 32 | ||
| Pharmacogenomics | 32 | ||
| Conclusion | 33 | ||
| Two - Major Cancers | 35 | ||
| Breast Cancer | 35 | ||
| Invasive Breast Cancer | 35 | ||
| Definition | 35 | ||
| Incidence | 35 | ||
| Etiology and Risk Factors | 36 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 36 | ||
| Diagnostic Work-up | 37 | ||
| Histology | 37 | ||
| Clinical Staging | 37 | ||
| Treatment | 37 | ||
| Prognosis | 38 | ||
| Prevention and Surveillance | 39 | ||
| Noninvasive Breast Cancer | 39 | ||
| Definition | 39 | ||
| Incidence | 39 | ||
| Etiology and Risk Factors | 39 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 39 | ||
| Diagnostic Work-up | 39 | ||
| Histology | 39 | ||
| Clinical Staging | 40 | ||
| Treatment | 40 | ||
| Prognosis | 40 | ||
| Prevention and Surveillance | 40 | ||
| Central Nervous System Cancers | 41 | ||
| Overview of Central Nervous System Malignancies | 41 | ||
| Definition | 41 | ||
| Incidence | 41 | ||
| Etiology and Risk Factors | 41 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 41 | ||
| Diagnostic Work-up | 42 | ||
| Histology | 42 | ||
| Clinical Staging | 42 | ||
| Treatment | 42 | ||
| Prognosis | 42 | ||
| Prevention and Surveillance | 42 | ||
| Bibliography | 42 | ||
| Definition | 43 | ||
| Incidence | 43 | ||
| Etiology and Risk Factors | 43 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 43 | ||
| Diagnostic Work-up | 43 | ||
| Histology | 43 | ||
| Clinical Staging | 44 | ||
| Treatment | 44 | ||
| WHO Grade I | 44 | ||
| WHO Grade II | 44 | ||
| WHO Grade III | 44 | ||
| WHO Grade IV | 44 | ||
| Prognosis | 44 | ||
| Prevention and Surveillance | 44 | ||
| Three - Principles of Cancer Management | 163 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 163 | ||
| Goals of Surgical Procedures | 163 | ||
| Prevention | 163 | ||
| Staging | 163 | ||
| Treatment | 163 | ||
| Diagnosis | 163 | ||
| Surgical Preoperative Evaluation | 163 | ||
| Cardiac System | 163 | ||
| Pulmonary System | 164 | ||
| Hematologic System | 164 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 164 | ||
| Renal System | 164 | ||
| Endocrine System: Glycemic Control | 164 | ||
| Pregnancy | 164 | ||
| Preoperative Medication Guidelines | 164 | ||
| Perioperative Nursing Care | 165 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care | 165 | ||
| Pain Management | 165 | ||
| Respiratory Care | 166 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting | 166 | ||
| Venous Thromboembolism | 166 | ||
| Reconstruction | 166 | ||
| Palliation | 166 | ||
| Conclusion | 166 | ||
| References | 167 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 168 | ||
| Definition | 168 | ||
| Radiobiology | 168 | ||
| Radiation Delivery | 168 | ||
| Measuring Radiation Dose | 170 | ||
| The Role of Radiation in Cancer Care | 170 | ||
| Side Effects | 170 | ||
| References | 171 | ||
| Tumor Treating Fields | 172 | ||
| Definition of TTFields | 172 | ||
| TTFields Therapy System | 173 | ||
| TTFields Therapy for Recurrent Glioblastoma | 174 | ||
| Newly Diagnosed GBM | 174 | ||
| Patient and Caregiver Education Before TTFields Therapy | 174 | ||
| Ongoing Research with TTFields | 177 | ||
| Additional Information | 177 | ||
| Other Solid Tumors | 177 | ||
| References | 177 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 179 | ||
| Introduction | 179 | ||
| Rationale for High-Dose Therapy with Stem Cell Transplantation | 179 | ||
| Indications for and Outcomes of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 180 | ||
| Alternative Donor Sources of Hematopoietic Stem Cells | 182 | ||
| Umbilical Cord Blood.UCB transplantation refers to the use of hematopoietic stem cells collected from the umbilical cord and pla... | 183 | ||
| Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.Haploidentical (i.e., four-antigen or half-matched family member) HSCT ma... | 183 | ||
| Stem Cell Harvesting, Mobilization, and Collection | 183 | ||
| Conditioning Therapy and Preparative Regimen | 185 | ||
| Stem Cell Infusion | 186 | ||
| Early Complications of Stem Cell Transplantation | 187 | ||
| Infection Prophylaxis and Treatment.Most post-HSCT infections are predictable and surmountable with the use of tailored preventa... | 188 | ||
| Bacterial Infection Prophylaxis.The use of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in HSCT remains controversial (CDC, 2000; Chawala & G... | 189 | ||
| Fungal Infections.Factors that increase the HSCT patient’s risk of invasive fungal infection include prolonged neutropenia, an i... | 189 | ||
| Viral Infections | 190 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus.Reactivation of HSV infection can occur at any time after HSCT. The use of prophylactic acyclovir has been ... | 190 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus.Allogeneic HSCT recipients should be tested before transplantation for serum anti-CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) ant... | 190 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus.Varicella-zoster infections can occur in the late posttransplantation phase. Although prophylaxis is not ... | 190 | ||
| Community-Acquired Respiratory Viruses and Adenoviruses.Treatment for respiratory viruses and adenoviruses in the patient who ha... | 191 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus and Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder.Stem cell donors and candidates for transplantation shou... | 191 | ||
| Managing the Risk of Infection.HSCT is characterized by a variable period of early infectious complications caused largely by ne... | 191 | ||
| Sinusoidal Obstructive Syndrome of the Liver | 192 | ||
| Pulmonary Complications | 193 | ||
| Engraftment and Recovery | 194 | ||
| Posttransplantation Relapse | 201 | ||
| Long-Term Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Assessment, Prevention, and Management | 202 | ||
| References | 204 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 206 | ||
| Biologic and Pharmacologic Bases for Cancer Chemotherapy | 206 | ||
| Cell Cycle Specificity and Chemotherapy | 207 | ||
| Chemotherapy Classifications | 207 | ||
| Patient and Family Assessment and Preparation | 214 | ||
| Safe Handling | 214 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 217 | ||
| Administration in Special Populations | 219 | ||
| Conclusion | 220 | ||
| References | 220 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 221 | ||
| Overview | 221 | ||
| Cytokines | 224 | ||
| Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor.G-CSF is a myeloid growth factor that regulates cell proliferation, maturation, and functi... | 225 | ||
| Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor.GM-CSF is potent cytokine that directly affects hematopoiesis and has many impl... | 226 | ||
| Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents.Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), unlike other CSFs, act directly on pluripotent stem ... | 226 | ||
| Interleukin-11.IL-11 (oprelvekin) is a thrombopoietic growth factor that directly stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic ... | 226 | ||
| Keratinocyte Growth Factor.Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), also known as fibroblast growth factor 7, is a cytokine originating... | 227 | ||
| Thrombopoietin Agonists.Thrombopoietin (TPO) agonists are cytokines that increase platelet production through the regulation of ... | 227 | ||
| Gene Therapy | 227 | ||
| Checkpoint Inhibitors | 232 | ||
| References | 234 | ||
| Targeted Therapy | 236 | ||
| Introduction | 236 | ||
| Targeted Therapy Mechanism of Action | 237 | ||
| Antiangiogenesis | 239 | ||
| Monoclonal Antibodies | 242 | ||
| Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibitors | 243 | ||
| Epidermal Growth Factor—Tyrosine Kinase | 244 | ||
| Toxicities | 245 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Rash.The etiology of EGFR-related rash is not completely understood. It is well known, however, that EGFR/HER... | 245 | ||
| Management of Rash.The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) has developed guidelines for prevention a... | 245 | ||
| Conclusion | 247 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| Hormonal Therapy | 249 | ||
| Introduction | 249 | ||
| Adrenocorticoids | 249 | ||
| Androgens | 249 | ||
| Antiandrogens | 249 | ||
| Antiestrogens | 249 | ||
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists | 251 | ||
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonists | 251 | ||
| Progestins | 252 | ||
| Conclusion | 252 | ||
| References | 252 | ||
| Adherence and Persistence with Oral Therapies | 253 | ||
| Introduction | 253 | ||
| The Current Landscape of Oral Oncology-Hematology Therapies | 253 | ||
| Patient Assessment: Initial and Ongoing | 254 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 254 | ||
| Informed Consent Process | 254 | ||
| Patient Education | 255 | ||
| Measurement of Adherence | 255 | ||
| Patient Self-Report.Patient self-report is the most common and easiest method to conduct in the clinical setting. If it is done ... | 255 | ||
| Patient Questionnaires.Patient questionnaires work well in the research setting and can be simple and inexpensive to administer ... | 255 | ||
| Patient Diaries.Patient diaries work well in the research setting and assist with recall ability, but they require patients to e... | 255 | ||
| Calendar Check Sheets.Calendars can be used for daily tracking of doses taken and can be helpful for the patient to remember whe... | 255 | ||
| Prescription Refill Count.Specialty pharmacies can provide information about whether a prescription is being filled on time. Thi... | 256 | ||
| Medication Count.A medication count is used predominantely in the research setting as an objective measure, but it is subject to... | 256 | ||
| Office Call Programs.An office call program can be very helpful to the patient to assess adherence along with symptoms. The call... | 256 | ||
| Nurse Call Centers, Case Managers, and Pharmacy Call Programs.Calls may be made by nurse call centers supported by pharmaceutica... | 256 | ||
| Electronic Medication Monitors.Electronic monitors provide a precise measurement with reminders to take the medication or a reco... | 256 | ||
| Clinical Response Rates.Many assume that if patients are having a clinical response, they must be taking their medication. This ... | 256 | ||
| Direct Methods | 256 | ||
| Measurement of the Level of Medicine or Metabolite in the Blood.Blood analysis can be used to detect levels of the drugs taken o... | 256 | ||
| Direct Observation.The most accurate technique is direct observation—watching the patient take each dose of medication and ensur... | 256 | ||
| Conclusion | 256 | ||
| Bibliography | 256 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies | 257 | ||
| Introduction | 257 | ||
| Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine | 257 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine Approaches | 258 | ||
| Levels of Evidence | 258 | ||
| The Internet | 258 | ||
| Alternative Medical Systems | 260 | ||
| Level of Evidence | 260 | ||
| Four - Principles of Symptom Management | 279 | ||
| Oncology Symptoms | 279 | ||
| Alopecia | 279 | ||
| Definition | 279 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 279 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 279 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 279 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 280 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 280 | ||
| Interventions | 280 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 280 | ||
| Follow-up | 280 | ||
| Resources | 280 | ||
| Anorexia | 280 | ||
| Definition | 280 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 281 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 281 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 281 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 281 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 281 | ||
| Interventions | 281 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 281 | ||
| Follow-up | 281 | ||
| Resources | 282 | ||
| Anxiety | 282 | ||
| Definition | 282 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 282 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 282 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 282 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 283 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 283 | ||
| Interventions | 283 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 283 | ||
| Follow-up | 283 | ||
| Resources | 283 | ||
| Arthralgias and Myalgias | 284 | ||
| Definition | 284 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 284 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 284 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 284 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 285 | ||
| Interventions | 285 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 285 | ||
| Follow-up | 285 | ||
| Resources | 285 | ||
| Confusion | 286 | ||
| Definition | 286 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 286 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 286 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 286 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 287 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 287 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 288 | ||
| Follow-up | 288 | ||
| Resources | 288 | ||
| Constipation | 288 | ||
| Definition | 288 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 288 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 288 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 288 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 289 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 289 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 290 | ||
| Follow-up | 290 | ||
| Resources | 290 | ||
| Cough | 290 | ||
| Definition | 290 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 291 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 291 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 291 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 291 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 291 | ||
| Interventions | 291 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 291 | ||
| Follow-up | 291 | ||
| Resources | 291 | ||
| Depressed Mood | 292 | ||
| Definition | 292 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 292 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 292 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 292 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 293 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 293 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 293 | ||
| Follow-up | 293 | ||
| Resources | 294 | ||
| Diarrhea | 294 | ||
| Definition | 294 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 294 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 294 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 295 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 295 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 295 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 296 | ||
| Follow-up | 296 | ||
| Resources | 296 | ||
| Dizziness and Vertigo | 297 | ||
| Definition | 297 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 297 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 297 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 297 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 297 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 297 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 297 | ||
| Follow-up | 297 | ||
| Resources | 298 | ||
| Dysphagia | 298 | ||
| Definition | 298 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 298 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 298 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 298 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 298 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 298 | ||
| Interventions | 298 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 299 | ||
| Follow-up | 299 | ||
| Resources | 299 | ||
| Dyspnea | 299 | ||
| Definition | 299 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 299 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 300 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 300 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 300 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 300 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 300 | ||
| Follow-up | 300 | ||
| Resources | 300 | ||
| Epistaxis | 300 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 301 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 301 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 301 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 301 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 301 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 301 | ||
| Follow-up | 301 | ||
| Resources | 301 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 302 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 302 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 302 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 302 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 302 | ||
| Interventions | 302 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 302 | ||
| Follow-up | 303 | ||
| Resources | 303 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 303 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 303 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 303 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 304 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 304 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 304 | ||
| Follow-up | 304 | ||
| Resources | 305 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 305 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 305 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 305 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 306 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 306 | ||
| Interventions | 306 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 306 | ||
| Follow-up | 306 | ||
| Resources | 306 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 307 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 307 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 307 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 307 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 307 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 307 | ||
| Follow-up | 307 | ||
| Resources | 307 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 308 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 308 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 308 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 308 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 308 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 309 | ||
| Follow-up | 309 | ||
| Resources | 309 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 309 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 310 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 310 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 310 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 310 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 311 | ||
| Follow-up | 311 | ||
| Resources | 311 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 312 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 312 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 312 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 312 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 312 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 312 | ||
| Follow-up | 312 | ||
| Resources | 313 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 313 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 313 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 314 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 314 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 314 | ||
| Interventions | 314 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 314 | ||
| Follow-up | 315 | ||
| Resources | 315 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 315 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 316 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 316 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 316 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 316 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 316 | ||
| Follow-up | 316 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 317 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 317 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 317 | ||
| Resources | 317 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 318 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 318 | ||
| Interventions | 318 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 318 | ||
| Follow-up | 318 | ||
| Resources | 318 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 319 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 319 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 319 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 320 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 320 | ||
| Interventions | 320 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 320 | ||
| Follow-up | 320 | ||
| Resources | 320 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 321 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 322 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 322 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 322 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 322 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 323 | ||
| Follow-up | 323 | ||
| Resources | 323 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 323 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 323 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 324 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 324 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 324 | ||
| Interventions | 324 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 324 | ||
| Follow-up | 324 | ||
| Resources | 324 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 325 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 326 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 326 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 326 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 326 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 326 | ||
| Follow-up | 326 | ||
| Resources | 326 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 327 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 327 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 328 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 328 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 328 | ||
| Interventions | 328 | ||
| Pharmacologic Interventions | 328 | ||
| Acute and Delayed Nausea/Vomiting: Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy | 328 | ||
| Acute and Delayed Nausea/Vomiting: Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy\r | 329 | ||
| Acute and Delayed Nausea/Vomiting: Low Emetogenic Chemotherapy. Start before chemotherapy and repeat daily for multiday doses | 329 | ||
| Breakthrough Nausea or Vomiting. The general rule is to consider administering an additional agent from a different class not pr... | 329 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 329 | ||
| Follow-up | 329 | ||
| Resources | 329 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 330 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 331 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 332 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 332 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 332 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 333 | ||
| Follow-up | 333 | ||
| Resources | 333 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 333 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 334 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 334 | ||
| Pain Assessment | 334 | ||
| Pain in the Geriatric Population | 335 | ||
| Pain Assessment in Cognitively Impaired Patients (Hierarchy of Pain Assessment)\r | 335 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 335 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 335 | ||
| Interventions | 335 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 336 | ||
| Follow-up | 336 | ||
| Resources | 336 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 337 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 337 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 337 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 338 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 338 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 338 | ||
| Follow-up | 339 | ||
| Resources | 339 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 339 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 339 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 340 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 340 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 340 | ||
| Interventions | 340 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 340 | ||
| Follow-up | 340 | ||
| Resources | 340 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 341 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 341 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 341 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 341 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 341 | ||
| Interventions | 342 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 342 | ||
| Follow-up | 342 | ||
| Resources | 342 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 343 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 343 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 343 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 343 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 343 | ||
| Interventions | 344 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 344 | ||
| Follow-up | 344 | ||
| Resources | 344 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 345 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 346 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 346 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 346 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 346 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 347 | ||
| Follow-up | 347 | ||
| Resources | 347 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 347 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 348 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 348 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 348 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 348 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 349 | ||
| Follow-up | 349 | ||
| Resources | 349 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 350 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 350 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 350 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 351 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 351 | ||
| Interventions | 351 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 352 | ||
| Follow-up | 352 | ||
| Resources | 352 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors | 352 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 352 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 353 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 353 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 353 | ||
| Interventions | 353 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 353 | ||
| Follow-up | 353 | ||
| Resources | 353 | ||
| Five - Oncologic Emergencies | 355 | ||
| Structural Emergencies | 355 | ||
| Definition | 355 | ||
| Epidemiology | 355 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 355 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 355 | ||
| Cancers Associated with Disorder | 355 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 355 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 355 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 356 | ||
| Follow-up | 356 | ||
| Definition | 356 | ||
| Epidemiology | 356 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 356 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 356 | ||
| Cancers Associated with Disorder | 357 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 357 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 357 | ||
| Treatment | 357 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 357 | ||
| Follow-up | 357 | ||
| Definition | 358 | ||
| Epidemiology | 358 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 358 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 358 | ||
| Cancers Associated with Disorder | 358 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 358 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 358 | ||
| Treatment | 358 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 359 | ||
| Follow-up | 359 | ||
| Definition | 359 | ||
| Epidemiology | 359 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 359 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 359 | ||
| Cancers Associated with Disorder | 359 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 359 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 359 | ||
| Treatment | 359 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 360 | ||
| Follow-up | 360 | ||
| Definition | 360 | ||
| Epidemiology | 360 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 360 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 360 | ||
| Cancers Associated with Disorder | 360 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 360 | ||
| Treatment | 360 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 361 | ||
| Follow-up | 361 | ||
| Definition | 361 | ||
| Epidemiology | 361 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 361 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 361 | ||
| Cancers Associated with Disorder | 362 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 362 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 362 | ||
| Treatment | 362 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 362 | ||
| Follow-up | 362 | ||
| Urologic Emergencies | 363 | ||
| Cystitis | 363 | ||
| Definition | 363 | ||
| Epidemiology | 363 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 363 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 363 | ||
| Cancers Associated with Disorder | 363 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 363 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 363 | ||
| Treatment | 364 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 364 | ||
| Follow-up | 364 | ||
| Bibliography | 364 | ||
| Six - Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues | 399 | ||
| Survivorship | 399 | ||
| Introduction | 399 | ||
| Evolution of Survivorship Care | 400 | ||
| What is Survivorship Care? | 400 | ||
| Models of Survivorship Care | 402 | ||
| Lost Between Primary Care and Oncology: Who is Responsible? | 402 | ||
| Scope of a Survivorship Care Plan | 402 | ||
| Care Plan Delivery: How to Get Started and Overcome Common Barriers | 404 | ||
| Future of Cancer Survivorship: Opportunity for Nurses | 408 | ||
| References | 408 | ||
| Palliative Care | 410 | ||
| Introduction | 410 | ||
| Definition | 410 | ||
| Palliative Care in Persons with Cancer | 411 | ||
| Models of Palliative Care Delivery | 411 | ||
| Hospice and Palliative Care | 411 | ||
| Final Hours | 413 | ||
| Introduction | 413 | ||
| Nursing Considerations Before Death | 413 | ||
| Nursing Care After Death | 414 | ||
| Last-Minute Concerns | 414 | ||
| Bibliography | 414 | ||
| Loss, Grief, and Bereavement | 415 | ||
| Introduction | 415 | ||
| Definition | 415 | ||
| Normal Manifestations of Grief | 415 | ||
| Grief Theories | 415 | ||
| Complicated Grief | 416 | ||
| Support and Counseling | 416 | ||
| References | 416 | ||
| Seven - Nursing Practice Considerations | 417 | ||
| Communication | 417 | ||
| Communication Skills | 417 | ||
| Information Sharing | 417 | ||
| Psychosocial and Emotional Responses | 418 | ||
| Assessment of Psychosocial Concerns | 418 | ||
| Responding to Emotions | 418 | ||
| Uncertainty | 419 | ||
| Transition to Palliative Care | 419 | ||
| Caring for the Clinician | 420 | ||
| Conclusion | 420 | ||
| References | 420 | ||
| Cultural Considerations | 421 | ||
| Definition of Culture | 421 | ||
| Providing Culturally Competent Care | 421 | ||
| Assessment Model | 421 | ||
| Barriers to Cultural Competence | 421 | ||
| Cancer Disparities | 421 | ||
| Strategies for Promoting Cultural Competence in the Organization | 422 | ||
| References | 422 | ||
| Ethical Considerations | 423 | ||
| Introduction | 423 | ||
| Key Ethical Theories | 423 | ||
| Key Ethical Principles | 423 | ||
| Framework for Ethical Decision Making | 423 | ||
| Effective Informed Consent | 423 | ||
| Barriers to Ethical Decision Making and Effective Informed Consent | 424 | ||
| Common Ethical Issues in Oncology | 424 | ||
| Role of the Nurse in Ethical Decision Making | 424 | ||
| Ethical Support for Nursing | 424 | ||
| Bibliography | 424 | ||
| Quality and Safety | 425 | ||
| Quality and Safety in Oncology | 425 | ||
| Cancer Treatment–Specific Quality and Safety Information | 425 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 425 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 425 | ||
| Surgery | 425 | ||
| Oncology Professional Organizations’ Initiatives on Quality and Safety | 426 | ||
| Oncology Nursing Society Quality and Safety Initiatives | 426 | ||
| American Society of Clinical Oncology Quality and Safety Initiatives | 426 | ||
| General Health Care Quality and Safety Initiatives | 427 | ||
| The Joint Commission | 427 | ||
| Institute of Medicine | 427 | ||
| Quality and Safety Education in Nursing | 427 | ||
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration | 428 | ||
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health | 428 | ||
| Bibliography | 428 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 429 | ||
| Definition | 429 | ||
| Goals of Evidence-Based Practice | 429 | ||
| Five Steps of Evidence-Based Practice | 429 | ||
| Step 4: Apply the Evidence with Clinical Expertise, Taking the Patient’s Wants and Needs into Consideration | 430 | ||
| Step 5: Evaluate the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Process | 430 | ||
| Oncology Nursing Society Putting Evidence into Practice | 430 | ||
| Relevance of Evidence-Based Practice to Nursing Practice | 430 | ||
| Bibliography | 430 | ||
| Patient Navigation | 431 | ||
| Introduction | 431 | ||
| Definitions of Patient Navigation | 431 | ||
| Models of Patient Navigation | 431 | ||
| Roles, Responsibilities, and Core Competencies | 432 | ||
| Outcomes and Performance Measures | 434 | ||
| Future of Navigation | 434 | ||
| References | 434 | ||
| Patient Education | 436 | ||
| What are the Challenges of Providing Patient Education | 436 | ||
| Mandates and Standards for Patient Education | 436 | ||
| Education Theory | 437 | ||
| Outcomes of Providing Understandable Health Care Instructions | 438 | ||
| Content and Organization | 438 | ||
| Organizing Principles | 438 | ||
| Appropriate Language and Format | 439 | ||
| Motivational Principles | 439 | ||
| Linguistic Principles | 439 | ||
| Plain Language.Plain language is a strategy for making written and oral information easier to understand. For example | 439 | ||
| Strategies for Developing Culturally Appropriate Materials | 439 | ||
| Tone | 439 | ||
| Formatting Educational Materials | 439 | ||
| Readability Statistics | 439 | ||
| Tools for Assessing Health Literacy | 439 | ||
| Using Technology in Patient Education | 439 | ||
| Bibliography | 441 | ||
| Index | 443 | ||
| A | 443 | ||
| B | 444 | ||
| C | 445 | ||
| D | 447 | ||
| E | 448 | ||
| F | 449 | ||
| G | 449 | ||
| H | 449 | ||
| I | 451 | ||
| J | 451 | ||
| K | 451 | ||
| L | 451 | ||
| M | 452 | ||
| N | 453 | ||
| O | 453 | ||
| P | 454 | ||
| Q | 456 | ||
| R | 456 | ||
| S | 456 | ||
| T | 458 | ||
| U | 459 | ||
| V | 459 | ||
| W | 459 | ||
| X | 459 | ||
| Y | 459 | ||
| Z | 459 | ||
| After Cancer Treatment | e1 | ||
| Long-term Side Effects | e1 | ||
| Surgery | e1 | ||
| Chemotherapy | e1 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | e1 | ||
| Help develop a long-term plan that works for you | e1 | ||
| Follow-up Routine | e1 | ||
| Your Healthcare Follow-up Plan | e2 | ||
| Screening Tests and Exams | e2 | ||
| What Is Recurrence? | e2 | ||
| The risk of recurrence | e2 | ||
| Treating recurrence | e2 | ||
| What’s a 5-year survival rate? | e3 | ||
| Am I Cured? | e3 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of cancer | e3 | ||
| Your New Normal | e3 | ||
| Fear of recurrence | e3 | ||
| Sadness/Depression | e3 | ||
| Anxiety/Uncertainty | e3 | ||
| Grief | e3 | ||
| Guilt | e3 | ||
| Anger | e3 | ||
| Emotional numbness | e3 | ||
| Unhappiness with the way you look | e4 | ||
| Spiritual distress | e4 | ||
| Living a Preventive Lifestyle | e4 | ||
| Alopecia (Hair Loss) | e1 | ||
| Hot Flashes | e1 | ||
| Lymphedema: Prevention and Treatment | e1 | ||
| What is it? | e1 | ||
| Why does it Occur? | e1 | ||
| How can I Prevent it? | e1 | ||
| Is there a Treatment for Lymphedema? | e1 | ||
| For More Information | e1 | ||
| Sexuality and Cancer | e1 | ||
| Sexuality | e1 | ||
| What Causes Problems with Sexuality in Cancer Patients? | e1 | ||
| What are Some Signs of Sexual Problems? | e1 | ||
| What will my Doctor or Nurse Practitioner do? | e1 | ||
| Suggestions to Help with Sexual Problems | e1 | ||
| General Suggestions for Everyone | e1 | ||
| Sleep Hygiene | e1 | ||
| What Causes Sleep Problems? | e1 | ||
| What can you do for my Sleep Problems? | e1 | ||
| What can I do to Help my Sleep Problem? | e1 | ||
| What is Sleep Hygiene? | e1 |