BOOK
Radiography Essentials for Limited Practice - E-Book
Bruce W. Long | Eugene D. Frank | Ruth Ann Ehrlich
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Written exclusively for limited radiography students, Radiography Essentials for Limited Practice, 5th Edition makes it easy to learn and perform basic procedures. This edition has been revised to improve information clarity and reflect changes in practice. It incorporates all the subjects mandated by the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) curriculum, so you will be thoroughly prepared for the ARRT Limited Scope Exam. Coverage includes the latest information on x-ray science and techniques, processing, radiation safety, radiographic anatomy, patient care, and pathology, along with updated step-by-step instructions for positioning and procedures.
- Concise coverage thoroughly prepares you for the ARRT Limited Scope Exam and clinical practice with the latest on x-ray science and techniques, radiation safety, radiographic anatomy, pathology, patient care, ancillary clinical skills, and positioning of upper and lower extremities, spine, chest and head.
- Step-by-step instructions provide guidance on how to position patients for radiographic procedures performed by limited operators.
- The latest information on state licensure and limited radiography terminology ensures that you understand the role of the limited practitioner.
- Math and radiologic physics concepts are presented at an easy-to-understand level.
- Chapter on Bone Densitometry provides all the information you need to know to for the ARRT exam and clinical practice.
- NEW! Expanded digital imaging concepts reflect current practice and meet the requirements of the ASRT Limited Scope Content Specifications.
- NEW! Updated drawings, photos, and medical radiographs enhance your understanding of key concepts and illustrate current technology.
- NEW! Two-color design helps make complex material easier to comprehend.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Evolve | IFC | ||
| You’ve just purchased more than a textbook! | IFC | ||
| Front matter | iii | ||
| Radiography essentials | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Review board | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Content and organization | viii | ||
| Features | viii | ||
| Simplified concepts | viii | ||
| Special boxes | viii | ||
| Step-by-step procedures | viii | ||
| Learning objectives, key terms, glossary | viii | ||
| New to this edition | viii | ||
| Arrt limited scope of practice in radiography examination | viii | ||
| New content | viii | ||
| Learning AIDS for the student | ix | ||
| Workbook and licensure examination prep for radiography essentials for limited practice | ix | ||
| Teaching AIDS for the instructor | ix | ||
| Evolve | ix | ||
| Table of contents | xi | ||
| I Introduction to Limited Radiography | 1 | ||
| 1 Role of the limited X-ray machine operator | 3 | ||
| Learning objectives | 3 | ||
| Key terms | 3 | ||
| Radiography | 4 | ||
| American society of radiologic technologists | 5 | ||
| American registry of radiologic technologists | 5 | ||
| Joint review committee on education in radiologic technology | 5 | ||
| Limited X-ray machine operator | 6 | ||
| Certification | 6 | ||
| American registry of radiologic technologists limited scope examination | 7 | ||
| Bone densitometry | 7 | ||
| Work environment | 7 | ||
| Typical duties of a limited X-ray machine operator | 9 | ||
| Summary | 11 | ||
| 2 Introduction to radiographic equipment | 12 | ||
| Learning objectives | 12 | ||
| Key terms | 12 | ||
| Primary X-ray beam | 13 | ||
| Scatter radiation | 13 | ||
| Image receptor system | 14 | ||
| X-ray room | 15 | ||
| Positioning of the X-ray tube | 15 | ||
| Collimator | 17 | ||
| Radiographic table | 17 | ||
| Upright cassette holder | 20 | ||
| Control console | 20 | ||
| Transformer cabinet | 20 | ||
| Podiatric radiology | 21 | ||
| Fundamental radiation safety | 21 | ||
| Summary | 22 | ||
| 3 Basic mathematics for limited operators | 23 | ||
| Learning objectives | 23 | ||
| Key terms | 23 | ||
| Fundamental mathematical principles | 24 | ||
| Terminology | 24 | ||
| Fractions and decimals | 24 | ||
| Fractions | 24 | ||
| Decimals | 25 | ||
| Practice problems using fractions and decimals | 25 | ||
| Percentages | 27 | ||
| Practice problems using percentages | 27 | ||
| Equations | 28 | ||
| Ratios and proportions | 29 | ||
| Practice problems involving equations | 29 | ||
| Exponents and square roots | 30 | ||
| Exponents | 30 | ||
| Square roots | 30 | ||
| Practice problems involving exponents and square roots | 30 | ||
| Measurement units and their conversion | 30 | ||
| Metric system | 30 | ||
| English system | 30 | ||
| Conversions between measurement units | 31 | ||
| Units of time | 32 | ||
| Units of temperature | 32 | ||
| Practice problems using measurement units | 32 | ||
| Mathematics applied to radiography | 32 | ||
| Milliampere-seconds | 32 | ||
| Practice problems involving milliampere-seconds | 33 | ||
| Source–image receptor distance and radiation intensity | 33 | ||
| Practice problems involving distance changes | 34 | ||
| Exposure adjustments for patient size | 35 | ||
| Alteration of kilovoltage for patient part size changes | 35 | ||
| Alteration of milliampere-seconds for patient part size changes | 35 | ||
| Practice problems involving patient part size changes | 35 | ||
| Alteration of contrast with kilovoltage: The 15% rule | 35 | ||
| Practice problems using the 15% rule | 36 | ||
| Medication dosage calculations | 36 | ||
| Practice problems calculating medication dosage | 37 | ||
| Summary | 37 | ||
| II X-ray Science | 39 | ||
| 4 Basic physics for radiography | 41 | ||
| Learning objectives | 41 | ||
| Key terms | 41 | ||
| Matter | 42 | ||
| Atoms | 42 | ||
| Elements | 43 | ||
| Ionization | 43 | ||
| Energy | 44 | ||
| Electromagnetic energy | 44 | ||
| Characteristics of X-rays | 46 | ||
| Electricity | 46 | ||
| Electric units | 47 | ||
| Electric circuits | 47 | ||
| Direct current and alternating current | 48 | ||
| Electromagnetic induction and transformers | 48 | ||
| Summary | 51 | ||
| 5 X-ray production | 52 | ||
| Learning objectives | 52 | ||
| Key terms | 52 | ||
| X-ray tube | 53 | ||
| Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation | 54 | ||
| Bremsstrahlung radiation | 54 | ||
| Characteristic radiation | 54 | ||
| Characteristics of the cathode and the anode | 55 | ||
| Cathode | 55 | ||
| Anode | 56 | ||
| Line focus principle | 57 | ||
| Anode heel effect | 58 | ||
| Electric control of X-ray production | 59 | ||
| Kilovoltage | 59 | ||
| Milliamperage | 59 | ||
| Exposure time | 60 | ||
| Milliampere-seconds | 60 | ||
| X-ray beam filtration | 60 | ||
| Summary | 62 | ||
| 6 X-ray circuit and tube heat management | 63 | ||
| Learning objectives | 63 | ||
| Key terms | 63 | ||
| X-ray circuit | 64 | ||
| Low-voltage circuit | 64 | ||
| Filament circuit | 65 | ||
| High-voltage circuit | 65 | ||
| Rectification | 66 | ||
| Half-wave rectification | 66 | ||
| Full-wave rectification | 67 | ||
| Generators | 67 | ||
| Single-phase generators | 67 | ||
| Three-phase generators | 67 | ||
| High-frequency generators | 68 | ||
| X-ray control panel | 69 | ||
| Power control | 71 | ||
| Milliamperage control | 71 | ||
| Exposure time control | 71 | ||
| Kilovoltage control | 71 | ||
| Bucky control | 71 | ||
| Manual exposure control | 72 | ||
| Automatic exposure control | 72 | ||
| Anatomically programmed radiography control | 73 | ||
| Exposure controls | 73 | ||
| Prolonging X-ray tube life | 74 | ||
| Summary | 76 | ||
| 7 Principles of exposure and image quality | 77 | ||
| Learning objectives | 77 | ||
| Key terms | 77 | ||
| Prime factors of radiographic exposure | 78 | ||
| Milliamperage | 78 | ||
| Exposure time | 78 | ||
| Milliampere-seconds | 78 | ||
| Kilovoltage | 79 | ||
| Source–image receptor distance | 79 | ||
| Photographic and geometric factors | 80 | ||
| Density | 80 | ||
| Contrast | 80 | ||
| Radiographic distortion | 83 | ||
| Size distortion | 83 | ||
| Shape distortion | 84 | ||
| Spatial resolution | 86 | ||
| Geometric factors | 86 | ||
| Motion | 87 | ||
| Quantum mottle | 88 | ||
| Summary | 88 | ||
| 8 Digital imaging | 90 | ||
| Learning objectives | 90 | ||
| Key terms | 90 | ||
| Digital imaging | 91 | ||
| Computed radiography | 92 | ||
| Digital radiography | 92 | ||
| Digital images | 96 | ||
| Functions of the processing system | 97 | ||
| Image manipulation | 97 | ||
| Shuttering | 97 | ||
| Image stitching | 98 | ||
| Image annotation | 98 | ||
| Edge enhancement | 98 | ||
| Smoothing | 99 | ||
| Exposure technique charts | 99 | ||
| Rescaling | 100 | ||
| Exposure indicators | 101 | ||
| Postprocessing | 101 | ||
| Digital imaging and communications in medicine and health level-7 | 102 | ||
| Artifacts | 102 | ||
| Picture archival and communication systems | 103 | ||
| Technical considerations for everyday use | 104 | ||
| Patient id | 104 | ||
| Kilovoltage | 104 | ||
| Part centering | 105 | ||
| Split cassettes | 105 | ||
| Overexposure and underexposure | 106 | ||
| Collimation | 106 | ||
| Open cassettes | 106 | ||
| Grids | 106 | ||
| Display monitor quality assurance | 106 | ||
| Markers | 106 | ||
| Summary | 107 | ||
| 9 Scatter radiation and its control | 108 | ||
| Learning objectives | 108 | ||
| Key terms | 108 | ||
| Radiation interactions with matter | 109 | ||
| Coherent scattering | 109 | ||
| Compton effect | 109 | ||
| Photoelectric effect | 109 | ||
| Radiographic effect of scatter radiation | 110 | ||
| Factors affecting quantity of scatter radiation fog | 111 | ||
| Volume of tissue | 111 | ||
| Kilovoltage | 111 | ||
| Density of absorbing matter | 111 | ||
| Field size | 111 | ||
| Controlling scatter radiation fog | 111 | ||
| Grids | 111 | ||
| Grid cutoff | 114 | ||
| Specialty grids | 115 | ||
| Field size and collimation | 116 | ||
| Collimator and central ray alignment | 116 | ||
| Decreasing kilovoltage | 118 | ||
| Summary | 119 | ||
| 10 Formulating X-ray techniques | 120 | ||
| Learning objectives | 120 | ||
| Key terms | 120 | ||
| Technique charts | 121 | ||
| Patient measurement | 123 | ||
| Fixed kilovoltage versus variable kilovoltage | 124 | ||
| Optimum kilovoltage | 124 | ||
| Criteria for milliamperage selection | 124 | ||
| Calculating exposure time | 126 | ||
| Technique chart “failure” | 126 | ||
| Adjustment of techniques | 127 | ||
| Variations in patient/part size | 127 | ||
| Pediatric techniques | 127 | ||
| Obese patient techniques | 128 | ||
| Alteration of radiographic density | 128 | ||
| Alteration of contrast levels | 129 | ||
| The 15% rule | 129 | ||
| Variations in source–image receptor distance | 129 | ||
| Compensating filters | 130 | ||
| Placement | 132 | ||
| Summary | 134 | ||
| 11 Radiobiology and radiation safety | 135 | ||
| Learning objectives | 135 | ||
| Key terms | 135 | ||
| Radiation measurement | 136 | ||
| Unit of exposure | 136 | ||
| Unit of absorbed dose | 136 | ||
| Unit of dose equivalent | 137 | ||
| Estimation of dose from X-ray exposure factors | 137 | ||
| Biologic effects of radiation exposure | 138 | ||
| Cellular response | 138 | ||
| Law of bergonié and tribondeau | 138 | ||
| Classification of radiation effects | 139 | ||
| Short-term somatic effects | 139 | ||
| Long-term somatic effects | 140 | ||
| Genetic effects | 140 | ||
| Comparative risks | 140 | ||
| Radiation safety | 141 | ||
| Patient protection | 142 | ||
| Gonad shielding | 142 | ||
| Personnel safety | 143 | ||
| Time, distance, shielding | 143 | ||
| Quality control: Aprons and gloves | 145 | ||
| Personnel monitoring | 145 | ||
| Effective dose limits | 147 | ||
| Radiation and pregnancy | 147 | ||
| Summary | 149 | ||
| III Radiographic Anatomy, Positioning, and Pathology | 151 | ||
| 12 Introduction to anatomy, positioning, and pathology | 153 | ||
| Learning objectives | 153 | ||
| Key terms | 153 | ||
| Anatomy | 154 | ||
| Cells | 154 | ||
| Tissues | 154 | ||
| Organ systems | 154 | ||
| Integumentary | 155 | ||
| Muscular | 155 | ||
| Nervous | 156 | ||
| Endocrine | 157 | ||
| Circulatory | 157 | ||
| Lymphatic | 158 | ||
| Respiratory | 158 | ||
| Digestive | 159 | ||
| Urinary | 159 | ||
| Reproductive | 159 | ||
| Skeletal | 160 | ||
| Structure of bone | 161 | ||
| Projections | 161 | ||
| Depressions | 161 | ||
| Joints | 163 | ||
| Joint movements | 163 | ||
| Radiographic positioning | 165 | ||
| Body positions | 165 | ||
| Radiographic positions | 166 | ||
| Radiographic projections | 166 | ||
| Radiographic procedures | 168 | ||
| Image receptor selection | 168 | ||
| Cassette–based image receptor orientation | 169 | ||
| Collimation | 169 | ||
| Exposure field placement on each image receptor | 170 | ||
| Alignment of tube, body part, and image receptor | 170 | ||
| Radiographic markers | 171 | ||
| Patient instructions | 172 | ||
| Imaging the obese patient | 173 | ||
| Pathology | 174 | ||
| Disease identification | 174 | ||
| Disease classification | 175 | ||
| Structural VS. functional disease | 175 | ||
| Hereditary and congenital disease | 176 | ||
| Acute VS. chronic disease | 176 | ||
| Classification by cause | 176 | ||
| Classification by disease process | 178 | ||
| Summary | 178 | ||
| 13 Upper limb and shoulder girdle | 180 | ||
| Learning objectives | 180 | ||
| Key terms | 180 | ||
| Anatomy | 181 | ||
| Fingers and thumb | 181 | ||
| Hand | 181 | ||
| WRIST | 181 | ||
| Forearm | 182 | ||
| Humerus | 182 | ||
| Shoulder girdle | 183 | ||
| Positioning and radiographic examinations | 184 | ||
| Pathology | 224 | ||
| Common fractures | 224 | ||
| Other trauma conditions | 226 | ||
| Nontraumatic conditions | 226 | ||
| Summary | 228 | ||
| 14 Lower limb and pelvis | 229 | ||
| Learning objectives | 229 | ||
| Key terms | 229 | ||
| Anatomy | 230 | ||
| Foot and toes | 230 | ||
| Ankle, lower leg, knee, and femur | 230 | ||
| Pelvis and hip | 231 | ||
| Positioning and radiographic examinations | 232 | ||
| Pathology | 262 | ||
| Common fractures | 262 | ||
| Nontraumatic conditions | 263 | ||
| Summary | 264 | ||
| 15 Spine | 266 | ||
| Learning objectives | 266 | ||
| Key terms | 266 | ||
| Anatomy | 267 | ||
| Cervical spine | 268 | ||
| Thoracic spine | 270 | ||
| Lumbar spine | 270 | ||
| Sacrum and coccyx | 271 | ||
| Positioning and radiographic examinations | 272 | ||
| Pathology | 304 | ||
| Congenital anomalies | 304 | ||
| Spinal fractures | 304 | ||
| Spondylosis, spondylitis, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, and spondyloschisis | 305 | ||
| Disk pathology | 306 | ||
| Remote symptoms of spine pathology | 307 | ||
| Summary | 308 | ||
| 16 Bony thorax, chest, and abdomen | 309 | ||
| Learning objectives | 309 | ||
| Key terms | 309 | ||
| Anatomy | 310 | ||
| Bony thorax | 310 | ||
| Cavities of the trunk | 311 | ||
| Chest | 311 | ||
| Respiratory system | 312 | ||
| Abdomen | 313 | ||
| Alimentary canal | 313 | ||
| Other digestive system organs | 314 | ||
| Body habitus | 315 | ||
| Positioning and radiographic examinations | 315 | ||
| Pathology | 332 | ||
| Bony thorax | 332 | ||
| Air-fluid levels | 332 | ||
| Chest | 332 | ||
| Abdomen | 335 | ||
| Summary | 338 | ||
| 17 Skull, facial bones, and paranasal sinuses | 340 | ||
| Learning objectives | 340 | ||
| Key terms | 340 | ||
| Anatomy | 341 | ||
| Cranium | 341 | ||
| Facial bones | 341 | ||
| Paranasal sinuses | 343 | ||
| Positioning and radiographic examinations | 345 | ||
| Pathology | 365 | ||
| Trauma | 365 | ||
| Nontraumatic conditions | 367 | ||
| Summary | 368 | ||
| 18 Radiography of pediatric and geriatric patients | 369 | ||
| Learning objectives | 369 | ||
| Key terms | 369 | ||
| Pediatrics | 370 | ||
| Communication | 370 | ||
| Neonate and infant (birth to 1 year) | 370 | ||
| Toddler (1 to 2 years) | 371 | ||
| Preschooler (3 to 5 years) | 372 | ||
| School age (6 to 12 years) | 373 | ||
| Adolescent (13 to 18 years) | 373 | ||
| Parents in the X-ray room | 374 | ||
| Immobilization | 375 | ||
| Commercial immobilization devices | 375 | ||
| Noncommercial devices and methods for immobilization | 377 | ||
| Pediatric radiographic procedures | 380 | ||
| Pediatric anatomy | 381 | ||
| Formulation of techniques for pediatric exposures | 383 | ||
| Pediatric pathology | 384 | ||
| Geriatrics | 386 | ||
| Communication | 386 | ||
| Hearing loss | 388 | ||
| Failing vision | 388 | ||
| Impaired mental function | 388 | ||
| Physical changes that accompany aging | 388 | ||
| Formulation of techniques for geriatric exposures | 389 | ||
| Geriatric pathology | 389 | ||
| Summary | 390 | ||
| 19 Image evaluation | 391 | ||
| Learning objectives | 391 | ||
| Key term | 391 | ||
| Viewing radiographs | 392 | ||
| Viewing conditions | 392 | ||
| Image orientation | 392 | ||
| Systematic image review | 392 | ||
| Image identification and markers | 393 | ||
| Anatomy and positioning errors | 394 | ||
| Exclusion of significant anatomy | 394 | ||
| Incorrect positioning | 394 | ||
| Exposure factors | 398 | ||
| Radiographic density or brightness problems | 398 | ||
| Radiographic contrast problems | 398 | ||
| Lack of spatial resolution (detail) | 399 | ||
| Esthetic quality | 399 | ||
| Radiation safety factors | 400 | ||
| Collimation | 400 | ||
| Shielding | 401 | ||
| Troubleshooting | 401 | ||
| Repeating radiographs | 402 | ||
| Summary | 403 | ||
| Review | 403 | ||
| IV Professionalism and Patient Care | 405 | ||
| 20 Ethics, legal considerations, and professionalism | 407 | ||
| Learning objectives | 407 | ||
| Key terms | 407 | ||
| Ethics, morals, and values | 408 | ||
| Standards of ethics for radiography | 408 | ||
| American registry of radiologic technologists code of ethics | 408 | ||
| Ethical judgments and conflicts | 410 | ||
| Patient rights | 411 | ||
| Considerate and respectful care | 411 | ||
| A clean and safe environment | 412 | ||
| Information | 412 | ||
| Confidentiality | 412 | ||
| Refusal of treatment or examination | 413 | ||
| Informed consent | 413 | ||
| Legal considerations | 413 | ||
| Violations of local and institutional standards | 413 | ||
| Intentional misconduct | 413 | ||
| Negligence and malpractice | 414 | ||
| Projecting a professional attitude | 415 | ||
| Self-care | 415 | ||
| Job satisfaction | 416 | ||
| Appearance | 416 | ||
| Teamwork | 416 | ||
| Empathetic care | 417 | ||
| Care of supplies and equipment | 417 | ||
| Continuing education | 417 | ||
| Professional communication | 418 | ||
| Nonverbal communication | 418 | ||
| Eye contact | 418 | ||
| Touching | 418 | ||
| Verbal communication | 419 | ||
| Listening skills | 419 | ||
| Validation of communication | 419 | ||
| Communication under stress | 419 | ||
| Communication with patients | 419 | ||
| Special circumstances in communications | 420 | ||
| Deafness | 420 | ||
| Blindness | 420 | ||
| Impaired mental function | 421 | ||
| Communication with patients’ families | 421 | ||
| Communication with co-workers | 421 | ||
| Issues of cultural diversity | 423 | ||
| Non–english-speaking patients | 423 | ||
| Scope of diversity | 423 | ||
| Culturally significant attitudes that may impact communication | 424 | ||
| How cultural issues may affect care | 424 | ||
| Professional responsibility and ethics in relation to diversity | 427 | ||
| Medical information and records | 427 | ||
| Charting | 428 | ||
| Chart as a resource | 428 | ||
| Medical recording by limited operators | 428 | ||
| Medical recording on computers | 429 | ||
| Diagnostic images as records | 429 | ||
| Summary | 429 | ||
| 21 Safety and infection control | 431 | ||
| Learning objectives | 431 | ||
| Key terms | 431 | ||
| Hazard control | 432 | ||
| Fire prevention | 432 | ||
| Preparedness | 433 | ||
| In case of fire | 433 | ||
| Fire extinguishers | 434 | ||
| Electric shock | 434 | ||
| Falls and collision accidents | 435 | ||
| Spills | 435 | ||
| Workplace safety | 435 | ||
| Ergonomics | 435 | ||
| Body mechanics | 436 | ||
| Assisting patients with positions and movements | 437 | ||
| Body positions | 437 | ||
| Support and padding | 437 | ||
| Assisting patients to change position | 439 | ||
| Assisting patients to move about | 439 | ||
| Lifting patients from wheelchairs | 441 | ||
| Immobilization | 442 | ||
| Accidents and incident reports | 444 | ||
| Infection control | 445 | ||
| Cycle of infection | 445 | ||
| Infectious agents | 445 | ||
| Bacteria | 445 | ||
| Viruses | 446 | ||
| Protozoa | 446 | ||
| Fungi | 446 | ||
| Prions | 447 | ||
| Reservoir of infection | 447 | ||
| Susceptible host | 448 | ||
| Disease transmission | 448 | ||
| Direct contact | 448 | ||
| Fomites | 448 | ||
| Vectors | 448 | ||
| Vehicles | 448 | ||
| Airborne contamination | 448 | ||
| Droplet contamination | 448 | ||
| Infectious diseases | 449 | ||
| Disease information | 449 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 449 | ||
| Hepatitis | 450 | ||
| Managing occupational exposures to blood-borne pathogens | 450 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 451 | ||
| Health care–associated infections | 452 | ||
| Preventing disease transmission | 452 | ||
| Standard precautions | 452 | ||
| Medical asepsis | 453 | ||
| Hand hygiene | 453 | ||
| Housekeeping | 455 | ||
| Handling linens | 455 | ||
| Handling and disposal of contaminated items and waste | 455 | ||
| Surgical asepsis | 456 | ||
| Sterilization | 456 | ||
| Sterile fields | 457 | ||
| Gloving | 459 | ||
| Removing and applying dressings | 461 | ||
| Summary | 461 | ||
| 22 Assessing patients and managing acute situations | 463 | ||
| Learning objectives | 463 | ||
| Key terms | 463 | ||
| Assessing the personal concerns of patients | 464 | ||
| Physiologic needs | 464 | ||
| Water | 464 | ||
| Elimination | 464 | ||
| Sanitary supplies | 465 | ||
| Taking a history | 465 | ||
| Assessing current physical status | 467 | ||
| Establishing a baseline | 467 | ||
| Physical evaluation | 467 | ||
| Vital signs | 468 | ||
| Temperature | 468 | ||
| Pulse | 470 | ||
| Respirations | 471 | ||
| Blood pressure | 472 | ||
| Blood oxygen saturation | 473 | ||
| Acute situations | 473 | ||
| Emergency supplies and equipment | 473 | ||
| Oxygen and suction | 474 | ||
| Oxygen administration | 474 | ||
| Suction | 475 | ||
| Respiratory emergencies | 476 | ||
| Reactive airway disease | 476 | ||
| Airway obstruction | 476 | ||
| Cardiac emergencies | 476 | ||
| Angina pectoris | 476 | ||
| Heart attack | 476 | ||
| Cardiac arrest | 476 | ||
| Trauma | 477 | ||
| Head injuries | 477 | ||
| Extremity fractures | 477 | ||
| Wounds | 478 | ||
| Medical emergencies | 478 | ||
| Drug reactions | 478 | ||
| Diabetic emergencies | 478 | ||
| Cerebrovascular accidents | 479 | ||
| Seizure disorders | 480 | ||
| Hyperventilation | 480 | ||
| Vertigo and postural hypotension | 480 | ||
| Epistaxis | 481 | ||
| Nausea and vomiting | 481 | ||
| Shock | 481 | ||
| Summary | 482 | ||
| V Ancillary Clinical Skills | 483 | ||
| 23 Medications and their administration | 485 | ||
| Learning objectives | 485 | ||
| Key terms | 485 | ||
| The limited operator’s role in medication administration | 486 | ||
| Medication nomenclature and information resources | 486 | ||
| Routes of medication administration | 487 | ||
| Medication properties | 488 | ||
| Absorption | 488 | ||
| Distribution | 488 | ||
| Metabolism | 488 | ||
| Excretion | 488 | ||
| Medication effects | 488 | ||
| Frequently used medications | 489 | ||
| Antiallergic medications | 492 | ||
| Antimicrobial medications | 492 | ||
| Analgesics | 492 | ||
| Sedatives and tranquilizers | 493 | ||
| Antagonists | 493 | ||
| Local anesthetics | 493 | ||
| Hypoglycemic agents | 493 | ||
| Antihypertensives | 494 | ||
| Medication administration | 494 | ||
| Preparation | 494 | ||
| Dose | 494 | ||
| Oral administration | 495 | ||
| Parenteral administration | 495 | ||
| Parenteral equipment | 495 | ||
| Preparation for injection | 496 | ||
| Parenteral injection procedure | 499 | ||
| Assisting with intravenous injections and the establishment of intravenous lines | 499 | ||
| Monitoring infusions | 502 | ||
| Discontinuing infusions | 504 | ||
| Precautions for all injections | 504 | ||
| Charting of medications | 504 | ||
| Summary | 504 | ||
| 24 Medical laboratory skills | 505 | ||
| Learning objectives | 505 | ||
| Key terms | 505 | ||
| Standard precautions | 506 | ||
| Hand hygiene | 506 | ||
| Barrier techniques | 506 | ||
| Biohazardous waste disposal | 506 | ||
| Venipuncture | 506 | ||
| Equipment and supplies | 506 | ||
| Evacuated blood collection tubes | 506 | ||
| Needles | 507 | ||
| Needle holder | 507 | ||
| Tourniquet | 508 | ||
| Alcohol wipes | 508 | ||
| Gauze or cotton balls | 508 | ||
| Bandage | 509 | ||
| Biohazard waste receptacles | 509 | ||
| Splash shield | 509 | ||
| Patient and equipment preparation | 509 | ||
| Step-by-step venipuncture procedure | 510 | ||
| Common problems | 511 | ||
| Tube does not fill with blood | 511 | ||
| Patient feels faint | 511 | ||
| Urinalysis | 511 | ||
| Equipment and supplies | 511 | ||
| Reagent strips | 511 | ||
| Collection containers (cups) | 511 | ||
| Urinalysis tubes | 511 | ||
| Gauze sponges and cleansing solution | 511 | ||
| Specimen collection | 512 | ||
| Timing | 512 | ||
| Technique of collection | 512 | ||
| Specimen testing | 512 | ||
| Macroscopic examination | 512 | ||
| Chemical analysis | 512 | ||
| Step-by-step reagent strip urinalysis | 513 | ||
| Common problems | 513 | ||
| Collection and handling problems | 513 | ||
| Unmatchable end-point color | 513 | ||
| Multiple end-point colors | 513 | ||
| Menstrual blood contamination | 513 | ||
| Indications for microscopic examination | 513 | ||
| Miscellaneous laboratory tests | 514 | ||
| Summary | 514 | ||
| 25 Additional procedures for assessment and diagnosis | 515 | ||
| Learning objectives | 515 | ||
| Key terms | 515 | ||
| Measuring weight and height | 516 | ||
| Measuring weight | 516 | ||
| Measuring height | 517 | ||
| Vision screening tests | 517 | ||
| Distance vision assessment | 518 | ||
| Near vision assessment | 520 | ||
| Color perception assessment | 520 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 521 | ||
| The cardiac impulse | 521 | ||
| Electrocardiography leads | 522 | ||
| Electrocardiograph paper and standardization | 524 | ||
| Types of electrocardiography machines | 524 | ||
| Preparation for electrocardiography | 525 | ||
| Obtaining the tracing | 528 | ||
| Artifacts | 529 | ||
| Preparing the tracing for interpretation and storage | 530 | ||
| Exercise tolerance testing | 531 | ||
| Spirometry | 531 | ||
| Equipment | 531 | ||
| Patient preparation and testing | 532 | ||
| Infection control | 533 | ||
| Summary | 534 | ||
| 26 Bone densitometry | 535 | ||
| Learning objectives | 535 | ||
| Key terms | 535 | ||
| Dxa versus conventional radiography | 536 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 536 | ||
| Primary and secondary osteoporosis | 536 | ||
| Bone biology and remodeling | 537 | ||
| Building and maintaining bone | 539 | ||
| Physical and mathematical principles of DXA | 539 | ||
| Pencil-beam and array-beam (fan-beam) systems | 540 | ||
| Statistical measures in bone densitometry | 541 | ||
| Performing precision assessment | 541 | ||
| Procedure to determine precision error for each operator | 542 | ||
| BMD comparison between facilities | 542 | ||
| T-scores and Z-scores | 542 | ||
| Radiation safety and protection | 543 | ||
| Radiation measurement | 543 | ||
| Radiation protection concepts related to DXA scanning | 544 | ||
| Computer competency | 545 | ||
| Scanner quality control | 545 | ||
| Fracture risk models | 545 | ||
| Baseline and serial scanning | 546 | ||
| Baseline scans | 546 | ||
| Serial scans | 546 | ||
| Skeletal sites to measure | 546 | ||
| Dxa scan acquisition, image critique, and analysis | 547 | ||
| DXA scanning of the lumbar spine | 547 | ||
| DXA scanning of the proximal femur | 549 | ||
| DXA scanning of the forearm | 552 | ||
| Positioning and procedure details: Forearm | 552 | ||
| Image critique (fig. 26-16): | 552 | ||
| Scan results: | 553 | ||
| Summary | 553 | ||
| Appendix A State Licensure Information | 555 | ||
| Appendix B The American registry of radiologic technologists rules of ethics | 557 | ||
| Appendix C Solutions to practice problems in chapter 3 | 560 | ||
| Appendix D Sample manual X-ray technique charts | 565 | ||
| Appendix E Optimum Kilovoltage (kVp) ranges | 571 | ||
| Appendix F Milliampere-seconds (mAs) table | 572 | ||
| Appendix G Nomogram for determining patient skin dose from X-ray exposureᵖ | 573 | ||
| Appendix H Screen/film image receptor systemsq | 575 | ||
| Appendix I X-ray darkroom and film processingʳ | 583 | ||
| Appendix J Usual projections for routine examinations | 601 | ||
| Appendix K Evaluation of sample images from chapter 19 | 602 | ||
| Appendix L Charting terms and abbreviations | 603 | ||
| Appendix M Task inventory for limited scope of practice in radiographyˢ | 607 | ||
| Illustration credits | 611 | ||
| Glossary | 613 | ||
| Index | 623 | ||
| A | 623 | ||
| B | 625 | ||
| C | 625 | ||
| D | 628 | ||
| E | 629 | ||
| F | 630 | ||
| G | 631 | ||
| H | 632 | ||
| I | 633 | ||
| J | 634 | ||
| K | 634 | ||
| L | 634 | ||
| M | 635 | ||
| N | 636 | ||
| O | 636 | ||
| P | 637 | ||
| Q | 638 | ||
| R | 638 | ||
| S | 639 | ||
| T | 641 | ||
| U | 642 | ||
| V | 643 | ||
| W | 643 | ||
| X | 643 | ||
| Z | 643 |