Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The only text in the market written specifically for Diploma of Nursing students in Australia and New Zealand.
Written by Gabrielle Koutoukidis, Kate Stainton and Jodie Hughson, Tabbner’s Nursing Care: Theory and Practice, 7th edition, provides a solid foundation of theoretical knowledge and skills for nursing students embarking on an Enrolled Nurse career. Reflecting the current issues and scope of practice for Enrolled Nurses in Australia, this new edition focuses on the delivery of person-centred care, emphasises critical thinking throughout and demonstrates the application of the decision-making framework across multiple scenarios.
Visit evolve.elsevier.com/AU/Koutoukidis/Tabbner: eBook on VitalSource
Teaching resources
- Image collection – all figures and tables from the textbook
- Test banks
Student resources
- Answer guides to: o Case studies o Critical thinking exercises o Decision-making framework exercises o Review questions
- Australian Clinical Skills videos demonstrating core skills to help you link the theory to practice
- Weblinks
- Two new chapters: o Nursing informatics and technology in healthcare o Quality and safety in healthcare
- 83 Clinical Skills aligned with the new 2016 Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia Enrolled Nurse (EN) Standards for Practice to help you understand the skill and translate it into effective clinical practice
- Exercises on the decision-making framework for the EN
- Examples of progress notes and nursing care plan documentation
- Aligned with the HLT Health Training Package
-
Supported by a NEW companion skills workbook: Essential Enrolled Nursing Skills for Person-Centred Care
-
Includes eBook on VitalSource
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Tabbner's Nursing Care | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| List of Contributors | xii | ||
| Reviewers | xv | ||
| Foreword | xvi | ||
| Publisher_s Dedication | xvii | ||
| Preface | xviii | ||
| The role of the Enrolled Nurse | xviii | ||
| Seventh edition of Tabbner’s Nursing Care | xviii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xix | ||
| Standard steps for all clinical skills | xx | ||
| Text features | xxii | ||
| Unit 1 The evolution of the nursing profession | 1 | ||
| 1 Nursing | 2 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 2 | ||
| Key Terms | 2 | ||
| What Is Nursing? | 3 | ||
| Patients, consumers or clients? What’s in a name? | 4 | ||
| Historical perspectives | 4 | ||
| A brief history of nursing | 4 | ||
| Nursing in Australia—the beginning | 5 | ||
| The Florence Nightingale nurses | 6 | ||
| Australian nurses in wartime | 6 | ||
| Boer War | 6 | ||
| World War I | 6 | ||
| World War II | 7 | ||
| Progress of nursing in Australia | 7 | ||
| The history of nursing education in Australia | 7 | ||
| Nursing Practice in Australia | 8 | ||
| Competency standards/standards for practice | 8 | ||
| Scope of practice | 10 | ||
| Decision-making frameworks | 10 | ||
| Code of ethics | 10 | ||
| Registration | 16 | ||
| Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia | 16 | ||
| Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency | 16 | ||
| Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council | 18 | ||
| Professional Nursing Organisations | 19 | ||
| Australian College of Nursing | 19 | ||
| Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation | 19 | ||
| Nursing—the Profession | 19 | ||
| Nurse education | 19 | ||
| Theories and models of nursing | 20 | ||
| Defining theory and model | 20 | ||
| Components of nursing theoretical models | 21 | ||
| Overview of selected nursing theories | 21 | ||
| Peplau’s theory | 21 | ||
| Abdellah’s theory | 21 | ||
| Henderson’s theory | 21 | ||
| Johnson’s theory | 21 | ||
| King’s theory | 21 | ||
| Orem’s theory | 21 | ||
| Roy’s theory | 21 | ||
| Roper, Logan and Tierney’s theory | 22 | ||
| Relationship of theories to nursing process | 22 | ||
| Service | 23 | ||
| Autonomy | 23 | ||
| Influences on Nursing | 23 | ||
| Societal influences on nursing | 23 | ||
| Demographic changes | 23 | ||
| Cultural diversity | 23 | ||
| Consumer movement | 23 | ||
| Human rights movement | 24 | ||
| References | 24 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 25 | ||
| Online Resources | 25 | ||
| 2 Professional nursing practice | 26 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 26 | ||
| Key Terms | 26 | ||
| Introduction | 27 | ||
| Legal Aspects of Nursing Practice | 27 | ||
| Common law system | 27 | ||
| Common law | 27 | ||
| Types of law | 28 | ||
| Acts of parliament | 28 | ||
| The employer | 28 | ||
| Nursing regulation | 29 | ||
| Professional boundaries | 30 | ||
| Areas of Legal Liability in Nursing | 30 | ||
| Contracts | 31 | ||
| Standards of care | 31 | ||
| Negligence | 32 | ||
| Defamation | 32 | ||
| False imprisonment | 32 | ||
| Assault and battery | 33 | ||
| Consent | 33 | ||
| Right to receive information | 34 | ||
| Confidentiality and privacy | 34 | ||
| Mandatory reporting | 35 | ||
| Documentation | 36 | ||
| Reporting of adverse events and clinical incidents | 36 | ||
| Witnessing wills | 37 | ||
| Coroner’s court | 37 | ||
| Right to refuse treatment | 38 | ||
| End-of-life care | 38 | ||
| Advance directives | 39 | ||
| Do not resuscitate orders | 39 | ||
| Open disclosure | 39 | ||
| Legal Responsibilities of Nursing Students | 40 | ||
| Legal Issues in the Nursing Specialties | 41 | ||
| Ethical Aspects of Nursing | 41 | ||
| Ethics | 41 | ||
| Ethics and morality | 41 | ||
| Nursing ethics | 43 | ||
| Accountability and responsibility in nursing practice | 44 | ||
| Values | 44 | ||
| Ethical issues and moral dilemmas | 45 | ||
| Ethical decision making | 45 | ||
| Advocacy | 46 | ||
| References | 47 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 49 | ||
| Online Resources | 49 | ||
| 3 Nursing research and evidence-based practice | 50 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 50 | ||
| Key Terms | 50 | ||
| The Enrolled Nurse and Nursing Research | 51 | ||
| Nursing Research | 52 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 52 | ||
| Step 1: Ask a focused question | 52 | ||
| Step 2: Assess the evidence | 52 | ||
| Step 3: Critically appraise the evidence | 52 | ||
| Step 4: Integrate/apply the evidence | 54 | ||
| Step 5: Audit/evaluate your practice | 54 | ||
| Evidence-based practice and nursing research | 54 | ||
| The evolution of nursing research | 54 | ||
| The future of nursing research | 55 | ||
| Research Methods | 55 | ||
| Quantitative methods | 56 | ||
| Qualitative methods | 57 | ||
| Mixed methods | 58 | ||
| The Research Process | 58 | ||
| Step 1. The research problem | 58 | ||
| Step 2. The purpose | 58 | ||
| Step 3. Literature review | 58 | ||
| How to search successfully for information | 58 | ||
| Critical thinking and critical reading skills | 59 | ||
| Step 4. Theoretical framework or conceptual framework | 60 | ||
| Step 5. Hypothesis/research questions | 60 | ||
| Step 6. Research design | 61 | ||
| Step 7. Sample type and size | 61 | ||
| Step 8. Legal and ethical issues | 61 | ||
| Informed consent | 62 | ||
| Step 9. Instruments or measurement tools | 62 | ||
| Step 10. Validity and reliability | 62 | ||
| Step 11. Data collection procedure | 62 | ||
| Step 12. Data analysis | 62 | ||
| Step 13. Results | 62 | ||
| Step 14. Discussion of findings and new findings | 63 | ||
| Step 15. Implications, limitations and recommendations | 63 | ||
| Step 16. References | 63 | ||
| Step 17. Communicating research results | 63 | ||
| Proposal Writing for Research Approval | 63 | ||
| Writing a research proposal | 63 | ||
| Content of a student proposal | 64 | ||
| How Is Research Utilised in Practice? | 64 | ||
| Approaches to research utilisation | 64 | ||
| References | 70 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 71 | ||
| Online Resources | 71 | ||
| Unit 2 The contemporary healthcare environment | 73 | ||
| 4 Australia’s healthcare delivery system | 74 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 74 | ||
| Key Terms | 74 | ||
| Introduction | 75 | ||
| Components of a Healthcare System | 75 | ||
| Leadership, governance and reform | 76 | ||
| Consumers | 77 | ||
| Health and information systems | 77 | ||
| Health financing | 78 | ||
| Specific federal government grants for healthcare services | 79 | ||
| Australia’s Medicare levy | 79 | ||
| Private health insurance | 79 | ||
| Public and private hospital care | 80 | ||
| Publicly funded private specialist medical officers’ services | 80 | ||
| Human resources for health | 80 | ||
| Essential medical products and technologies | 82 | ||
| Service delivery systems | 83 | ||
| Public health | 83 | ||
| Primary care | 83 | ||
| Hospitals | 84 | ||
| Specialised health services | 84 | ||
| Aged and disability care services | 84 | ||
| Integrated care | 85 | ||
| Multidisciplinary teams | 85 | ||
| Key challenges | 85 | ||
| Ageing of the population | 85 | ||
| Equity of access | 86 | ||
| Quality of care | 86 | ||
| Efficiency and effectiveness | 87 | ||
| Acceptability of services | 87 | ||
| References | 88 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 89 | ||
| Online Resources | 89 | ||
| 5 Nursing informatics and technology in healthcare | 90 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 90 | ||
| Key Terms | 90 | ||
| An Introduction to Nursing Informatics | 91 | ||
| A Brief History of Computers and Information Technology | 92 | ||
| Fundamentals of Computer Systems | 92 | ||
| Hardware | 92 | ||
| Software | 94 | ||
| Fundamentals of Information Systems | 95 | ||
| Hospital information systems | 95 | ||
| Management information systems | 95 | ||
| Clinical information systems | 95 | ||
| Ancillary systems | 97 | ||
| Networks, Communication Technologies, the Internet and World Wide Web | 97 | ||
| Network fundamentals | 97 | ||
| The internet and WWW | 98 | ||
| Contemporary Technologies and Software Applications and Their Use in Healthcare | 99 | ||
| Social media | 99 | ||
| Ethics, Security, Privacy and Confidentiality | 99 | ||
| Data Standards and Nursing Minimum Data Sets | 101 | ||
| Electronic Health Records: Providing Information Across the Care Continuum | 101 | ||
| Using IT to Support Education and Research | 102 | ||
| Computers in education | 103 | ||
| Computers in research | 103 | ||
| Technical Trends and Issues in E-Health and Telehealth | 104 | ||
| References | 105 | ||
| 6 Understanding and promoting health | 107 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 107 | ||
| Key Terms | 107 | ||
| Understanding Health | 108 | ||
| Concepts of health, wellbeing and illness | 108 | ||
| The Determinants of Health | 109 | ||
| Broad features of society | 109 | ||
| Spiritual factors/cultural beliefs | 110 | ||
| Social cohesion | 111 | ||
| Political structures | 111 | ||
| Environmental factors | 111 | ||
| Geographical location | 112 | ||
| Socioeconomic characteristics | 112 | ||
| Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs | 112 | ||
| Health literacy | 112 | ||
| Health behaviours | 113 | ||
| Family health practices/social support | 113 | ||
| Psychological factors | 114 | ||
| Safety factors | 114 | ||
| Violence | 114 | ||
| Risk-taking | 114 | ||
| Biomedical factors | 114 | ||
| Immune status | 114 | ||
| Dental health | 115 | ||
| Individual physical and psychological makeup | 115 | ||
| Genetics | 115 | ||
| Life course | 115 | ||
| Physical development | 115 | ||
| Intellectual development | 115 | ||
| Emotional development | 115 | ||
| Ageing | 115 | ||
| Gender | 116 | ||
| Summary of the determinants of health | 116 | ||
| What is Health Promotion? | 116 | ||
| The World Health Organization | 116 | ||
| Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention | 117 | ||
| The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion | 118 | ||
| Advocacy | 118 | ||
| Enabling | 118 | ||
| Mediation | 118 | ||
| Action Areas of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion | 118 | ||
| Health promotion in Australian government policy | 119 | ||
| Continuum of health promotion practice | 119 | ||
| Healthy public policy—creating settings and supportive environments | 120 | ||
| Community development action for social and environmental change | 120 | ||
| Program planning and evaluation | 120 | ||
| Health education and health literacy | 120 | ||
| Health information and social marketing | 120 | ||
| Immunisation, screening, individual risk assessment and surveillance | 121 | ||
| Theoretical models and frameworks to guide health promotion practice | 121 | ||
| Socioenvironmental models | 121 | ||
| Behavioural models | 122 | ||
| Stages of Change Model | 122 | ||
| The Health Belief Model | 122 | ||
| Health education skills and techniques | 124 | ||
| Medical models | 126 | ||
| Holistic health models | 127 | ||
| The health–illness continuum | 128 | ||
| Nursing and Health Promotion | 128 | ||
| The changing role of nursing | 128 | ||
| The role of the nurse in health promotion | 129 | ||
| The nursing process in health promotion | 129 | ||
| Planning with an individual | 130 | ||
| References | 134 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 135 | ||
| Online Resources | 135 | ||
| Determinants of health | 135 | ||
| Primary healthcare | 135 | ||
| Health promotion | 135 | ||
| Planning, evaluation and report writing tools | 135 | ||
| 7 Quality and safety in healthcare | 136 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 136 | ||
| Key Terms | 136 | ||
| Quality and Safety in the Context of Healthcare | 137 | ||
| Quality in Healthcare | 137 | ||
| Quality frameworks | 138 | ||
| Aspects of quality | 138 | ||
| Measurable quality | 138 | ||
| Appreciative quality | 138 | ||
| Perceptive quality | 138 | ||
| Governance | 138 | ||
| Health system | 139 | ||
| Measuring quality | 139 | ||
| Standards | 139 | ||
| Benchmarking | 140 | ||
| Clinical indicators | 140 | ||
| Accreditation | 140 | ||
| Safety in Healthcare | 141 | ||
| Preventable patient harm | 142 | ||
| Error management | 143 | ||
| Human error | 143 | ||
| Human factors engineering | 144 | ||
| Patient safety in the workplace | 144 | ||
| Work Health and Safety Issues | 145 | ||
| References | 147 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 148 | ||
| Online Resources | 148 | ||
| 8 Communication and nursing practice | 149 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 149 | ||
| Key Terms | 149 | ||
| Components of the Communication Process | 150 | ||
| Elements of the Communication Process | 151 | ||
| Factors That Influence the Communication Process | 153 | ||
| Perception | 153 | ||
| Attitudes, values and beliefs | 153 | ||
| Differences in knowledge | 153 | ||
| Past experiences | 153 | ||
| Emotions | 153 | ||
| Relationships and roles | 154 | ||
| Environmental setting | 154 | ||
| Physical discomfort | 154 | ||
| Pressure of time | 154 | ||
| Forms of Communication | 154 | ||
| Verbal communication | 154 | ||
| The words | 154 | ||
| Sounds | 155 | ||
| Tone and pitch | 155 | ||
| Rate and volume | 155 | ||
| The use of pauses | 155 | ||
| Non-verbal communication | 156 | ||
| Facial expressions | 156 | ||
| Posture, body movements and gestures | 156 | ||
| Eye behaviour | 156 | ||
| Touch | 157 | ||
| Space | 157 | ||
| Summary | 157 | ||
| Conflict and Communication | 157 | ||
| Passive, Aggressive and Assertive Communication | 158 | ||
| Passive communication | 158 | ||
| Aggressive communication | 158 | ||
| Assertive communication | 158 | ||
| Therapeutic Communication | 159 | ||
| Skills to Facilitate Therapeutic Communication | 159 | ||
| Active listening | 159 | ||
| Asking questions | 160 | ||
| Closed questions | 160 | ||
| Open-ended questions | 160 | ||
| ‘Why’ questions and leading questions | 160 | ||
| Feedback—paraphrasing, clarifying and reflecting | 161 | ||
| Paraphrasing | 161 | ||
| Clarification | 161 | ||
| Reflecting | 162 | ||
| The use of silence | 162 | ||
| Summarising | 162 | ||
| Conveying empathy | 163 | ||
| Self-disclosure | 163 | ||
| The use of humour | 163 | ||
| Communicating with Children, Adolescents and Older Adults | 164 | ||
| Children | 164 | ||
| Adolescents | 164 | ||
| The older person | 164 | ||
| Communicating with an Individual’s Relatives, Friends and Significant Others | 165 | ||
| Barriers That Interfere with Therapeutic Communication | 165 | ||
| Changing the subject inappropriately | 165 | ||
| False reassurance | 166 | ||
| Being defensive | 166 | ||
| Offering advice or giving an opinion | 167 | ||
| Culturally Safe Communication | 167 | ||
| Individuals with Special Requirements | 167 | ||
| Alterations to vision | 168 | ||
| Alterations to hearing | 168 | ||
| Alterations to speech | 168 | ||
| Alterations to cognitive abilities | 168 | ||
| Individuals who are unable to respond | 171 | ||
| Communication Within the Healthcare Team | 171 | ||
| References | 178 | ||
| Recommended Readings | 179 | ||
| Online Resources | 179 | ||
| 9 Models of nursing care, management and leadership | 180 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 180 | ||
| Key Terms | 180 | ||
| The Nurse as a Leader and Manager | 181 | ||
| Models of Nursing Care Delivery | 182 | ||
| Leadership Styles | 183 | ||
| Leadership styles and emotional intelligence | 184 | ||
| Contemporary Leadership Theories | 184 | ||
| Management | 185 | ||
| Levels of management | 185 | ||
| Management functions | 185 | ||
| Planning | 185 | ||
| Organising | 185 | ||
| Directing | 185 | ||
| Coordinating | 185 | ||
| Principles of management | 185 | ||
| Skills and competencies of nurse managers | 186 | ||
| Critical thinking | 186 | ||
| Communicating | 186 | ||
| Managing resources | 186 | ||
| Enhancing employee performance | 186 | ||
| Building and managing teams | 186 | ||
| Managing conflict | 186 | ||
| Managing time | 187 | ||
| Cultural needs | 187 | ||
| Managing change | 188 | ||
| The Nurse as a Delegator | 188 | ||
| Preparing Nurse Leaders for the Future | 189 | ||
| Leadership skills for nursing students | 190 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 191 | ||
| Online Resources | 191 | ||
| Unit 3 Health beliefs, cultural diversity and safety | 193 | ||
| 10 Cultural competence and safety | 194 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 194 | ||
| Key Terms | 194 | ||
| Introduction | 195 | ||
| Values, Beliefs and Attitudes | 196 | ||
| What is Culture? | 196 | ||
| Ethnocentrism | 198 | ||
| Prejudice, discrimination and racism on people’s health and wellbeing | 199 | ||
| Summary | 201 | ||
| Culture and Wellbeing | 201 | ||
| Indigenous knowledges | 202 | ||
| Effective Communication | 203 | ||
| Implications of cultural diversity for practice | 203 | ||
| Culture, the Individual and Their Profession | 205 | ||
| Values, beliefs and attitudes | 205 | ||
| Healthcare in a contemporary context | 205 | ||
| Multidisciplinary teams | 205 | ||
| Cultural Diversity and Individuals’ Experiences of the System | 206 | ||
| Understanding the experiences of another person | 206 | ||
| Interactions with the healthcare system | 206 | ||
| Culture in Practice | 207 | ||
| It’s all about you/me and them/us | 207 | ||
| Working in authentic partnerships | 207 | ||
| Cultural responsiveness and cultural safety and what they mean for nurses | 208 | ||
| The nursing role | 209 | ||
| References | 209 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 211 | ||
| Online Resources | 211 | ||
| Codes of Ethics | 211 | ||
| 11 Australian Indigenous health | 212 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 212 | ||
| Key Terms | 212 | ||
| Worldviews | 214 | ||
| Land and Country | 214 | ||
| Indigenous concepts of ‘country’ and the importance of caring for country | 215 | ||
| Demographics | 215 | ||
| Divergent Worldviews | 216 | ||
| Communication and cultural security | 217 | ||
| Cultural Respect, Security and Competence | 217 | ||
| Cultural safety | 218 | ||
| Cultural competence | 218 | ||
| Indigenous Ways of Viewing Health | 218 | ||
| History Taking: the Context | 219 | ||
| Considering the context | 219 | ||
| Some of the Hard Data | 222 | ||
| Closing the gap | 223 | ||
| Good News Stories | 224 | ||
| The papunya and kintore renal dialysis good news and success story | 224 | ||
| References | 226 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 227 | ||
| Online Resources | 228 | ||
| Unit 4 Nursing care throughout the life span | 229 | ||
| 12 Nursing care across the lifespan | 230 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 230 | ||
| Key Terms | 230 | ||
| Conception | 231 | ||
| Development of the Placenta, Membranes, Liquor and Cord | 232 | ||
| The placenta | 232 | ||
| The membranes | 232 | ||
| Liquor | 233 | ||
| The umbilical cord | 233 | ||
| Fetal circulation | 233 | ||
| Intrauterine Development and Growth | 234 | ||
| Transition to Extrauterine Life | 235 | ||
| Theories of Development | 235 | ||
| Erikson’s theory | 235 | ||
| Piaget’s theory | 237 | ||
| Growth and Development | 238 | ||
| Growth and Development of the Infant | 239 | ||
| Physical development | 239 | ||
| Measurement | 239 | ||
| Sensory | 240 | ||
| Motor | 243 | ||
| Psychosocial development | 243 | ||
| Cognitive development | 243 | ||
| Perception | 243 | ||
| Cognitive ability | 243 | ||
| Memory | 243 | ||
| Learning | 243 | ||
| Health Risks/Problems | 243 | ||
| Colic | 243 | ||
| Failure to thrive | 244 | ||
| Skin disorders | 244 | ||
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | 244 | ||
| Growth and Development of the Child | 244 | ||
| Physical development | 244 | ||
| Measurement | 245 | ||
| Sensory | 245 | ||
| Motor | 245 | ||
| Cognitive | 245 | ||
| Perception | 245 | ||
| Memory | 245 | ||
| Learning | 245 | ||
| Psychosocial | 245 | ||
| Moral development | 246 | ||
| Spiritual development | 247 | ||
| Health Risks/Problems | 247 | ||
| Injury | 247 | ||
| Child maltreatment | 248 | ||
| Physical abuse | 248 | ||
| Emotional abuse | 248 | ||
| Sexual abuse | 248 | ||
| Effects of child abuse | 248 | ||
| Mandatory reporting | 248 | ||
| Legally mandated notification | 248 | ||
| Obesity | 248 | ||
| Chronic illness | 248 | ||
| Factors Influencing Growth and Development | 249 | ||
| Genetic factors | 249 | ||
| Environmental factors | 249 | ||
| Demographic factors | 250 | ||
| Socioeconomic factors | 250 | ||
| Cultural Diversity | 250 | ||
| Indigenous children | 250 | ||
| Health Promotion | 251 | ||
| Paediatric Nursing Care | 251 | ||
| Nursing children in a hospital setting | 251 | ||
| Nursing care of the infant and child | 252 | ||
| Child Health Services | 253 | ||
| Needs of Infants and Children | 255 | ||
| References | 255 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 256 | ||
| Online Resources | 257 | ||
| 13 Nursing care across the lifespan | 258 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 258 | ||
| Key Terms | 258 | ||
| Preadolescence | 259 | ||
| Growth and Development of the Preadolescent | 259 | ||
| Physical development | 259 | ||
| Cognitive development | 259 | ||
| Emotional development | 259 | ||
| Psychosocial development | 260 | ||
| Sexual development | 260 | ||
| Adolescence | 260 | ||
| Growth and Development of the Adolescent | 260 | ||
| Physical development | 260 | ||
| Hormonal changes of puberty | 262 | ||
| Sexual maturation in girls | 263 | ||
| Sexual maturation in boys | 264 | ||
| Physiological needs | 266 | ||
| Nutritional needs | 266 | ||
| Cognitive development | 266 | ||
| Psychosocial development | 266 | ||
| Group identity | 267 | ||
| Individual identity | 267 | ||
| Moral development (identity) | 267 | ||
| Social development | 267 | ||
| Sexual development | 267 | ||
| Issues in adolescence | 269 | ||
| Social media | 269 | ||
| Body image | 269 | ||
| Cultural Diversity | 270 | ||
| Indigenous adolescents | 271 | ||
| Health Risks | 271 | ||
| Risk taking | 271 | ||
| Suicide | 271 | ||
| Substance abuse | 272 | ||
| Sexual experimentation | 272 | ||
| Health Promotion | 272 | ||
| Nursing Implications | 272 | ||
| References | 274 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 275 | ||
| Online Resources | 275 | ||
| 14 Nursing care across the lifespan | 276 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 276 | ||
| Key Terms | 276 | ||
| Emerging Adulthood | 277 | ||
| Growth and Development in Early Adulthood | 277 | ||
| Physical development | 277 | ||
| Cognitive development | 277 | ||
| Psychosocial development | 278 | ||
| Moral development | 278 | ||
| Spiritual development | 278 | ||
| Sexual development | 278 | ||
| Socioeconomic development | 279 | ||
| Health Risks/Problems in Early Adulthood | 279 | ||
| Injuries | 279 | ||
| Chronic illness | 280 | ||
| Cancers | 280 | ||
| Mental illness | 280 | ||
| Suicide | 281 | ||
| Substance abuse | 281 | ||
| Eating disorders | 281 | ||
| Diabetes | 282 | ||
| Sexually transmitted infections | 282 | ||
| Growth and Development in Middle-Aged Adults | 282 | ||
| Physical development | 282 | ||
| Psychosocial development | 282 | ||
| Cognitive development | 283 | ||
| Socioeconomic development | 284 | ||
| Sexual development | 284 | ||
| Health Risks/Problems in Middle-Aged Adults | 285 | ||
| Chronic conditions | 286 | ||
| Cancer | 286 | ||
| Depression | 286 | ||
| Cultural Diversity | 286 | ||
| Health Promotion | 287 | ||
| Implementing the Nursing Process | 287 | ||
| History taking | 287 | ||
| Care planning | 287 | ||
| Evaluation | 288 | ||
| References | 289 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 289 | ||
| Online Resources | 290 | ||
| 15 Nursing care across the lifespan | 291 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 291 | ||
| Key Terms | 291 | ||
| The State of Ageing in Australia | 292 | ||
| Ageism | 292 | ||
| Growth and Development | 293 | ||
| Physical changes | 293 | ||
| Neurological and sensory systems | 293 | ||
| Integumentary system | 293 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 293 | ||
| Respiratory system | 294 | ||
| Gastrointestinal system | 294 | ||
| Musculoskeletal system | 294 | ||
| Urinary system | 295 | ||
| Reproductive system | 295 | ||
| Immune system | 295 | ||
| Endocrine system | 295 | ||
| Psychosocial changes | 295 | ||
| Older adulthood and the experience of grief | 296 | ||
| Cognitive changes | 296 | ||
| Socioeconomic changes | 297 | ||
| Sexuality and the older adult | 297 | ||
| Health Risks/Problems | 297 | ||
| Chronic conditions | 297 | ||
| Impaired cognition | 297 | ||
| Dementia | 297 | ||
| Delirium | 298 | ||
| Depression | 298 | ||
| Polypharmacy | 299 | ||
| Falls | 299 | ||
| Restraints | 299 | ||
| Selecting a restraint | 300 | ||
| Mistreatment of the older adult | 300 | ||
| Cultural Aspects of Ageing | 301 | ||
| Health Assessment and Promotion | 303 | ||
| Care Settings | 303 | ||
| Continuum of care—assessment as the basis for care | 303 | ||
| Community care | 303 | ||
| Aged Care/Needs Assessment Teams (ACAT) | 303 | ||
| Community aged care support | 303 | ||
| Home Care Packages | 304 | ||
| Home and Community Care Packages (HACC) | 304 | ||
| Acute settings | 304 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 304 | ||
| Residential aged care facilities (RACF) | 305 | ||
| Quality of care in residential aged care | 305 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Ageing Person | 305 | ||
| Implementing the Nursing Process | 305 | ||
| Specific nursing assessments for older adults | 306 | ||
| Care planning | 307 | ||
| References | 309 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 310 | ||
| Online Resources | 310 | ||
| Unit 5 Critical thinking and reflective practice | 311 | ||
| 16 Critical thinking, problem-based learning and reflective practice in nursing care | 312 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 312 | ||
| Key Terms | 312 | ||
| Introduction | 313 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 313 | ||
| It’s more than just ‘thinking’ | 313 | ||
| Clinical reasoning, clinical judgments and clinical decisions | 314 | ||
| Clinical reasoning | 314 | ||
| Clinical judgments and decisions | 314 | ||
| Problem-Based Learning | 314 | ||
| Relationship to the nursing process | 314 | ||
| A health education method | 314 | ||
| Reflective Practice | 316 | ||
| Becoming a reflective practitioner | 316 | ||
| Barriers to reflection | 316 | ||
| Types or phases in reflection | 317 | ||
| Professional practice reflective journal | 317 | ||
| References | 320 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 321 | ||
| Online Resource | 321 | ||
| 17 Nursing process | 322 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 322 | ||
| Key Terms | 322 | ||
| An Overview of the Nursing Process | 323 | ||
| Assessment | 324 | ||
| The nursing interview | 324 | ||
| Open and closed questions | 325 | ||
| Physical examination and observation | 326 | ||
| Clinical pathways and standardised care plans | 326 | ||
| Cultural considerations care planning | 327 | ||
| Laboratory and diagnostic tests | 327 | ||
| Identification | 327 | ||
| Planning | 328 | ||
| Creating SMART goals | 328 | ||
| Prioritising goals | 328 | ||
| Determining nursing interventions | 328 | ||
| Nursing care plans | 329 | ||
| Implementation | 329 | ||
| Evaluation | 329 | ||
| References | 331 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 331 | ||
| Online Resources | 331 | ||
| 18 Health information | 332 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 332 | ||
| Key Terms | 332 | ||
| Purpose of Documentation | 333 | ||
| Professional accountability | 334 | ||
| Legislative requirements | 334 | ||
| Quality improvement and research | 334 | ||
| Resource management and funding | 334 | ||
| Legal and Ethical Considerations | 336 | ||
| Documentation Guidelines and Principles | 337 | ||
| Effective nursing documentation | 337 | ||
| Theme 1 | 337 | ||
| Theme 2 | 337 | ||
| Theme 3 | 337 | ||
| Theme 4 | 338 | ||
| Theme 5 | 338 | ||
| Theme 6 | 338 | ||
| Theme 7 | 338 | ||
| Documentation Formats and Approaches | 338 | ||
| Types of documentation | 338 | ||
| Narrative documentation: SOAPIE, APIE, PIE | 342 | ||
| Subjective data, objective data, assessment and plan | 342 | ||
| Assessment, plan, implementation and evaluation (APIE) | 342 | ||
| Problems, intervention and evaluation (PIE) | 342 | ||
| Focus charting: DAR | 343 | ||
| Computerised documentation and charting | 343 | ||
| Care pathways or individual management guidelines | 344 | ||
| Flow sheets | 345 | ||
| Documentation in Aged Care | 345 | ||
| Clinical Handover | 345 | ||
| Transfer of care | 350 | ||
| Bedside nursing handover | 350 | ||
| Reporting changes in individual condition | 356 | ||
| Telephone reports | 356 | ||
| Incident reporting | 356 | ||
| References | 358 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 359 | ||
| Online Resources | 359 | ||
| Unit 6 Health assessment | 361 | ||
| 19 Health assessment frameworks | 362 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 362 | ||
| Key Terms | 362 | ||
| Guidelines for Conducting a General Health Assessment | 363 | ||
| General assessment | 366 | ||
| Focused assessment | 372 | ||
| Mental health assessment | 373 | ||
| Falls risk assessment | 373 | ||
| Venous thromboembolism (VTE) assessment | 373 | ||
| Nutrition assessment | 373 | ||
| Physical assessment | 383 | ||
| Before the assessment | 386 | ||
| During the assessment | 388 | ||
| After the assessment | 388 | ||
| Assessment Techniques | 388 | ||
| Assessment through inspection | 388 | ||
| Assessment through palpation | 391 | ||
| Assessment through percussion | 391 | ||
| Assessment using the sense of auscultation | 392 | ||
| Assessment using the sense of olfaction (smell) | 392 | ||
| Assessment using equipment | 392 | ||
| Routine Shift Assessment | 392 | ||
| Diagnostic Investigations | 393 | ||
| Recording and Reporting | 394 | ||
| Teaching Considerations | 394 | ||
| Clinical Handover | 394 | ||
| Advance Health Directives | 395 | ||
| References | 396 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 397 | ||
| Online Resources | 397 | ||
| 20 Vital sign assessment | 398 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 398 | ||
| Key Terms | 398 | ||
| Guidelines for Taking Vital Signs | 400 | ||
| Recognising and responding to clinical deterioration | 400 | ||
| Body Temperature | 400 | ||
| Regulation of body temperature | 400 | ||
| Heat production and heat loss | 401 | ||
| Radiation | 401 | ||
| Conduction | 401 | ||
| Convection | 401 | ||
| Evaporation | 401 | ||
| Balancing heat production and heat loss | 401 | ||
| Factors affecting body temperature | 401 | ||
| Assessing body temperature | 401 | ||
| Measuring body temperature | 401 | ||
| Body temperature sites | 402 | ||
| Tympanic site | 402 | ||
| The oral site | 402 | ||
| The axilla | 403 | ||
| The skin | 403 | ||
| Temporal artery thermometer | 403 | ||
| Steps in Obtaining an Accurate Measurement of Body Temperature | 403 | ||
| Alterations in body temperature | 404 | ||
| Nursing care of an individual with altered body temperature | 404 | ||
| Hyperthermia and fever | 404 | ||
| Hypothermia | 411 | ||
| PulsE | 411 | ||
| Assessing the pulse | 412 | ||
| Pulse sites | 412 | ||
| Character of the pulse | 414 | ||
| Factors affecting pulse characteristics | 415 | ||
| Rate | 415 | ||
| Regularity | 415 | ||
| Strength | 415 | ||
| Alterations in pulse rate | 415 | ||
| Respiration | 415 | ||
| Regulation of breathing and respiration | 416 | ||
| Factors affecting respiratory function | 416 | ||
| Assessing respirations | 417 | ||
| Alterations in respirations | 419 | ||
| Rate | 419 | ||
| Rhythm | 419 | ||
| Depth | 419 | ||
| Sound | 419 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry—Measuring Oxygen Saturation | 420 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 421 | ||
| Assessing blood pressure | 421 | ||
| Palpation | 424 | ||
| Blood pressure sites | 424 | ||
| Alterations in blood pressure | 429 | ||
| Recognising and Responding to Clinical Deterioration in Acute Healthcare | 429 | ||
| References | 431 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 432 | ||
| 21 Admission, transfer and discharge processes | 433 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 433 | ||
| Key Terms | 433 | ||
| Types of Admission | 434 | ||
| Reactions to Admission | 434 | ||
| Illness and stress | 435 | ||
| Hospitalised adults | 435 | ||
| Children | 436 | ||
| Play therapy and children | 436 | ||
| Guided imagery and children | 436 | ||
| Adolescents | 436 | ||
| Older adults | 437 | ||
| Preventing and treating stress in the older person | 439 | ||
| The Admission Process | 439 | ||
| Pre-admission | 439 | ||
| Admitting an adult to a healthcare facility | 439 | ||
| Day of surgery admission | 439 | ||
| Admitting department | 439 | ||
| Room preparation | 445 | ||
| Reception of the person | 445 | ||
| Admitting the Person to the Mental Health Unit | 448 | ||
| Admitting a Child to a Healthcare Facility | 448 | ||
| Preparation for admission | 449 | ||
| Admission | 450 | ||
| General aspects of paediatric nursing | 450 | ||
| Admitting an Adolescent to a Healthcare Facility | 451 | ||
| Discharge Planning | 451 | ||
| Preparing individuals to go home | 452 | ||
| Teaching as a part of discharge planning | 452 | ||
| Day of discharge | 454 | ||
| Transition lounges | 457 | ||
| Discharging the mental health person | 457 | ||
| Discharge against medical advice | 457 | ||
| Transfer | 458 | ||
| References | 463 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 464 | ||
| Online Resources | 465 | ||
| Unit 7 Basic healthcare needs | 467 | ||
| 22 Infection prevention and control | 468 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 468 | ||
| Key Terms | 468 | ||
| Healthcare-Associated Infection is Preventable | 469 | ||
| Improving Healthcare in Australia | 469 | ||
| Nature of Infection | 470 | ||
| Microoganisms | 470 | ||
| Distribution of microorganisms | 470 | ||
| Types of infection | 470 | ||
| Risk of contracting infection | 471 | ||
| Types of microorganisms/causative pathogenic agent | 471 | ||
| Reservoirs (sources) of infection | 475 | ||
| Portals of exit from reservoir | 475 | ||
| Modes of transmission | 475 | ||
| Contact transmission | 475 | ||
| Droplet transmission | 476 | ||
| Airborne transmission | 476 | ||
| Other modes of transmission | 477 | ||
| Portals of entry | 477 | ||
| Host susceptibility | 477 | ||
| Resistance to infection | 477 | ||
| Factors influencing susceptibility to infection | 479 | ||
| Infection prevention and control through work health and safety | 481 | ||
| Infection Prevention AND Control in Practice | 481 | ||
| Standard precautions and transmission-based precautions | 483 | ||
| Tier 1: standard precautions | 483 | ||
| Implementing standard precautions | 483 | ||
| Standard precautions: hand hygiene | 483 | ||
| National hand hygiene initiative | 484 | ||
| The 5 moments for hand hygiene | 485 | ||
| Technique: is it important? | 485 | ||
| Which product should be used? | 485 | ||
| Does improved hand hygiene make any difference? | 485 | ||
| Other aspects of hand hygiene | 487 | ||
| Standard precautions: use of personal protective equipment | 490 | ||
| Aprons and gowns | 490 | ||
| Face and eye protection | 490 | ||
| Gloves | 490 | ||
| Hair covers | 491 | ||
| Shoe covers | 491 | ||
| Standard precautions: safe handling and disposal of sharps | 491 | ||
| Sharps injury | 494 | ||
| Standard precautions: implementing environmental controls | 494 | ||
| Standard precautions: reprocessing of reusable instruments and equipment | 495 | ||
| Routine cleaning of instruments | 495 | ||
| Disinfection | 495 | ||
| Sterilisation | 496 | ||
| Storage and maintenance of sterile items | 496 | ||
| Standard precautions: asepsis and aseptic technique | 496 | ||
| Principles of Aseptic Non-Touch Technique (ANTT®) | 496 | ||
| Principles of Surgical-ANTT | 498 | ||
| Establishing and managing an Aseptic Field for either Standard-ANTT or Surgical-ANTT | 498 | ||
| Preparing a main Critical Aseptic Field (Surgical-ANTT) | 499 | ||
| Adding sterilised items to a Critical Aseptic Field (Surgical-ANTT) | 500 | ||
| Adding sterilised solutions to a Critical Aseptic Field (Surgical-ANTT) or a General Aseptic Field (Standard-ANTT) | 500 | ||
| Standard precautions: appropriate handling of waste and linen | 500 | ||
| Specimen collection and transport | 503 | ||
| Standard precautions: respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette | 503 | ||
| Tier 2: Transmission-based precautions applied in addition to standard precautions | 503 | ||
| When are transmission-based precautions applied? | 503 | ||
| Contact precautions | 506 | ||
| Droplet precautions | 506 | ||
| Airborne precautions | 506 | ||
| Isolation precautions | 507 | ||
| Protective isolation | 507 | ||
| Preparation of individual and family for isolation | 507 | ||
| Transporting individuals requiring transmission-based precautions | 508 | ||
| Transmission-based precautions and multi-resistant organisms in outbreak situations | 508 | ||
| Preparation for discharge to the home environment | 508 | ||
| Factors affecting knowledge and ability to prevent and control infection | 508 | ||
| Living conditions and financial situation | 508 | ||
| Cultural beliefs | 509 | ||
| Going home with an infection | 509 | ||
| Infection prevention and control for healthcare workers | 510 | ||
| Role of the infection control and prevention nurse | 510 | ||
| Responsibilities | 510 | ||
| Evaluating the efficacy of nursing measures | 511 | ||
| References | 512 | ||
| Recommended Reading: | 513 | ||
| Online Resources | 514 | ||
| 23 Maintenance of health | 515 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 515 | ||
| Key Terms | 515 | ||
| Factors Affecting Personal Hygiene | 516 | ||
| Cultural considerations | 517 | ||
| Skin and Skin Care | 517 | ||
| Infants | 517 | ||
| Adolescents | 517 | ||
| The middle years | 518 | ||
| Older adults | 518 | ||
| Nursing observations of the skin | 518 | ||
| Bathing and Showering | 518 | ||
| Nursing observations and assessment | 518 | ||
| Devices used to assist when bathing and showering | 519 | ||
| Individuals requiring special consideration | 519 | ||
| An individual with dementia | 519 | ||
| An individual with a skin disorder | 520 | ||
| An individual with an intravenous line | 520 | ||
| An individual with a urinary catheter or wound drainage tubing | 520 | ||
| An individual with a wound dressing or bandage | 524 | ||
| An individual with a plaster cast/splint on a limb | 524 | ||
| Bathing the individual in bed | 524 | ||
| Perineal care | 525 | ||
| Bathing an infant | 528 | ||
| Hair Care | 529 | ||
| Nursing observations and assessment of the hair and scalp | 529 | ||
| Washing the individual’s hair in bed | 529 | ||
| Management of pediculosis (lice) | 530 | ||
| Shaving | 530 | ||
| Eye, Ear and Nasal Care | 531 | ||
| Assessment and care of the eyes | 531 | ||
| Assessment and care of the ears | 533 | ||
| Assessment and care of the nose | 533 | ||
| Mouth Care | 533 | ||
| Oral hygiene | 533 | ||
| At-risk individuals | 534 | ||
| Assisting the individual with oral hygiene | 534 | ||
| Nail Care | 535 | ||
| Routine nail care | 535 | ||
| At-risk individuals | 535 | ||
| Nursing observations and assessment | 535 | ||
| Hygiene Summary | 539 | ||
| Promoting Comfort | 539 | ||
| Clothing and comfort | 540 | ||
| Comfort and the environment | 540 | ||
| Equipment to promote comfort | 540 | ||
| Provision of a comfortable bed | 540 | ||
| Supplementary equipment | 542 | ||
| Bed Making | 543 | ||
| Making an unoccupied bed | 543 | ||
| Key principles related to bed making | 543 | ||
| Making a surgical/post-anaesthetic bed | 547 | ||
| Making an occupied bed | 547 | ||
| Making a divided bed | 550 | ||
| Comfortable Positioning | 552 | ||
| Sitting positions | 552 | ||
| Positions for specific situations | 553 | ||
| Supine position | 553 | ||
| Prone position | 553 | ||
| Lateral position | 553 | ||
| Sims’ position | 555 | ||
| Coma position | 555 | ||
| Dorsal/lithotomy position | 555 | ||
| Genupectoral position | 555 | ||
| References | 556 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 557 | ||
| Online Resources | 557 | ||
| 24 Medication administration and monitoring | 558 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 558 | ||
| Key Terms | 558 | ||
| Pharmacology | 559 | ||
| Medication names | 559 | ||
| Classification | 560 | ||
| Quality use of medications | 560 | ||
| The prescriber’s role | 561 | ||
| The pharmacist’s role | 561 | ||
| The nurse’s role | 561 | ||
| The consumer’s role | 561 | ||
| Medication formulations and administration routes | 562 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 564 | ||
| Absorption | 565 | ||
| First-pass metabolism | 565 | ||
| Distribution | 566 | ||
| Metabolism | 566 | ||
| Excretion | 566 | ||
| Importance of therapeutic medication monitoring | 567 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 568 | ||
| Medication action | 568 | ||
| Safety and Legal Requirements in Medication Administration | 570 | ||
| Legal aspects of medication administration | 570 | ||
| Nursing competency | 570 | ||
| Safe administration of medications | 571 | ||
| Errors in administration | 576 | ||
| Medical abbreviations | 578 | ||
| Systems of Measurement | 578 | ||
| SI units | 578 | ||
| Medication calculations | 578 | ||
| Conversions | 578 | ||
| Calculating dosages | 579 | ||
| Liquid medications | 579 | ||
| Solid medications | 579 | ||
| Medications measured in units | 579 | ||
| Calculation of paediatric dosages | 579 | ||
| Intravenous administration calculations | 580 | ||
| Calculation of intravenous infusion rate | 580 | ||
| Gravity feed IV delivery | 581 | ||
| Administering Medications | 581 | ||
| Administering enteral medications | 581 | ||
| Oral route | 581 | ||
| Oral mucosal absorption | 582 | ||
| Rectal instillation | 582 | ||
| Administering parenteral medications | 587 | ||
| Injections | 587 | ||
| Parenteral fluids | 590 | ||
| Injection sites | 591 | ||
| Promoting safety and comfort | 594 | ||
| Administering fluids and medications via the intravenous route | 594 | ||
| Medication administration | 604 | ||
| Complications of IV therapy | 605 | ||
| Administering topical medication | 605 | ||
| Skin applications | 605 | ||
| Applying transdermal medications | 605 | ||
| Instilling eye drops and ointments | 609 | ||
| Instilling ear drops | 609 | ||
| Inserting vaginal medications | 609 | ||
| Administering medications by inhalation | 616 | ||
| Administering medication by intranasal absorption | 616 | ||
| Monitoring the Effects of Medications | 619 | ||
| Safe Handling of Hazardous Substances | 625 | ||
| Safe Storage, Administration and Disposal of Medications | 625 | ||
| Medications and the Older Adult | 625 | ||
| Medications and the Child | 626 | ||
| Continuation of Medication Regimen after Discharge | 626 | ||
| References | 631 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 632 | ||
| Online Resources | 633 | ||
| Unit 8 Health promotion and psychosocial and physiological nursing care | 635 | ||
| 25 Nursing care of an individual: | 636 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 636 | ||
| Key Terms | 636 | ||
| Structure of the Respiratory System | 637 | ||
| Upper airways | 638 | ||
| Nasal cavities | 638 | ||
| Paranasal sinus | 638 | ||
| The pharynx | 639 | ||
| 1. Nasopharynx | 639 | ||
| 2. Oropharynx | 639 | ||
| 3. Laryngopharynx | 639 | ||
| The larynx | 639 | ||
| Lower airway | 639 | ||
| The trachea | 639 | ||
| Voice production | 640 | ||
| Bronchi | 640 | ||
| Bronchioles | 640 | ||
| Lungs | 640 | ||
| Alveoli | 640 | ||
| Pleura | 640 | ||
| Muscles of ventilation | 641 | ||
| Scientific Principles of Ventilation and Respiration | 641 | ||
| Pressure | 641 | ||
| Atmospheric pressure | 641 | ||
| Sensory mechanisms of the respiratory system | 641 | ||
| Chemoreceptors | 641 | ||
| Pressorreceptors | 642 | ||
| Baroreceptors | 642 | ||
| The respiratory centres | 642 | ||
| Ventilation and Respiration | 642 | ||
| Ventilation | 642 | ||
| Inhalation | 642 | ||
| Exhalation | 643 | ||
| Respiration | 643 | ||
| External respiration | 643 | ||
| Internal respiration | 643 | ||
| Cellular respiration | 643 | ||
| Factors necessary for ventilation and respiration | 643 | ||
| Transport of oxygen | 643 | ||
| Factors affecting the release of oxygen from haemoglobin | 644 | ||
| pH | 644 | ||
| Temperature | 644 | ||
| Organic phosphates | 644 | ||
| Carbon dioxide excretion | 644 | ||
| Structure of the Cardiovascular System | 645 | ||
| The heart | 645 | ||
| Structure of the heart | 645 | ||
| Valves of the heart | 646 | ||
| Cardiac blood vessels | 646 | ||
| Blood supply to the heart | 646 | ||
| The conducting system of the heart | 646 | ||
| Functions of the heart | 646 | ||
| Blood | 646 | ||
| Functions of blood | 647 | ||
| Plasma | 647 | ||
| Formed elements | 648 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 648 | ||
| Leucocytes | 648 | ||
| Thrombocytes | 648 | ||
| Blood group types | 649 | ||
| Blood vessels | 649 | ||
| Arteries | 649 | ||
| Veins | 649 | ||
| Capillaries | 653 | ||
| Blood pressure | 653 | ||
| Circulation of Blood | 653 | ||
| The systemic circulation | 654 | ||
| Arteries | 654 | ||
| Veins | 654 | ||
| Pulmonary circulation | 654 | ||
| Hepatic–portal circulation | 654 | ||
| Structure of the Lymphatic System | 655 | ||
| Lymph | 656 | ||
| Lymphatic capillaries | 656 | ||
| Lymph nodes | 656 | ||
| Other areas containing lymphatic tissue | 656 | ||
| Tonsils | 656 | ||
| Thymus gland | 656 | ||
| Spleen | 656 | ||
| Lymphatic ducts | 656 | ||
| Thoracic duct | 656 | ||
| Right lymphatic duct | 656 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Respiratory System | 656 | ||
| Oxygen concentration | 656 | ||
| Regulating mechanisms | 657 | ||
| Exchange of gases during ventilation and respiration | 657 | ||
| Diffusion of oxygen and CO2 | 657 | ||
| Transport of oxygen and CO2 to and from the cells | 657 | ||
| Influences on the rate, depth and rhythm of breathing | 657 | ||
| Inadequate ventilation (hypoventilation) | 658 | ||
| Impaired diffusion | 658 | ||
| Impaired perfusion | 658 | ||
| Additional factors | 658 | ||
| Pathophysiology Related to the Respiratory System | 658 | ||
| Chest pain | 658 | ||
| Cough | 659 | ||
| Changes in breathing patterns and sounds | 659 | ||
| Hypoxia | 659 | ||
| Thoracic abnormalities | 659 | ||
| Other manifestations | 660 | ||
| Specific Disorders of the Respiratory System | 660 | ||
| Disorders of multiple cause | 660 | ||
| Infectious disorders | 660 | ||
| Obstructive disorders | 661 | ||
| Asthma | 661 | ||
| Emphysema | 662 | ||
| Neoplastic disorders | 662 | ||
| Traumatic disorders | 663 | ||
| Laryngotracheal trauma | 663 | ||
| Flail chest | 663 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 663 | ||
| Haemothorax | 663 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Cardiovascular System | 663 | ||
| Changes in cardiac function | 663 | ||
| Changes in the blood vessels | 664 | ||
| Changes in the blood | 664 | ||
| Changes in the lymphatic system | 664 | ||
| Pathosphysiology Related to the Circulatory System | 664 | ||
| Manifestations of cardiac disorders | 664 | ||
| Dyspnoea | 664 | ||
| Chest pain | 664 | ||
| Palpitations | 665 | ||
| Cough | 665 | ||
| Fatigue | 665 | ||
| Cyanosis | 665 | ||
| Syncope | 665 | ||
| Oedema | 665 | ||
| Pulse abnormalities | 665 | ||
| Manifestations of peripheral blood vessel disorders | 665 | ||
| Intermittent claudication | 665 | ||
| Rest pain | 666 | ||
| Pale cold extremities | 666 | ||
| Altered peripheral pulses | 666 | ||
| Gangrene | 666 | ||
| Leg ulcers | 666 | ||
| Manifestations of blood and blood-forming organ disorders | 666 | ||
| Bruising and bleeding | 666 | ||
| Fatigue | 666 | ||
| Enlarged lymph nodes | 666 | ||
| Specific Disorders of the Circulatory System | 666 | ||
| Congenital disorders | 666 | ||
| Disorders of multiple cause | 667 | ||
| Hypertension | 667 | ||
| Coronary artery (ischaemic heart) disease | 667 | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 667 | ||
| Anaemias | 668 | ||
| Neoplastic and obstructive disorders | 668 | ||
| Leukaemia | 668 | ||
| Hodgkin’s disease | 669 | ||
| Degenerative disorders | 669 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 669 | ||
| Aortic aneurysm | 669 | ||
| Varicose veins | 669 | ||
| Infectious and inflammatory disorders | 669 | ||
| Pericarditis | 669 | ||
| Myocarditis | 669 | ||
| Endocarditis | 669 | ||
| Rheumatic heart disease | 670 | ||
| Lymphangitis | 670 | ||
| Respiratory Diagnostic Tests | 670 | ||
| Pulmonary function studies | 670 | ||
| Polysomnography | 670 | ||
| Chest x-ray | 670 | ||
| Ventilation/perfusion scan | 670 | ||
| Cultures | 671 | ||
| Sputum cytology | 671 | ||
| Skin tests | 671 | ||
| Bronchoscopy | 671 | ||
| Thoracentesis | 671 | ||
| Arterial blood gas analysis | 671 | ||
| Capillary acid–base balance | 671 | ||
| Other tests | 671 | ||
| Cardiovascular Diagnostic Tests | 671 | ||
| Assessment of cardiac function | 671 | ||
| Electrocardiography (ECG) | 671 | ||
| Echocardiography | 671 | ||
| Nuclear cardiology | 671 | ||
| Cardiac catheterisation | 674 | ||
| Digital subtraction angiography | 674 | ||
| Phonocardiography | 674 | ||
| Central venous pressure | 674 | ||
| Intracardiac pressure monitoring | 674 | ||
| Blood tests | 674 | ||
| Assessment of peripheral blood vessels | 674 | ||
| Skin temperature studies | 674 | ||
| Doppler ultrasonography | 675 | ||
| Arteriography | 675 | ||
| Lower limb venography | 675 | ||
| Impedance plethysmography | 675 | ||
| Assessment of haematological status | 675 | ||
| Red blood cell (RBC) count | 675 | ||
| Haematocrit | 675 | ||
| Erythrocyte indices | 675 | ||
| Total haemoglobin | 675 | ||
| Stained red cell examination | 675 | ||
| Reticulocyte count | 675 | ||
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | 675 | ||
| Erythrocyte osmotic fragility | 675 | ||
| White blood cell (WBC) (leucocyte) count | 675 | ||
| Coagulation | 675 | ||
| Immunoglobulin studies | 675 | ||
| Serum ferritin | 676 | ||
| Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) | 676 | ||
| Sickle-cell test | 676 | ||
| Gastric fluid analysis | 676 | ||
| Bone marrow examination | 676 | ||
| Assessment of the lymphatic system | 676 | ||
| Nursing an Individual With a Respiratory and/or Cardiac System Disorder | 676 | ||
| Promoting a clear airway | 676 | ||
| Adequate hydration | 676 | ||
| Maintaining nutritional status | 676 | ||
| Cessation of smoking | 677 | ||
| Nebulisation and humidification | 677 | ||
| Positioning | 677 | ||
| Medication | 677 | ||
| Oronasopharyngeal suction | 677 | ||
| Chest physiotherapy | 677 | ||
| Postural drainage | 677 | ||
| Percussion and vibration | 679 | ||
| Promoting comfort and relieving pain | 679 | ||
| Providing psychological support | 679 | ||
| Maintaining skin integrity | 679 | ||
| Promoting and maintaining mobility | 679 | ||
| Preventing infection | 680 | ||
| Promoting effective breathing and aeration | 680 | ||
| Breathing exercises | 680 | ||
| Deep breathing | 680 | ||
| Incentive spirometry/peak flow | 680 | ||
| Oxygen therapy | 680 | ||
| Promoting efficient gas exchange | 680 | ||
| Specific interventions | 682 | ||
| Collecting sputum | 682 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal and throat swabs | 682 | ||
| Oronasopharyngeal suction | 682 | ||
| Inhalation therapy | 685 | ||
| Electrical humidifiers and nebulisers | 685 | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 687 | ||
| The Individual With an Artificial Airway | 687 | ||
| Oropharyngeal airway | 687 | ||
| Endotracheal tube | 688 | ||
| Tracheostomy | 688 | ||
| Nursing an Individual with an Artificial Airway | 688 | ||
| Nursing a person with a tracheostomy | 688 | ||
| Complications of tracheostomy | 692 | ||
| The Individual With Thoracic Drainage Tubes | 692 | ||
| Underwater seal drainage | 692 | ||
| Nursing a Person With a Chest Drain | 695 | ||
| Nursing Practice and Oxygen Administration | 696 | ||
| Assessment | 696 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of hypoxaemia and respiratory distress | 696 | ||
| Assessment of an individual with chronic respiratory disorder | 697 | ||
| Meeting an individual’s need for oxygen | 697 | ||
| Administering oxygen | 697 | ||
| Oxygen delivery equipment | 699 | ||
| Nasal cannula | 699 | ||
| Nasal catheter | 700 | ||
| Face mask | 700 | ||
| Non-rebreather | 700 | ||
| Venturi face mask | 701 | ||
| Head box | 701 | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 701 | ||
| Positive pressure | 701 | ||
| Negative pressure | 702 | ||
| Measures to promote the comfort and safety of the individual receiving oxygen | 702 | ||
| Education | 703 | ||
| References | 705 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 706 | ||
| Online Resources | 706 | ||
| 26 Nursing care of an individual: fluid and electrolyte homeostasis | 707 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 707 | ||
| Key Terms | 707 | ||
| Homeostasis | 708 | ||
| Fluid volume content of the body | 708 | ||
| Fluid volume distribution | 709 | ||
| Mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte movement to maintain homeostasis | 709 | ||
| Diffusion | 709 | ||
| Osmosis | 710 | ||
| Active transport | 710 | ||
| Filtration | 710 | ||
| Osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure | 710 | ||
| Tonicity | 711 | ||
| Fluid Balance | 712 | ||
| Fluid intake | 713 | ||
| Fluid output | 713 | ||
| The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | 713 | ||
| Electrolytes | 713 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte imbalance | 714 | ||
| Dehydration | 714 | ||
| Fluid volume deficit | 716 | ||
| Fluid volume excess | 716 | ||
| Oedema | 716 | ||
| Electrolyte Imbalances | 717 | ||
| Sodium (Na+) | 717 | ||
| Sodium homeostasis | 717 | ||
| Potassium (K+) | 717 | ||
| Potassium homeostasis | 718 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of Individuals with Fluid and/or Electrolyte Needs | 718 | ||
| Urine | 719 | ||
| Paediatric assessment | 719 | ||
| Care planning and intervention | 721 | ||
| Weighing and fluid balance charts | 722 | ||
| Intravenous Therapy | 724 | ||
| Care of individuals with an intravenous infusion | 726 | ||
| Electrolyte replacement | 727 | ||
| Intravenous fluid administration in paediatrics | 728 | ||
| Understanding Acid–Base Balance | 728 | ||
| Acids and bases | 728 | ||
| The meaning of pH | 728 | ||
| Acid–base balance | 729 | ||
| Buffer systems | 729 | ||
| Acidosis and alkalosis | 729 | ||
| Causes of pH disturbances | 729 | ||
| Respiratory causes | 729 | ||
| Metabolic causes | 729 | ||
| Compensation | 730 | ||
| References | 732 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 732 | ||
| Online Resources | 732 | ||
| 27 Promotion of health and wellbeing | 734 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 734 | ||
| Key Terms | 734 | ||
| Rest | 735 | ||
| Physiology of Sleep | 735 | ||
| Sleep regulation | 735 | ||
| Circadian rhythm | 735 | ||
| Stages of sleep | 736 | ||
| Dreams | 736 | ||
| Quality of sleep | 736 | ||
| Sleep patterns across the lifespan | 736 | ||
| Sleep disturbances | 738 | ||
| Sleep Disorders | 738 | ||
| Sleep deprivation | 739 | ||
| Insomnia | 739 | ||
| Snoring | 739 | ||
| Sleep apnoea | 739 | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnoea | 739 | ||
| Central sleep apnoea | 740 | ||
| Narcolepsy | 740 | ||
| Parasomnias | 741 | ||
| Factors Affecting Sleep | 741 | ||
| Shift work | 741 | ||
| Assessing Rest and Sleep Patterns | 742 | ||
| Sleep pattern | 742 | ||
| Physiological factors | 742 | ||
| Emotional factors | 743 | ||
| Environmental factors | 743 | ||
| Medication factors | 743 | ||
| Hospitalisation/residential care | 743 | ||
| Sleep-Promotion Measures | 745 | ||
| Meeting sleep needs/sleep hygiene | 746 | ||
| Hygiene needs | 746 | ||
| Nutritional and fluid needs | 746 | ||
| Elimination needs | 746 | ||
| Comfort needs | 746 | ||
| Protection and safety needs | 747 | ||
| Physiological needs | 747 | ||
| Psychological needs | 747 | ||
| Pharmacological measures | 747 | ||
| Stress reduction | 747 | ||
| Management of weight | 747 | ||
| Complementary and alternative therapies | 748 | ||
| Yoga, mindfulness, meditation and tai chi | 748 | ||
| Relaxation breathing | 748 | ||
| Progressive muscular relaxation | 748 | ||
| Massage | 748 | ||
| Exercise | 748 | ||
| References | 750 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 750 | ||
| Online Resources | 751 | ||
| 28 Promotion of health and wellbeing | 752 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 752 | ||
| Key Terms | 752 | ||
| The Physiology of Movement | 753 | ||
| The skeletal system | 753 | ||
| The muscular system | 753 | ||
| The nervous system | 754 | ||
| Body Mechanics | 754 | ||
| Disease Processes that Influence Body Mechanics | 754 | ||
| Diseases of the bones and skeletal system | 754 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 754 | ||
| Osteomalacia | 755 | ||
| Tumours | 755 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 755 | ||
| Disorders of the joints and tendons | 755 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 755 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 755 | ||
| Gout | 755 | ||
| Diseases of the muscles | 755 | ||
| Myasthenia gravis | 755 | ||
| Muscular dystrophies | 755 | ||
| Diseases of the nervous system | 755 | ||
| Development of Movement and Exercise Through the Lifespan | 756 | ||
| Overweight and Obesity in Australia | 757 | ||
| Fit versus fat | 758 | ||
| The Benefits of Physical Activity | 758 | ||
| Exercise and the older adult | 759 | ||
| Falls risk | 759 | ||
| Exercise attitudes within Indigenous communities | 759 | ||
| Finding exercise to suit the individual | 759 | ||
| Principles of Muscle Movement in Exercise | 760 | ||
| Isotonic exercise | 760 | ||
| Isometric exercise | 760 | ||
| Isokinetic exercise | 760 | ||
| Encouraging maintenance and restoration of muscle strength | 760 | ||
| Encouraging maintenance of joint mobility | 761 | ||
| Assessment of Movement, Mobility and the Musculoskeletal System | 762 | ||
| Gait | 762 | ||
| Pain and nerve (sensory) changes | 762 | ||
| Swelling, deformity and impaired mobility | 762 | ||
| Sprains | 765 | ||
| Strains | 765 | ||
| Fractures | 765 | ||
| Neurovascular assessment | 765 | ||
| Dislocation | 766 | ||
| Lower back pain | 766 | ||
| Diagnosis of a Musculoskeletal Disorder | 768 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Individual with a Musculoskeletal Disorder | 768 | ||
| Individuals with a bone injury | 769 | ||
| Treatment of Bone Injuries and Musculoskeletal Disorders | 769 | ||
| Surgical repair | 769 | ||
| Casts | 770 | ||
| General Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders | 770 | ||
| Promoting rest | 770 | ||
| Maintaining joint movement | 770 | ||
| Maintaining skin integrity | 771 | ||
| Positioning techniques | 771 | ||
| Maintaining or improving nutritional status | 771 | ||
| Relieving pain | 771 | ||
| Prevention of psychological problems | 771 | ||
| Promoting remobilisation and rehabilitation | 771 | ||
| Nursing care of a person requiring prolonged bed rest | 771 | ||
| General treatment for exercise-related injuries | 773 | ||
| Meeting movement and exercise needs | 773 | ||
| Ambulation after Prolonged Immobilisation | 774 | ||
| ‘Dangling’ before ambulating | 774 | ||
| Walking Aids | 775 | ||
| Crutches | 775 | ||
| Crutch-walking gaits | 776 | ||
| Walking sticks | 776 | ||
| Walking frames | 776 | ||
| Complications Associated with Reduced Mobility | 777 | ||
| Pressure injuries | 777 | ||
| Effects of immobility upon the musculoskeletal system | 777 | ||
| Contractures and ankylosis | 777 | ||
| Footdrop | 777 | ||
| Effects on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems | 777 | ||
| Prevention of venous thromboembolism | 778 | ||
| Prevention of postural hypotension | 778 | ||
| Development and management of pulmonary embolus | 780 | ||
| Prevention of pulmonary stasis | 780 | ||
| Urinary stasis | 780 | ||
| Prevention and management of urinary stasis | 780 | ||
| Constipation | 780 | ||
| Psychological effects of reduced mobility | 780 | ||
| References | 782 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 783 | ||
| Online Resources | 783 | ||
| 29 Maintaining and promoting skin integrity and wound care | 784 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 784 | ||
| Key Terms | 784 | ||
| The Integumentary System | 785 | ||
| Structure of the skin | 785 | ||
| The epidermis | 785 | ||
| The dermis | 786 | ||
| Network of blood vessels | 786 | ||
| Nerve endings | 786 | ||
| Hair follicles and hairs | 786 | ||
| Arrector pili muscles | 786 | ||
| Skin glands | 786 | ||
| Sebaceous glands | 786 | ||
| Sweat glands | 786 | ||
| Functions of the skin | 787 | ||
| Protection | 787 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 787 | ||
| Metabolism | 787 | ||
| Sensory perception | 787 | ||
| Factors that affect skin integrity | 787 | ||
| Wound Healing | 787 | ||
| Haemostasis | 788 | ||
| The inflammation phase | 788 | ||
| The reconstruction phase | 788 | ||
| The maturation phase | 788 | ||
| Factors that affect wound healing | 788 | ||
| Wound healing and nutrition | 788 | ||
| Types of Wound | 790 | ||
| Acute and chronic wounds | 790 | ||
| Acute wounds | 790 | ||
| Chronic wounds | 790 | ||
| Types of Healing | 790 | ||
| Wound Management | 791 | ||
| Wound assessment | 791 | ||
| Description of wounds | 791 | ||
| Colour | 791 | ||
| Degree of injury | 792 | ||
| Wound location | 792 | ||
| Wound size measurement | 792 | ||
| Exudate | 792 | ||
| Peri-wound skin | 792 | ||
| Pain | 792 | ||
| Wound infection | 792 | ||
| Psychosocial | 792 | ||
| Wound bed preparation | 792 | ||
| Tissue non-viable | 792 | ||
| Infection/inflammation | 792 | ||
| Biofilms in wounds | 793 | ||
| Moisture imbalance | 794 | ||
| Edge of wound non-advancing or undermined | 794 | ||
| Pain | 794 | ||
| Wound debridement | 795 | ||
| Autolytic debridement | 795 | ||
| Enzymatic debridement | 795 | ||
| Mechanical debridement | 795 | ||
| Wet-to-dry | 795 | ||
| Hydro-surgical debridement | 795 | ||
| Low-frequency ultrasound debridement | 795 | ||
| Biological (larval therapy) debridement | 795 | ||
| Surgical and conservative sharp wound debridement | 795 | ||
| Managing wound infection | 796 | ||
| Topical antimicrobial dressings/agents | 796 | ||
| Wound dressings | 796 | ||
| Wound hydration products | 798 | ||
| Moisture-retentive dressings | 798 | ||
| Exudate management dressings | 798 | ||
| Negative pressure wound therapy | 798 | ||
| Pathophysiological Effects and Major Manifestations of Skin Disorders | 802 | ||
| Pathophysiological influences and effects | 802 | ||
| Genetic factors | 803 | ||
| Idiopathic causes | 803 | ||
| Hypersensitivity | 803 | ||
| Trauma | 804 | ||
| Neoplasia | 804 | ||
| Infections and infestations | 804 | ||
| Major manifestations of skin disorders | 804 | ||
| Pruritus | 804 | ||
| Lesions | 804 | ||
| Alterations in sensation | 804 | ||
| Alterations in skin colour | 804 | ||
| Alterations in skin temperature | 804 | ||
| Alterations in texture | 804 | ||
| Presence of an odour | 804 | ||
| Systemic manifestations | 804 | ||
| Specific Disorders of the Skin | 804 | ||
| Genetic disorders | 804 | ||
| Idiopathic disorders | 804 | ||
| Hypersensitivity disorders | 805 | ||
| Trauma | 806 | ||
| Neoplasia | 806 | ||
| Infections and infestations | 806 | ||
| Diagnostic tests | 807 | ||
| Direct examination | 807 | ||
| Skin biopsy | 807 | ||
| Microscopic examination | 807 | ||
| Skin testing | 807 | ||
| Care of the Individual with a Skin Disorder | 807 | ||
| Relief of pruritus | 807 | ||
| Topical applications | 808 | ||
| Maintenance of fluid and nutritional balance | 808 | ||
| Preventing infection | 808 | ||
| Providing psychological support | 808 | ||
| Pressure Injuries | 808 | ||
| Pressure injury aetiology | 809 | ||
| Classification of pressure injuries | 809 | ||
| Subcategories | 809 | ||
| Intrinsic factors | 813 | ||
| Age | 813 | ||
| Nutritional status | 813 | ||
| Body type | 813 | ||
| Mobility | 813 | ||
| Neurological factors | 813 | ||
| Vascular factors | 813 | ||
| Extrinsic factors | 813 | ||
| Shearing forces and friction | 813 | ||
| Moisture | 813 | ||
| Pressure injury risk assessment | 813 | ||
| Risk assessment | 813 | ||
| Nutritional assessment | 815 | ||
| Skin assessment | 815 | ||
| Psychosocial assessment | 816 | ||
| Wound assessment | 816 | ||
| Prevention and management of pressure injuries | 818 | ||
| Skin protection | 818 | ||
| Nutrition | 818 | ||
| Support surfaces | 819 | ||
| Repositioning | 819 | ||
| Pain assessment and treatment | 819 | ||
| Wound care including infection management | 819 | ||
| Skin tears | 820 | ||
| Prevalence | 820 | ||
| Risk factors | 820 | ||
| Classification for skin tears | 820 | ||
| Skin tear prevention | 821 | ||
| Assessment | 821 | ||
| Management | 821 | ||
| Steps to manage a skin tear | 823 | ||
| Leg Ulcers | 823 | ||
| Primary causes | 823 | ||
| Arterial leg ulcers | 823 | ||
| Venous leg ulcers | 824 | ||
| Diagnostic tools for the assessment of leg ulcers | 824 | ||
| Arterial leg ulcer management strategies | 824 | ||
| Compression therapy for venous leg ulcers | 824 | ||
| Compression bandages | 825 | ||
| Graduated compression stockings (GCS) | 826 | ||
| Pneumatic compression | 826 | ||
| Preventing recurrence | 826 | ||
| Personalised education and support | 826 | ||
| Burn Injuries | 826 | ||
| Classification of burns | 826 | ||
| Epidermal burns | 826 | ||
| Superficial dermal burns | 826 | ||
| Deep partial thickness burns | 826 | ||
| Deep dermal burns | 828 | ||
| Full thickness burns | 828 | ||
| Assessing burn severity | 828 | ||
| Causes of burn injury | 830 | ||
| Thermal burns | 830 | ||
| Chemical burns | 830 | ||
| Electrical and lightning burns | 831 | ||
| Friction or abrasion burns | 831 | ||
| Inhalation | 831 | ||
| Management of the individual with burn injuries | 831 | ||
| First aid for burn injuries | 831 | ||
| When to refer to a specialist burn centre | 831 | ||
| Emergency department management | 833 | ||
| Hospital management | 834 | ||
| Fluid resuscitation | 834 | ||
| Wound management | 834 | ||
| Escharotomies | 834 | ||
| Prevention of infection | 834 | ||
| Debridement of dead tissue | 834 | ||
| Primary closure | 835 | ||
| Skin grafting | 835 | ||
| Skin substitutes | 836 | ||
| Non-biological dressings | 836 | ||
| Donor site care | 836 | ||
| Providing adequate nutrition | 836 | ||
| Pain management | 836 | ||
| Promoting mobility | 836 | ||
| Scar and contracture management | 837 | ||
| Providing psychological support | 837 | ||
| Complications of burns | 837 | ||
| Shock | 837 | ||
| Infection and graft failure | 837 | ||
| Septicaemia | 837 | ||
| Pulmonary problems | 838 | ||
| Psychological effects | 838 | ||
| Contractures, hypertrophic and keloid scars | 838 | ||
| Curling’s ulcer | 838 | ||
| Preparation for discharge | 838 | ||
| Surgical Wounds | 838 | ||
| Healing ridge | 838 | ||
| Surgical wound classification | 838 | ||
| Clean wound | 838 | ||
| Clean contaminated wound | 838 | ||
| Contaminated wound | 839 | ||
| Dirty wound | 839 | ||
| Infected wound | 839 | ||
| Surgical wound management | 839 | ||
| Surgical site infection (SSI) | 839 | ||
| References | 842 | ||
| Online Resources | 845 | ||
| 30 Promotion of health and wellbeing | 846 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 846 | ||
| Key Terms | 846 | ||
| Nutrition Overview | 847 | ||
| Nutrition Assessment | 848 | ||
| Nutritional assessment and the older person | 848 | ||
| Healthy balanced diet | 852 | ||
| Nutritional needs of infants and children | 852 | ||
| The toddler and preschool child | 855 | ||
| The school-age child | 855 | ||
| Adolescence | 855 | ||
| Older persons | 857 | ||
| Energy requirements | 857 | ||
| Glycaemic index | 858 | ||
| Nutrients | 858 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 859 | ||
| Proteins | 859 | ||
| Lipids (fats) | 859 | ||
| Water | 859 | ||
| Fibre | 859 | ||
| Vitamins | 859 | ||
| Mineral salts | 860 | ||
| Diets to Meet Individual Needs | 860 | ||
| Healthy balanced diet | 860 | ||
| Vegetarian diets | 860 | ||
| Religious and cultural diets | 860 | ||
| Therapeutic diets | 863 | ||
| Diets for wound healing | 863 | ||
| Diets and mental health | 863 | ||
| Nursing Practice and Nutritional Needs | 863 | ||
| Assisting individuals at mealtimes | 865 | ||
| Key aspects related to providing individuals with meals | 865 | ||
| Key aspects related to assisting an adult at mealtimes | 866 | ||
| Key aspects related to assisting a child at mealtimes | 866 | ||
| Key aspects related to assisting an individual with dementia at mealtimes | 866 | ||
| Key aspects related to assisting an individual with chewing or swallowing difficulties | 868 | ||
| Key aspects related to assisting an individual with visual impairment at mealtimes | 868 | ||
| Assistive feeding devices | 869 | ||
| Common Disorders Associated with Nutrition | 869 | ||
| Malnutrition | 869 | ||
| Obesity | 870 | ||
| Eating disorders | 870 | ||
| Nutrient loss as a result of vomiting | 870 | ||
| Key aspects related to care of an individual who is vomiting | 871 | ||
| Alternative methods to meet nutritional needs | 871 | ||
| Total parenteral nutrition | 871 | ||
| Intravenous therapy | 872 | ||
| Enteral tube feeding | 872 | ||
| Nasogastric tubes | 872 | ||
| Nasoduodenal and nasojejunal tubes | 872 | ||
| Gastrostomy tubes | 872 | ||
| Care specific to gastrostomy type tubes | 876 | ||
| Care and cleaning of gastrostomy tube and equipment | 876 | ||
| Skin care | 876 | ||
| Common problems associated with enteral feeding | 876 | ||
| Aspiration | 876 | ||
| Tube occlusion | 880 | ||
| Tube migration/obstruction | 880 | ||
| Accidental removal | 880 | ||
| Balloon burst | 880 | ||
| Bleeding | 880 | ||
| Redness | 880 | ||
| Diarrhoea | 880 | ||
| Granulation of gastrostomy site | 880 | ||
| Hypoglycaemia | 880 | ||
| References | 882 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 884 | ||
| Online Resources | 884 | ||
| 31 Nursing care | 885 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 885 | ||
| Key Terms | 885 | ||
| The Urinary System | 886 | ||
| The kidneys | 886 | ||
| Composition of urine | 887 | ||
| The ureters | 887 | ||
| The urinary bladder | 887 | ||
| The urethra | 888 | ||
| Alterations in Urinary System Functioning | 888 | ||
| Changes in kidney structure | 888 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte imbalance | 888 | ||
| Acid–base balance and elimination of wastes | 888 | ||
| Urine output | 889 | ||
| Manifestations of urinary system disorders | 889 | ||
| Pain | 889 | ||
| Changes in voiding pattern | 889 | ||
| Changes in output | 889 | ||
| Changes in the urine | 889 | ||
| Other manifestations | 889 | ||
| Changes to Voiding Patterns | 889 | ||
| Nursing interventions | 889 | ||
| Screening and investigations | 890 | ||
| Urine tests | 890 | ||
| Preparation | 890 | ||
| Observation | 891 | ||
| Urinalysis (routine) | 891 | ||
| Urinalysis (laboratory) | 895 | ||
| Mid-stream specimen | 897 | ||
| Catheter specimen | 897 | ||
| Suprapubic bladder aspiration | 897 | ||
| Straining urine | 899 | ||
| Further diagnostic tests | 899 | ||
| Blood tests | 899 | ||
| Ultrasound and radiology diagnostic tests | 899 | ||
| Renal biopsy | 899 | ||
| Specific Disorders of the Urinary System | 900 | ||
| Congenital disorders | 900 | ||
| Infectious disorders | 900 | ||
| Degenerative disorders | 901 | ||
| Neoplastic disorders | 901 | ||
| Obstructive disorders | 901 | ||
| Traumatic disorders | 901 | ||
| Disorders of multiple cause | 902 | ||
| Incontinence | 902 | ||
| Lifespan issues | 902 | ||
| Nursing interventions | 903 | ||
| Specific interventions | 904 | ||
| Catheters | 904 | ||
| Reasons for catheterisation | 906 | ||
| Insertion of a catheter | 906 | ||
| Bladder irrigation | 906 | ||
| Intermittent catheterisation | 906 | ||
| Nursing Interventions | 910 | ||
| Removal of a catheter | 911 | ||
| Specialist Urology Nursing Activities | 914 | ||
| Urinary diversion | 914 | ||
| Dialysis | 915 | ||
| Nursing intervention | 916 | ||
| Renal transplant | 916 | ||
| References | 919 | ||
| Recommended Readings | 920 | ||
| Online Resources | 920 | ||
| 32 Nursing care | 921 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 921 | ||
| Key Terms | 921 | ||
| The Digestive System | 922 | ||
| The digestive process | 922 | ||
| The mouth | 923 | ||
| Components of the mouth | 923 | ||
| The pharynx | 924 | ||
| The oesophagus | 924 | ||
| The stomach | 924 | ||
| The small intestine | 925 | ||
| The large intestine | 925 | ||
| The accessory digestive organs | 926 | ||
| The pancreas | 926 | ||
| The liver | 926 | ||
| The gallbladder | 926 | ||
| Faecal matter and defecation | 927 | ||
| Meeting elimination needs | 927 | ||
| Promoting a healthy bowel elimination program | 928 | ||
| Diet | 928 | ||
| Monitoring elimination | 928 | ||
| Examining faeces | 928 | ||
| Environment | 929 | ||
| Common problems associated with elimination of faeces | 929 | ||
| Constipation | 929 | ||
| Suppositories | 930 | ||
| Enemas | 931 | ||
| Impaction | 931 | ||
| Treating impacted faeces | 931 | ||
| Flatulence | 931 | ||
| Diarrhoea | 931 | ||
| Faecal incontinence | 932 | ||
| Artificial openings into the intestine | 932 | ||
| Care of individual with a stoma | 932 | ||
| Disorders of the Digestive System | 933 | ||
| Specific disorders | 933 | ||
| Stomatitis | 933 | ||
| Parotitis | 933 | ||
| Dry mouth | 933 | ||
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | 934 | ||
| Gastritis | 935 | ||
| Gastroenteritis | 935 | ||
| Haemorrhage | 935 | ||
| Peptic ulcer | 935 | ||
| Cholecystitis | 935 | ||
| Hepatitis | 935 | ||
| Diverticular disease | 936 | ||
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 936 | ||
| Coeliac disease | 936 | ||
| Hernia | 936 | ||
| Bowel obstruction | 936 | ||
| Haemorrhoids | 937 | ||
| Anal fissure | 937 | ||
| Rectal prolapse | 937 | ||
| Inflammatory and infectious disorders | 937 | ||
| Appendicitis | 937 | ||
| Peritonitis | 937 | ||
| Pilonidal sinus | 937 | ||
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 937 | ||
| Neoplastic disorders | 938 | ||
| Traumatic disorders | 938 | ||
| End-of-life care | 938 | ||
| Diagnostic tests | 938 | ||
| Digital rectal examination | 938 | ||
| Screening | 938 | ||
| Laboratory tests | 939 | ||
| Radiological examination | 939 | ||
| Care of the individual with a digestive system disorder | 939 | ||
| References | 941 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 943 | ||
| Online Resources | 943 | ||
| 33 Nursing assessment and management of pain | 944 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 944 | ||
| Key Terms | 944 | ||
| Fundamentals of Pain | 945 | ||
| Classification of pain | 946 | ||
| Pain Management Across the Lifespan | 946 | ||
| Barriers to effective pain management | 948 | ||
| Assessing pain | 950 | ||
| Pain assessment tools | 953 | ||
| Nursing Interventions for an Individual Experiencing Pain | 953 | ||
| Non-pharmacological therapy | 955 | ||
| Application of heat or cold | 955 | ||
| Massage | 955 | ||
| Psychological methods | 955 | ||
| Acupuncture | 955 | ||
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | 955 | ||
| Hypnosis | 957 | ||
| Biofeedback | 957 | ||
| Placebo therapy | 958 | ||
| Pain clinics | 958 | ||
| Pharmacological therapy | 958 | ||
| Nerve block | 958 | ||
| Counter-irritants | 958 | ||
| Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy | 958 | ||
| Analgesic | 958 | ||
| References | 962 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 963 | ||
| Online Resources | 963 | ||
| 34 Nursing assessment and management of sensory health | 964 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 964 | ||
| Key Terms | 964 | ||
| Classification of Sense Organs | 965 | ||
| Altered Senses | 965 | ||
| Sensory deprivation | 965 | ||
| Sensory overload | 965 | ||
| Sensory deficits | 965 | ||
| Factors Affecting Sensory Function | 967 | ||
| Assessing Sensory Function | 968 | ||
| Special Sense Organs | 969 | ||
| The taste receptors | 969 | ||
| The smell receptors | 970 | ||
| The Eye | 970 | ||
| Structure of the eye | 970 | ||
| The outer layer | 970 | ||
| The middle layer | 970 | ||
| The innermost layer | 971 | ||
| Extraocular structure—accessory structures | 971 | ||
| The refractive media | 971 | ||
| The physiology of sight | 972 | ||
| Refraction | 972 | ||
| Accommodation | 972 | ||
| Regulation of pupil size | 972 | ||
| Convergence | 972 | ||
| Disorders of the Eye | 972 | ||
| Refraction disorders | 972 | ||
| Cataracts | 973 | ||
| Infectious disorders | 973 | ||
| Stye | 973 | ||
| Blepharitis | 973 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 973 | ||
| Trachoma | 973 | ||
| Keratitis | 973 | ||
| Orbital cellulitis | 973 | ||
| Disorders of the retina | 974 | ||
| Diabetic retinopathy | 974 | ||
| Glaucoma | 975 | ||
| Degenerative diseases of the retina | 975 | ||
| Disorders of the visual pathway | 977 | ||
| Other Disorders of the Eye | 978 | ||
| Congenital disorders | 978 | ||
| Strabismus | 978 | ||
| Ptosis | 978 | ||
| Neoplastic disorders | 978 | ||
| Choroidal melanoma | 978 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 978 | ||
| Traumatic disorders | 978 | ||
| Abrasions | 978 | ||
| Lacerations | 978 | ||
| Contusions | 978 | ||
| Foreign bodies | 978 | ||
| Burns | 978 | ||
| Health promotion and education | 978 | ||
| Diagnostic tests | 979 | ||
| Subjective eye tests | 979 | ||
| Objective eye tests | 979 | ||
| Special procedures for assessing the eye | 980 | ||
| Care of the person with an eye disorder | 980 | ||
| Maintaining a safe environment | 980 | ||
| Education | 980 | ||
| Key aspects related to assisting the visually impaired person | 980 | ||
| Local eye care | 981 | ||
| Application of eye pads | 981 | ||
| Eye irrigation | 983 | ||
| Eye prostheses | 983 | ||
| Eye surgery | 984 | ||
| The Ear | 985 | ||
| Structure of the ears | 985 | ||
| The external ear | 985 | ||
| The middle ear | 985 | ||
| The inner ear | 985 | ||
| The physiology of hearing | 986 | ||
| Maintenance of equilibrium (balance) | 986 | ||
| Pathophysiology of the ear | 986 | ||
| Congenital factors | 986 | ||
| Degenerative factors | 987 | ||
| Infectious factors | 987 | ||
| Obstructive factors | 987 | ||
| Neoplastic factors | 987 | ||
| Traumatic factors | 987 | ||
| Major symptoms of ear disorders | 988 | ||
| Disorders of multiple causes | 988 | ||
| Health promotion | 989 | ||
| Diagnostic tests | 989 | ||
| Auditory tests | 989 | ||
| Vestibular tests | 989 | ||
| Care of a person with an ear disorder | 990 | ||
| Maintaining a safe environment | 990 | ||
| Education | 990 | ||
| Key aspects related to assisting the hearing-impaired person | 990 | ||
| Local ear care | 991 | ||
| Instillation of ear drops | 991 | ||
| References | 992 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 993 | ||
| Online Resources | 993 | ||
| 35 Nursing assessment and management of neurological health | 994 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 994 | ||
| Key Terms | 994 | ||
| The Function and Structure of the Neurological System | 995 | ||
| Nervous tissue | 995 | ||
| Neurons | 995 | ||
| Neuroglia | 995 | ||
| Functions of neurons | 996 | ||
| The central nervous system | 997 | ||
| The brain | 997 | ||
| The cerebrum | 997 | ||
| The diencephalon | 997 | ||
| The brainstem | 997 | ||
| The cerebellum | 999 | ||
| Blood supply to the brain | 999 | ||
| The spinal cord | 999 | ||
| The meninges | 1000 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid | 1000 | ||
| The peripheral nervous system | 1000 | ||
| The cranial nerves | 1001 | ||
| The spinal nerves | 1002 | ||
| The autonomic nervous system | 1003 | ||
| The sympathetic nervous system | 1003 | ||
| The parasympathetic nervous system | 1003 | ||
| Vasovagal syncope | 1003 | ||
| Functions of the autonomic nervous system | 1003 | ||
| Pathophysiological Influences and Effects of Disorders of the Nervous System | 1003 | ||
| Aetiology of nervous system disorders | 1004 | ||
| Congenital disorders | 1004 | ||
| Inflammatory and infectious conditions | 1004 | ||
| Trauma | 1004 | ||
| Neoplasia | 1005 | ||
| Degenerative conditions | 1005 | ||
| Metabolic and endocrine disorders | 1005 | ||
| Major manifestations of nervous system disorders | 1005 | ||
| Headaches (cephalalgia) | 1005 | ||
| Sensory changes | 1005 | ||
| Motor changes | 1006 | ||
| Reflex changes | 1006 | ||
| Altered awareness, personality or level of consciousness | 1006 | ||
| Seizures | 1006 | ||
| Assessing Neurological Status | 1006 | ||
| Intracranial pressure | 1006 | ||
| Neurological assessment | 1007 | ||
| Level of consciousness | 1007 | ||
| Painful tactile stimuli | 1007 | ||
| Evaluation of the pupils | 1007 | ||
| Assessment of motor function | 1007 | ||
| Assessment of sensory function | 1007 | ||
| Assessment of the vital signs | 1007 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 1011 | ||
| The neurological examination | 1011 | ||
| Evaluation of motor function | 1013 | ||
| Evaluation of sensory function | 1013 | ||
| Evaluation of reflexes | 1013 | ||
| The superficial reflexes | 1013 | ||
| The deep tendon reflexes | 1013 | ||
| Neurovascular assessment | 1013 | ||
| Radiographic examination | 1013 | ||
| X-ray | 1013 | ||
| Computerised tomography scan | 1013 | ||
| Myelogram | 1013 | ||
| Angiography | 1013 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | 1013 | ||
| Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | 1014 | ||
| Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning | 1014 | ||
| Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) | 1014 | ||
| Carotid duplex study | 1014 | ||
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | 1014 | ||
| Evoked potentials | 1014 | ||
| Electromyogram (EMG) | 1016 | ||
| Lumbar puncture (LP) | 1016 | ||
| Further investigations | 1016 | ||
| Nerve conduction studies | 1016 | ||
| Specific Disorders of the Nervous System | 1016 | ||
| Congenital disorders | 1016 | ||
| Anencephaly | 1016 | ||
| Spinal cord defects | 1017 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 1017 | ||
| Genetic disorders | 1017 | ||
| Muscular dystrophy | 1017 | ||
| Huntington’s chorea | 1017 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis | 1017 | ||
| Disorders of multiple cause | 1017 | ||
| Cerebral palsy | 1017 | ||
| Cerebral aneurysm | 1018 | ||
| Transient ischaemic attacks | 1018 | ||
| Trigeminal neuralgia | 1018 | ||
| Intellectual disability | 1018 | ||
| Peripheral neuritis | 1018 | ||
| Guillain–Barré syndrome | 1018 | ||
| What is the prognosis? | 1019 | ||
| Bell’s palsy | 1019 | ||
| Seizure disorders | 1019 | ||
| Degenerative disorders | 1020 | ||
| Parkinson’s disease | 1020 | ||
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | 1022 | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease | 1022 | ||
| Immunological disorders | 1022 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 1022 | ||
| Myasthenia gravis | 1023 | ||
| Infectious and inflammatory conditions | 1023 | ||
| Meningitis | 1023 | ||
| Encephalitis | 1023 | ||
| Brain abscess | 1023 | ||
| Myelitis | 1023 | ||
| Herpes zoster | 1024 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 1024 | ||
| Neoplastic and obstructive disorders | 1024 | ||
| Traumatic disorders | 1024 | ||
| Concussion | 1024 | ||
| Contusion | 1024 | ||
| Laceration | 1025 | ||
| Haematomas | 1025 | ||
| Cerebral herniation | 1025 | ||
| Spinal cord damage | 1026 | ||
| Peripheral nerve damage | 1026 | ||
| Care of the Individual with a Nervous System Disorder | 1026 | ||
| Promoting a clear airway | 1026 | ||
| Maintaining nutritional and fluid status | 1027 | ||
| Preventing and managing alterations in elimination | 1027 | ||
| Promoting effective communication | 1027 | ||
| Aphasia | 1027 | ||
| Promoting safety | 1028 | ||
| Maintaining skin integrity | 1028 | ||
| Preventing physical injuries | 1028 | ||
| Preventing infection | 1029 | ||
| Promoting mobility and preventing the complications of immobility | 1029 | ||
| Providing psychological support | 1029 | ||
| Providing a suitable environment | 1030 | ||
| Providing diagnostic test care | 1030 | ||
| Promoting rehabilitation and independence | 1030 | ||
| Care of the Unconscious Individual | 1030 | ||
| Causes of impaired consciousness | 1030 | ||
| Outcome of unconsciousness | 1031 | ||
| Brain death | 1031 | ||
| Management of an unconscious individual | 1031 | ||
| Maintaining a patent airway | 1031 | ||
| Monitoring neurological function | 1031 | ||
| Positioning | 1031 | ||
| Meeting hygiene needs | 1031 | ||
| Meeting nutritional and fluid needs | 1032 | ||
| Meeting elimination needs | 1032 | ||
| Promoting safety | 1032 | ||
| Preventing complications | 1032 | ||
| Providing sensory stimulation | 1032 | ||
| Management of the individual with impaired motor function | 1033 | ||
| Stroke | 1033 | ||
| Risk factors | 1033 | ||
| Manifestations of a stroke | 1035 | ||
| Care of the individual who has had a stroke | 1035 | ||
| Care during the acute phase | 1035 | ||
| Care after the acute phase | 1035 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 1035 | ||
| Planning for discharge | 1036 | ||
| Spinal cord injury | 1036 | ||
| Classification of spinal cord injuries | 1037 | ||
| Manifestations of spinal cord injury | 1037 | ||
| Spinal shock | 1037 | ||
| Functional loss from spinal cord injury | 1037 | ||
| Care of the individual with spinal cord injury | 1037 | ||
| Initial management | 1037 | ||
| Early management | 1038 | ||
| Nursing care of the individual with a spinal cord injury | 1038 | ||
| Respiratory care | 1038 | ||
| Immobilisation and alignment of the spine | 1039 | ||
| Skeletal traction | 1039 | ||
| Preventing complications | 1039 | ||
| Meeting basic needs | 1039 | ||
| Providing psychological support | 1039 | ||
| Promoting rehabilitation | 1040 | ||
| References | 1042 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 1044 | ||
| Online Resources | 1044 | ||
| 36 Nursing assessment and management of endocrine health | 1045 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1045 | ||
| Key Terms | 1045 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Endocrine System | 1046 | ||
| Endocrine glands and hormones | 1046 | ||
| The pituitary gland | 1046 | ||
| The pineal gland | 1048 | ||
| The thymus | 1048 | ||
| The thyroid gland | 1049 | ||
| The parathyroid glands | 1049 | ||
| The pancreas | 1050 | ||
| The adrenal glands | 1050 | ||
| The adrenal cortex | 1051 | ||
| The adrenal medulla | 1051 | ||
| The gonads | 1051 | ||
| Endocrine Disorders | 1051 | ||
| Disorders of the pituitary gland | 1051 | ||
| Gigantism | 1052 | ||
| Acromegaly | 1052 | ||
| Prolactinoma | 1053 | ||
| SIADH | 1053 | ||
| Diabetes insipidus | 1053 | ||
| Diagnostic tests | 1054 | ||
| Disorders of the thyroid gland | 1054 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 1054 | ||
| Graves’ disease | 1055 | ||
| Goitre | 1055 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 1056 | ||
| Unit 9 Healthcare in specialised practice areas | 1113 | ||
| 38 Nursing care in palliation | 1114 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1114 | ||
| Key Terms | 1114 | ||
| Death and Dying | 1115 | ||
| Palliative Care | 1116 | ||
| Who can receive palliative care? | 1117 | ||
| Person- and Family-Centred Palliative Care | 1117 | ||
| Multidisciplinary Palliative Care | 1117 | ||
| Home-based care | 1118 | ||
| Hospice-based care | 1118 | ||
| Residential aged care | 1118 | ||
| Acute/hospital-based care | 1119 | ||
| Symptom Management | 1119 | ||
| Pain | 1119 | ||
| Symptoms requiring physical care | 1121 | ||
| Psychosocial and spiritual care | 1123 | ||
| Loss and Grief | 1124 | ||
| Care of the Dying | 1124 | ||
| Physical care | 1125 | ||
| Impaired mobility | 1125 | ||
| Breathing difficulties | 1125 | ||
| Inadequate nutrition and hydration | 1125 | ||
| Problems of elimination | 1125 | ||
| Dry mouth | 1126 | ||
| Eye problems | 1126 | ||
| Skin breakdown | 1126 | ||
| Altered sensory perceptions | 1126 | ||
| Confusion and restlessness | 1126 | ||
| Care of the Body after Death | 1126 | ||
| Care of the Bereaved | 1127 | ||
| Support for the Nurse | 1127 | ||
| References | 1128 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 1129 | ||
| Online Resources | 1129 | ||
| 39 Mental health and mental illness | 1130 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1130 | ||
| Key Terms | 1130 | ||
| Concepts of Mental Health and Mental Illness | 1131 | ||
| What is mental health? | 1131 | ||
| Development of mental health | 1132 | ||
| Inherited characteristics | 1132 | ||
| Nurturing during childhood | 1132 | ||
| Life circumstances | 1132 | ||
| Risk or vulnerability factors in mental illness | 1132 | ||
| Protective factors in mental illness | 1132 | ||
| What is mental illness? | 1134 | ||
| What society considers normal | 1134 | ||
| A matter of degree | 1134 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of mental illness | 1135 | ||
| Who is most at risk of developing a mental illness? | 1136 | ||
| Classification of mental disorders | 1136 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1136 | ||
| Theoretical models and causation of mental illness | 1139 | ||
| The medical or biological model | 1139 | ||
| Psychological and psychodynamic models | 1139 | ||
| Social and interpersonal models | 1141 | ||
| Cognitive behaviour models | 1141 | ||
| The Provision of Care | 1141 | ||
| The multidisciplinary team | 1141 | ||
| Responsibilities of the mental health nurse | 1142 | ||
| Recovery and mental illness | 1143 | ||
| Facilitating development of constructive coping mechanisms | 1144 | ||
| The nurse’s role in educating the public and reducing stigma | 1144 | ||
| Mental Health First Aid | 1145 | ||
| Historical Perspectives and Mental Healthcare | 1146 | ||
| Mental healthcare today | 1146 | ||
| Care of Consumers with Specific Emotional or Behavioural Challenges | 1147 | ||
| The consumer experiencing anxiety | 1147 | ||
| Care during a panic attack | 1150 | ||
| The consumer experiencing depression | 1151 | ||
| The consumer experiencing feelings of anger and hostility | 1153 | ||
| The consumer who is at risk of self-destructive behaviour | 1155 | ||
| Self-mutilation/Self-harm | 1155 | ||
| Suicidal behaviour | 1157 | ||
| The consumer who experiences hyperactivity | 1158 | ||
| Consumers experiencing confusion or disorientation | 1162 | ||
| Caring for the consumer with dementia | 1162 | ||
| Managing challenging behaviours in confused consumers | 1165 | ||
| Legal and Ethical Aspects of Mental Health Nursing | 1167 | ||
| Legal issues relating to informal and formal admission | 1168 | ||
| Treatment orders and issues of consent | 1168 | ||
| Legal issues and electroconvulsive therapy | 1169 | ||
| Ethical Issues and Dilemmas | 1169 | ||
| References | 1171 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 1173 | ||
| Online Resources | 1173 | ||
| 40 Nursing care in rehabilitation | 1174 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1174 | ||
| Key Terms | 1174 | ||
| Aims and Characteristics of Rehabilitation | 1175 | ||
| Categories of individuals requiring rehabilitation | 1176 | ||
| The meaning of habilitation and rehabilitation | 1176 | ||
| Philosophy of Rehabilitation | 1177 | ||
| Person-centred goals and empowerment | 1177 | ||
| Adjustment to Disability | 1177 | ||
| The Rehabilitation Team | 1178 | ||
| Members of the rehabilitation team | 1178 | ||
| The individual | 1178 | ||
| The family or friends | 1179 | ||
| The nurse | 1179 | ||
| The case manager | 1180 | ||
| The physiotherapist | 1180 | ||
| The occupational therapist | 1181 | ||
| The speech pathologist/therapist | 1181 | ||
| The social worker | 1181 | ||
| The dietitian | 1182 | ||
| The podiatrist | 1182 | ||
| The prosthetist/orthotist | 1182 | ||
| The psychiatrist and psychologist | 1182 | ||
| The clinical director (medical officer) | 1182 | ||
| Case conferences and team meetings | 1182 | ||
| The Process of Rehabilitation | 1183 | ||
| Assessment of rehabilitation potential | 1183 | ||
| Determining short- and long-term goals | 1183 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 1184 | ||
| Nursing aspects of rehabilitation | 1184 | ||
| Evaluation | 1185 | ||
| Aids to daily living | 1185 | ||
| Culturally Relevant Care | 1186 | ||
| Discharge Planning | 1187 | ||
| References | 1189 | ||
| Recommended Readings | 1189 | ||
| Online Resources | 1190 | ||
| 41 Nursing care | 1191 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1191 | ||
| Key Terms | 1191 | ||
| Chronic Disease | 1192 | ||
| Prevalence, Classification and Causes of Chronic Diseases | 1193 | ||
| Conceptual Models of Chronic Care | 1193 | ||
| Disability | 1194 | ||
| Prevalence and Causes of Disabilities | 1194 | ||
| Classifications of Disability | 1194 | ||
| The unique meaning of disability | 1195 | ||
| Conceptual Models of Disability | 1196 | ||
| Adjustment | 1196 | ||
| Providing care for individuals and their families | 1196 | ||
| The move to community-based service provision | 1197 | ||
| The Philosophy of Inclusion and Normalisation | 1199 | ||
| Continuing Challenges | 1200 | ||
| Approaches to Management of Individuals with Chronic Conditions or Disabilities | 1201 | ||
| Assessment | 1201 | ||
| Planning and implementing care | 1202 | ||
| Evaluation | 1203 | ||
| Person-centred care | 1203 | ||
| Motivational interviewing and assessing readiness to change behaviour | 1204 | ||
| Motivational interviewing | 1204 | ||
| Self-management for individuals with chronic diseases and/or disability | 1205 | ||
| Provision of services | 1206 | ||
| Caregivers of People with Chronic Disease or Disability | 1207 | ||
| The impact of caring: lifestyle changes and loss | 1207 | ||
| Support for primary (family) carers | 1207 | ||
| Health Promotion: Disability Prevention | 1208 | ||
| Abuse and Advocacy | 1209 | ||
| References | 1210 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 1211 | ||
| Online Resources | 1212 | ||
| 42 Nursing in the acute care environment | 1213 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1213 | ||
| Key Terms | 1213 | ||
| Scope of Practice | 1214 | ||
| Where is Acute Care Delivered? | 1215 | ||
| Hospital care | 1215 | ||
| Home care | 1215 | ||
| Impact of Acute Illness | 1216 | ||
| The individual | 1216 | ||
| The family | 1216 | ||
| Acute Disorders | 1217 | ||
| Cellulitis | 1217 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 1217 | ||
| Credits | 1351 | ||
| Case Study | 1351 | ||
| Clinical Interest Boxes | 1351 | ||
| Clinical Skills | 1357 | ||
| Figures | 1364 | ||
| Nursing Care Plan | 1366 | ||
| Tables | 1367 | ||
| Index | 1372 | ||
| A | 1372 | ||
| B | 1374 | ||
| C | 1376 | ||
| D | 1379 | ||
| E | 1380 | ||
| F | 1382 | ||
| G | 1383 | ||
| H | 1384 | ||
| I | 1386 | ||
| J | 1388 | ||
| K | 1388 | ||
| L | 1388 | ||
| M | 1389 | ||
| N | 1391 | ||
| O | 1394 | ||
| P | 1394 | ||
| Q | 1398 | ||
| R | 1398 | ||
| S | 1400 | ||
| T | 1403 | ||
| U | 1404 | ||
| V | 1405 | ||
| W | 1405 | ||
| Y | 1406 | ||
| Z | 1406 | ||
| IFC facing page | IFC2 |