Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference - E-Book

Kathleen Deska Pagana; Timothy J. Pagana; Theresa N Pagana

BOOK

Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference - E-Book

Kathleen Deska Pagana | Timothy J. Pagana | Theresa N Pagana

(2016)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-0-323-39920-3
Edition: 13
Language: English
Pages: 1088
Subjects: Gynaecology & obstetrics
Nursing

Abstract

Gain quick access to today’s most important diagnostic tests and procedures with Mosby’s Diagnostic & Laboratory Test Reference, 13th Edition! In this bestselling handbook, concise test entries are arranged alphabetically and reflect the latest in diagnostic testing and research. Each test includes vital information such as alternate or abbreviated test names, test explanation, normal and abnormal findings, possible critical values, and guidelines to patient care before, during, and after the test. To simplify lookup, related tests are cross-referenced. From the expert author team of Kathleen, Timothy, and Theresa Pagana, this reference offers convenient A-to-Z thumb tabs, a compact size, and a durable cover for everyday use on the job.

UNIQUE! Each test entry begins on a new page, making tests easy to find.
Alphabetically organized tests offer quick reference with A-to-Z thumb tabs, so you’ll never have to search for a test by having to first determine its correct category or body system.
User’s Guide to Test Preparation and Performance provides an overview and guidelines for each type of laboratory test and diagnostic procedure, so you can minimize worry about having to repeat a test due to an error.
Icon for patient teaching-related care indicates information that should be shared with patients and their families.
Normal findings for adult, elderly, and pediatric patients are included where applicable.
Abnormal findings are highlighted with directional arrows to show increased or decreased test results.
Possible critical values are highlighted to alert you to situations requiring immediate intervention.
Convenient appendix lists tests by body system and test type, making it easy to quickly locate related studies.
Drug interference with test results is indicated by a mortar and pestle icon.
Cross-referencing of related tests makes them easy to find.
Abbreviations for tests are listed in the front and the back of the book, and symbols and units of measurement are listed in an appendix.
A durable cover with rounded edges helps prevent the book from being damaged and makes it easier to handle.

NEW test entries include the latest diagnostic tests and laboratory procedures.
NEW! Updated coverage reflects the latest research on the diagnostic values of results, accuracy of testing, and patient care and education for each test.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Front Cover	Cover
IFC	ES1
MOSBY’S DIAGNOSTIC AND LABORATORY TEST REFERENCE	i
Copyright	ii
Dedication	iii
reviewers\r	iv
preface\r	v
contents	ix
list of figures\r	x
user’s guide to test preparation and procedures\r	xi
Overview	xi
Urine tests	xiv
Overview	xiv
Guidelines	xiv
Stool tests	xv
Overview	xv
Guidelines	xvi
X-ray studies	xvi
Overview	xvi
Radiation dose	xvii
Risk of radiation	xvii
Radiation associated with diagnostic testing	xviii
Guidelines	xix
Nuclear scanning	xxi
Overview	xxi
Guidelines	xxi
Ultrasound studies	xxii
Overview	xxii
Guidelines	xxii
Endoscopy procedures	xxiii
Overview	xxiii
Guidelines	xxiii
A	1
abdominal ultrasound (Abdominal sonogram)	1
Interfering factors	2
Procedure and patient care	2
Before	2
During	3
After	3
Abnormal findings	3
Kidney	3
Gallbladder	3
Liver	3
Pancreas	3
Bile ducts	4
Abdominal aorta	4
Abdominal cavity	4
acetylcholine receptor antibody panel (AChR Ab,\rAnti–AChR antibody)	5
Interfering factors	6
Procedure and patient care	6
Abnormal findings	6
acid phosphatase (Prostatic acid phosphatase [PAP],\rTartrate-resistant acid phosphatase [TRAP])	7
Interfering factors	7
Procedure and patient care	7
Abnormal findings	8
activated clotting time (ACT, Activated coagulation time)	9
Depends on use for the test and clinical situation	9
Interfering factors	10
Procedure and patient care	10
Abnormal findings	10
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, Corticotropin)	11
Type of testBlood	11
Interfering factors	12
Procedure and patient care	12
Abnormal findings	12
adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test with cosyntropin (ACTH stimulation test, Cortisol stimulation test)	13
Interfering factors	14
Procedure and patient care	14
Rapid test	14
24-hour test	14
3-day test	14
Abnormal findings	14
In Cushing syndrome	15
Increase higher than normal response	15
adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test\rwith metyrapone (ACTH stimulation test with metyrapone, Metyrapone test)	16
Contraindications	16
Potential complications	16
Interfering factors	17
Procedure and patient care	17
During	17
Blood	17
Urine	17
After	17
Abnormal findings	17
Increased cortisol precursors	17
No change in cortisol precursors	17
adrenal steroid precursors (Androstenediones [AD], Dehydroepiandrosterone\r[DHEA], Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEA S], 11-Deoxycortisol, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone, 17-Hydroxypregnenolone, Pregnenolone)	18
Interfering factors	19
Procedure and patient care	19
Abnormal findings	19
age-related macular degeneration risk analysis\r(ARMD risk analysis, Y402H, and A69S)	20
Procedure and patient care	20
Abnormal findings	20
alanine aminotransferase (ALT, formerly Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT])	21
Type of testBlood	21
Interfering factors	21
Procedure and patient care	21
Abnormal findings	22
aldolase	23
Type of testBlood	23
Interfering factors	23
Procedure and patient care	23
Abnormal findings	24
aldosterone	25
Type of testBlood; urine (24-hour)	25
Blood	25
Urine (24-hour)	25
Test explanation and related physiology	25
Interfering factors	26
Procedure and patient care	26
During	27
After	27
Abnormal findings	27
alkaline phosphatase (ALP)	29
Type of testBlood	29
Interfering factors	29
Procedure and patient care	30
Abnormal findings	30
allergy blood testing (IgE antibody test, Radioallergosorbent test [RAST])	31
Test explanation and related physiology	31
Contraindications	32
Interfering factors	32
Procedure and patient care	32
Abnormal findings	32
allergy skin testing	33
Type of testSkin	33
Contraindications	34
Potential complications	34
Interfering factors	34
Procedure and patient care	34
During	35
Prick-puncture method	35
Intradermal method	35
Patch method	35
After	35
Abnormal findings	36
alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT, AAT, Alpha1-antitrypsin phenotyping)	37
Type of testBlood	37
Interfering factors	37
Procedure and patient care	38
Abnormal findings	38
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, a1-Fetoprotein)	39
Type of testBlood	39
Interfering factors	39
Procedure and patient care	39
Abnormal findings	40
aluminum	41
Type of testBlood	41
Interfering factors	41
Procedure and patient care	41
Abnormal findings	42
amino acid profiles (Amino acid screen)	43
Type of testBlood; urine	43
Interfering factors	43
Procedure and patient care	44
During	44
After	44
Abnormal findings	44
ammonia level	45
Type of testBlood	45
Interfering factors	45
Procedure and patient care	46
Abnormal findings	46
amniocentesis (Amniotic fluid analysis)	47
Type of testFluid analysis	47
Contraindications	50
Potential complications	50
Interfering factors	50
Procedure and patient care	50
During	51
After	52
Abnormal findings	53
amylase	54
Type of testBlood; urine	54
Blood	54
Urine (24-hour)	54
Possible critical values	54
Test explanation and related physiology	54
Interfering factors	55
Procedure and patient care	55
Abnormal findings	55
amyloid beta protein precursor, soluble\ramyloid beta protein precursor, soluble (sBPP)	56
Type of testCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis	56
Procedure and patient care	56
During	56
After	56
Abnormal findings	56
angiotensin	57
Type of testBlood	57
Interfering factors	57
Procedure and patient care	57
Abnormal findings	57
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme [SACE])	58
Type of testBlood	58
Interfering factors	58
Procedure and patient care	58
Abnormal findings	58
anion gap (AG, R factor)	60
Type of testBlood	60
Interfering factors	60
Procedure and patient care	61
Abnormal findings	61
anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL antibodies, ACA,\rAntiphospholipid antibodies, Lupus anticoagulant)	62
Type of testBlood	62
Interfering factors	62
Procedure and patient care	62
Abnormal findings	63
anticentromere antibody test (Centromere antibody)	64
Type of testBlood	64
Procedure and patient care	64
Abnormal findings	64
Positive results	64
(Antinucleosome antibody [anti-NCS], Antihistone antibody test [anti-HST, AHA])	65
Type of testBlood	65
Antinucleosome antibodies	65
Antihistone antibody	65
Test explanation and related physiology	65
Procedure and patient care	66
Abnormal findings	66
antichromatin antibody test (Antinucleosome antibody [anti-NCS], Antihistone antibody test [anti-HST, AHA])	67
Type of testBlood	67
Procedure and patient care	67
Abnormal findings	67
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)	68
Type of testBlood	68
Interfering factors	69
Procedure and patient care	70
Abnormal findings	70
anti-DNA antibody test (Anti–deoxyribonucleic acid\rantibodies, Antibody to double-stranded DNA, Anti–double-stranded DNA, Anti–ds-DNA, DNA antibody, Native double-stranded DNA)	71
Type of testBlood	71
Interfering factors	71
Procedure and patient care	71
Abnormal findings	72
antiextractable nuclear antigens (Anti-ENAs, Antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens, Antihistidyl transfer synthase\r[anti–Jo-1], Antiribonucleoprotein [anti-RNP], Anti-Smith [anti-SM])	73
Type of testBlood	73
Procedure and patient care	73
Abnormal findings	73
antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies\r(Anti-GBM antibody, AGBM, Glomerular basement antibody,\rGoodpasture antibody)	75
Type of testBlood; microscopic examination of tissue	75
Procedure and patient care	75
Abnormal findings	75
Positive	75
antiglycan antibodies (Crohn disease prognostic panel,\rMultiple sclerosis antibody panel)	76
Type of testBlood	76
Procedure and patient care	76
Abnormal findings	76
antiliver/kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies\r(Anti-LKM-1 antibodies)	77
Procedure and patient care	77
Abnormal findings	77
antimitochondrial antibody (AMA)	78
Type of testBlood	78
Procedure and patient care	78
Abnormal findings	78
antimyocardial antibody (AMA)	79
Type of testBlood	79
Procedure and patient care	79
Abnormal findings	79
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)	80
Type of testBlood	80
Procedure and patient care	81
Abnormal findings	81
antinuclear antibody (ANA)	82
Type of testBlood	82
Interfering factors	84
Procedure and patient care	85
Abnormal findings	85
antiparietal cell antibody (APCA)	86
Type of testBlood	86
Procedure and patient care	86
Abnormal findings	86
antiscleroderma antibody (Scl-70 antibody, Scleroderma antibody, RNA polymerase III antibody)	87
Type of testBlood	87
Interfering factors	87
Procedure and patient care	87
Abnormal findings	87
Positive results	87
antismooth muscle antibody (ASMA)	88
Type of testBlood	88
Procedure and patient care	88
Abnormal findings	88
antispermatozoal antibody (Sperm agglutination and\rinhibition, Sperm antibodies, Antisperm antibodies, Infertility screen)	89
Type of testFluid analysis; blood	89
Procedure and patient care	90
Sperm specimen	90
Abnormal findings	90
anti–SS-A (RO), anti–SS-B (LA), and anti–SS-C antibodies (Anti-Ro, Anti-La, Sjögren antibodies)	91
Type of testBlood	91
Procedure and patient care	92
Abnormal findings	92
Positive	92
antithrombin activity and antigen assay (Antithrombin III [AT-III] activity/assay, Functional antithrombin III assay, Heparin cofactor, Immunologic antithrombin III, Serine protease inhibitor)	93
Type of testBlood	93
Interfering factors	94
Procedure and patient care	94
Test results and clinical significance	94
antithyroglobulin antibody (Thyroid autoantibody, Thyroid antithyroglobulin antibody, Thyroglobulin antibody)	95
Type of testBlood	95
Interfering factors	95
Procedure and patient care	95
Abnormal findings	95
antithyroid peroxidase antibody (Anti-TPO, TPO-Ab,\rAntithyroid microsomal antibody, Thyroid autoantibody)	96
Procedure and patient care	96
Abnormal findings	96
antifactor Xa (Anti-Xa)	97
Type of testBlood	97
Adults and children > 8 weeks	97
Children <8 weeks	97
Test explanation and related physiology	97
Interfering factors	98
Procedure and patient care	98
Abnormal findings	98
apolipoproteins	99
Type of testBlood	99
Apo A-I	99
Apo B	99
Apo A-I/Apo B ratio	99
Lipoprotein (a)	99
Test explanation and related physiology	99
Interfering factors	100
Apo A-I	100
Apo B	101
Lipoprotein (a)	101
Procedure and patient care	101
Abnormal findings	101
apt test (Downey test, Qualitative fetal hemoglobin stool test, Stool for swallowed blood)	103
Type of testStool	103
Procedure and patient care	103
During	103
After	103
Abnormal findings	103
arterial blood gases (ABGs, blood gases)	104
Type of testBlood	104
pH	104
Pco2	104
HCO3	104
Po2	104
O2 saturation	104
O2 content	104
Base excess	104
Alveolar to arterial O2 difference	104
Possible critical values	104
Test explanation and related physiology	105
pH	105
Pco2	105
Bicarbonate (HCO3) or CO2 content	105
Po2	107
O2 saturation	107
O2 content	108
Base excess/deficit	108
Alveolar (A) to arterial (a) O2 difference (A-a gradient)	108
Contraindications	108
Potential complications	108
Interfering factors	109
Procedure and patient care	109
During	109
After	109
Abnormal findings	110
arteriography (Angiography)	112
Type of testX-ray with contrast dye	112
Contraindications	112
Potential complications	112
Procedure and patient care	113
During	113
After	114
Abnormal findings	114
Arteriography of the peripheral vascular system	114
Kidney arteriography	114
arthrocentesis with synovial fluid analysis	115
Type of testFluid analysis	115
Contraindications	117
Potential complications	117
Procedure and patient care	117
During	117
After	117
Abnormal findings	118
arthroscopy	119
Type of testEndoscopy	119
Contraindications	120
Potential complications	120
Procedure and patient care	120
During	120
After	121
Abnormal findings	121
aspartate aminotransferase (AST; Formerly called serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])	122
Type of testBlood	122
Normal findings	122
Test explanation and related physiology	122
Interfering factors	123
Procedure and patient care	123
1.1 Abnormal findings	123
B	125
barium enema (BE, Lower GI series)	125
Contraindications	125
Potential complications	125
Interfering factors	125
Procedure and patient care	126
Before	126
Day before examination	126
Day of examination	126
During	126
After	127
Abnormal findings	128
barium swallow	129
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	129
Contraindications	129
Potential complications	129
Interfering factors	129
Procedure and patient care	129
During	130
After	130
Abnormal findings	130
Bence Jones protein (Free kappa and lambda light chains)	131
Type of test Urine	131
Interfering factors	132
Procedure and patient care	132
Abnormal findings	132
11 beta-prostaglandin F(2) alpha	133
Type of test Urine	133
Procedure and patient care	133
Abnormal findings	133
bilirubin	134
Type of test Blood	134
Possible critical values	134
Interfering factors	136
Procedure and patient care	136
Abnormal findings	136
bioterrorism infectious agents testing	138
Type of test Various (e.g. , blood, urine, stool, tissue culture, sputum, lymph node biopsy, skin)	138
Botulism infection	138
Anthrax	138
Hemorrhagic fever (yellow fever)	138
Plague	139
Brucellosis	139
Smallpox	139
Tularemia	139
Procedure and patient care	139
Before	139
During	140
After	140
Abnormal findings	140
bladder cancer markers (Bladder tumor antigen [BTA], Nuclear matrix protein 22 [NMP22])	142
Type of test Urine	142
Interfering factors	143
Procedure and patient care	143
Abnormal findings	143
blood culture and sensitivity	144
Type of test Blood	144
Interfering factors	144
Procedure and patient care	144
During	145
After	145
Abnormal findings	145
blood smear (Peripheral blood smear, Red blood cell [RBC]\rmorphology, RBC smear)	146
Type of test Blood	146
Platelet examination	146
Procedure and patient care	148
During	148
After	148
Abnormal findings	148
blood typing (Blood group microarray testing)	149
Type of test Blood	149
ABO system	149
Rh factor	150
Other blood typing systems	151
Blood crossmatching	151
Procedure and patient care	151
Abnormal findings	151
bone densitometry (Bone mineral content [BMC], Bone mineral density [BMD], DEXA scan)	152
Type of test X-ray	152
Interfering factors	153
Procedure and patient care	153
During	154
After	154
Abnormal findings	154
bone marrow biopsy (Bone marrow examination, Bone marrow\raspiration)	155
Type of test Microscopic examination of tissue	155
Contraindications	157
Potential complications	157
Procedure and patient care	157
During	158
After	159
Abnormal findings	159
bone scan	160
Type of test Nuclear scan	160
Contraindications	161
Procedure and patient care	161
During	161
After	162
Abnormal findings	162
bone turnover markers (BTMs, N-telopeptide [NTx], Bone collagen\requivalents [BCEs], Osteocalcin [bone G1 a protein, BGP, osteocalc],\rPyridinium [PYD] crosslinks, Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BSAP], Amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen [P1NP], C-telopeptide [CTx])	163
Type of test Blood; urine	163
N-telopeptide	163
C-telopeptide	163
Osteocalcin, serum (ng/mL)	163
Pyridium, urine (nm/mm)	163
Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum (μg/L)	164
Interfering factors	165
Procedure and patient care	166
Blood	166
Urine	166
Anchor 538	166
Abnormal findings	166
bone x-ray	167
Type of test X-ray	167
Interfering factors	167
Procedure and patient care	167
During	168
After	168
Abnormal findings	168
brain scan (Cisternogram, Cerebral blood flow, DaT scan)	169
Type of test Nuclear scan	169
Contraindications	169
Interfering factors	169
Procedure and patient care	170
During	170
After	170
Abnormal findings	170
breast cancer genomics (Oncotype DX, Genotyping, MammaPrint)	171
Type of test Microscopic examination	171
Procedure and patient care	172
During	172
After	172
Abnormal findings	172
breast cancer tumor analysis (DNA ploidy status, S-phase fraction, Cathepsin D, HER-2 [c erbB2, neu] protein, p53 protein, Ki67 protein)	173
Type of test Microscopic examination	173
DNA ploidy	173
S-phase fraction	173
HER-2 protein	173
Cathepsin D	173
p53 protein	173
Ki67 protein	173
Test explanation and related physiology	173
DNA ploidy status and S-phase fraction	174
Cathepsin D	174
HER-2 (c erbB2, neu) protein	174
p53 protein	174
Ki67 protein	174
Interfering factors	174
Procedure and patient care	174
During	175
After	175
Abnormal findings	175
breast ductal lavage	176
Type of test Fluid analysis	176
Contraindications	176
Potential complications	176
Procedure and patient care	176
During	177
After	177
Abnormal findings	177
breast ultrasonography (Ultrasound mammography, Breast sonogram)	178
Type of test Ultrasound	178
Procedure and patient care	178
During	179
After	179
Abnormal findings	179
bronchoscopy	180
Type of test Endoscopy	180
Normal findings	180
Test explanation and related physiology	180
Contraindications	181
Potential complications	181
Procedure and patient care	181
During	181
After	183
Abnormal findings	183
C	184
calcitonin (Human calcitonin [HCT], Thyrocalcitonin)	184
Interfering factors	184
Procedure and patient care	185
Abnormal findings	185
calcium (Total/ionized calcium, Ca, Serum calcium)	186
Type of test Blood; urine	186
Possible critical values	186
Interfering factors	187
Procedure and patient care	188
Abnormal findings	188
caloric study (Oculovestibular reflex study)	189
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	189
Contraindications	189
Interfering factors	189
Procedure and patient care	189
During	189
After	190
Abnormal findings	190
cancer tumor markers (Tumor markers [TM], Tumor-associated\rmarkers)	191
Type of test blood	191
Interfering factors	191
Procedure and patient care	193
Abnormal findings	193
carbon dioxide content (CO2 content, CO2 combining power)	194
Type of test Blood	194
Possible critical values	194
Interfering factors	194
Procedure and patient care	195
Abnormal findings	195
carboxyhemoglobin (COHb, Carbon monoxide)	196
Type of test Blood	196
Possible critical values	196
Procedure and patient care	196
Abnormal findings	197
cardiac catheterization (Coronary angiography, Ventriculography)	198
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	198
Contraindications	200
Potential complications	200
Procedure and patient care	201
During	202
After	203
Abnormal findings	203
cardiac nuclear scan (Myocardial perfusion scan, Myocardial perfusion imaging, Myocardial scan, Cardiac scan, Heart scan, Thallium scan, MUGA scan, Isonitrile scan, Sestamibi cardiac scan, Cardiac flow studies, and Nuclear stress test)	204
Type of test Nuclear scan	204
Contraindications	205
Interfering factors	205
Procedure and patient care	205
During	205
After	206
Abnormal findings	206
cardiac stress testing (Exercise stress testing; Nuclear stress testing; Echo stress testing)	207
Type of test Electrodiagnostic; nuclear	207
Contraindications	208
Potential complications	208
Interfering factors	209
Procedure and patient care	209
During	209
After	209
Abnormal findings	210
carotid artery duplex scanning (Carotid ultrasound)	211
Type of test Ultrasound	211
Procedure and patient care	211
During	212
After	212
Abnormal findings	212
cell culture drug resistance testing (CCDRT, Chemosensitivity\rassay, Drug response assay)	213
Type of test Miscellaneous	213
Procedure and patient care	213
During	213
After	213
Abnormal findings	213
cell-free maternal DNA testing (Noninvasive prenatal testing\r[NIPT, cell-free DNA in maternal blood])	214
Type of test Blood	214
Procedure and patient care	215
Abnormal findings	215
cell surface immunophenotyping (Flow cytometry cell surface immunophenotyping, Lymphocyte immunophenotyping, AIDS T-lymphocyte cell markers, CD4 marker, CD4/CD8 ratio, CD4 percentage)	216
Type of test Blood	216
Contraindications	217
Interfering factors	217
Procedure and patient care	217
Abnormal findings	218
cervical biopsy (LEEP procedure, Cone biopsy)	219
Type of test Microscopic examination	219
Possible critical values	219
Contraindications	219
Potential complications	219
Procedure and patient care	220
During	220
After	220
Abnormal findings	221
chest x-ray (CXR)	222
Type of test X-ray	222
Contraindications	223
Interfering factors	223
Procedure and patient care	223
During	223
After	223
Abnormal findings	224
chlamydia	225
Type of test Blood; microscopic examination	225
Interfering factors	226
Procedure and patient care	226
During	226
After	227
Abnormal findings	227
chloride, blood (CL)	228
Type of test Blood	228
Possible critical values	228
Interfering factors	228
Procedure and patient care	228
Abnormal findings	229
cholesterol	230
Type of test Blood	230
Interfering factors	231
Procedure and patient care	231
Abnormal findings	232
cholinesterase (CHS, Pseudocholinesterase [PChE], Cholinesterase\rRBC, Red blood cell cholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase)	233
Type of test Blood	233
Interfering factors	234
Procedure and patient care	234
Abnormal findings	235
chorionic villus sampling (CVS, Chorionic villus biopsy [CVB])	236
Type of test Cell analysis	237
Potential complications	237
Procedure and patient care	237
During	237
After	239
Abnormal findings	239
chromosome karyotype (Blood chromosome analysis, Chromosome\rstudies, Cytogenetics, Karyotype)	239
Type of test Blood	239
Procedure and patient care	239
During	239
After	240
Abnormal findings	240
Clostridium difficile (C. diff, Clostridial toxin assay)	241
Type of test Stool	241
Procedure and patient care	242
During	242
After	242
Abnormal findings	242
coagulating factors concentration (Coagulating factors, Blood-clotting factors)	243
Type of test Blood	243
Interfering factors	245
Procedure and patient care	245
Abnormal findings	245
cold agglutinins	248
Type of test Blood	248
Interfering factors	248
Procedure and patient care	248
Abnormal findings	249
colon cancer tumor analysis (Microsatellite instability [MSI] testing, DNA mismatch repair [MMR] genetic testing, BRAF mutation analysis, Oncotype DX colon cancer assay)	250
Type of test Microscopic examination	250
Procedure and patient care	251
During	251
After	251
Abnormal findingsUnfavorable test results indicating a high risk of cancer reoccurrence	251
colonoscopy	252
Type of test Endoscopy	252
Contraindications	253
Potential complications	253
Interfering factors	253
Procedure and patient care	253
During	253
After	254
Abnormal findings	254
colposcopy	255
Type of test Endoscopy	255
Contraindications	257
Interfering factors	257
Procedure and patient care	257
During	257
After	257
Abnormal findings	258
complement assay (Total, C3 and C4 complement)	259
Type of testBlood	259
Interfering factors	260
Procedure and patient care	260
Abnormal findings	261
complete blood count and differential count (CBC and diff)	262
computed tomography of the abdomen and\rpelvis (CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis, Helical/spiral\rCT scan of the abdomen and pelvis)	263
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	263
Contraindications	265
Potential complications	266
Interfering factors	266
Procedure and patient care	266
During	267
After	267
Abnormal findings	268
computed tomography of the brain (CT scan of the brain, Helical/spiral CT scan of the brain)	269
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	269
Contraindications	270
Potential complications	270
Procedure and patient care	270
During	271
After	271
Abnormal findings	271
computed tomography of the chest (Chest CT scan,\rHelical/spiral CT scan of the chest)	272
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	272
Contraindications	272
Potential complications	273
Procedure and patient care	273
During	273
After	274
Abnormal findings	274
computed tomography of the heart (Coronary CT angiography, Coronary calcium score)	275
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	275
Contraindications	276
Potential complications	276
Procedure and patient care	276
During	277
After	277
Abnormal findings	277
Coombs test, direct (Direct antiglobulin test [DAT])	278
Type of test Blood	279
Interfering factors	279
Procedure and patient care	279
Abnormal findings	279
Coombs test, indirect (Blood antibody screening, Indirect antiglobulin test [IAT])	280
Type of test Blood	280
Interfering factors	280
Procedure and patient care	280
Abnormal findings	280
cortisol, blood, urine, saliva (Hydrocortisone, Serum cortisol,\rSalivary cortisol)	282
Type of test Blood; urine; saliva	282
Serum	282
Urine (24-hour)	282
Saliva	282
Test explanation and related physiology	282
Interfering factors	283
Procedure and patient care	283
During	283
After	284
Abnormal findings	284
C-peptide (Connecting peptide insulin, Insulin C-peptide, Proinsulin\rC-peptide)	285
Type of test Blood	285
Interfering factors	286
Procedure and patient care	286
Abnormal findings	286
C-reactive protein test (CRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP])	287
Type of test Blood	287
Interfering factors	288
Procedure and patient care	288
Abnormal findings	288
creatine kinase (CK, Creatine phosphokinase [CPK])	289
Type of test Blood	289
Total CPK	289
Isoenzymes	289
Test explanation and related physiology	289
Interfering factors	291
Procedure and patient care	291
Abnormal findings	291
creatinine, blood (Serum creatinine)	293
Type of test Blood	293
Possible critical values	293
Interfering factors	294
Procedure and patient care	294
Abnormal findings	294
creatinine clearance (CC, Estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR])	295
Type of test Urine (24-hour); blood	295
Interfering factors	296
Procedure and patient care	297
Abnormal findings	297
cryoglobulin	298
Type of testBlood	298
Procedure and patient care	298
Abnormal findings	298
cystography (Cystourethrography, Voiding cystography, Voiding cystourethrography [VCUG])	299
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	299
Contraindications	299
Potential complications	299
Procedure and patient care	299
During	300
After	300
Abnormal findings	300
cystometry (Cystometrogram [CMG])	301
Type of test Manometric	301
Contraindications	302
Procedure and patient care	302
During	302
After	303
Abnormal findings	303
cystoscopy (Endourology)	304
Type of test Endoscopy	304
Potential complications	304
Procedure and patient care	305
During	306
After	307
Abnormal findings	308
cytokines (interleukins)	309
Type of test Blood	309
Interfering factors	310
Procedure and patient care	310
Abnormal findings	310
cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) and antivinculin antibodies	311
Type of test Blood	311
Procedure and patient care	311
Abnormal findings	311
cytomegalovirus (CMV)	312
Type of test Blood	312
Procedure and patient care	313
Abnormal findings	313
D	314
D-dimer (Fragment D-dimer, Fibrin degradation product [FDP], Fibrin split products)	314
Interfering factors	315
Procedure and patient care	315
Abnormal findings	315
delta-aminolevulinic acid (Aminolevulinic acid [ALA], d-ALA)	316
Type of test Urine (24-hour)	316
Possible critical values	316
Interfering factors	316
Procedure and patient care	316
Abnormal findings	316
dental x-ray (Dental radiography)	317
Type of test X-ray	317
Interfering factors	318
Procedure and patient care	318
During	318
After	318
Abnormal findings	318
dexamethasone suppression test (DST, Prolonged/rapid DST, Cortisol suppression test, ACTH suppression test)	319
Type of test Blood; urine (24-hour)	319
Prolonged method	319
Rapid (overnight) method	319
Test explanation and related physiology	319
Interfering factors	320
Procedure and patient care	320
During	320
Prolonged test	320
Rapid test	321
After	321
Abnormal findings	321
diabetes mellitus autoantibody panel (Insulin autoantibody\r[IAA], Islet cell antibody [ICA], Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody [GAD Ab])	322
Type of test Blood	322
Procedure and patient care	322
Abnormal findings	322
2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG in erythrocytes)	323
Type of test Blood	323
Interfering factors	323
Procedure and patient care	323
Abnormal findings	324
disseminated intravascular coagulation screening\r(DIC screening)	325
Type of test Blood	325
Abnormal findings	325
drug monitoring (Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM])	327
Type of test Blood	327
Pharmacogenetics (genetic testing for drug monitoring)	329
Procedure and patient care	329
During	330
After	331
Abnormal findings	331
drug sensitivity genotype testing (AccuType)	332
Type of test Blood	332
Procedure and patient care	332
Abnormal findings	332
ductoscopy (Mammary ductoscopy)	333
Type of test Endoscopy	333
Normal findings	333
Test explanation and related physiology	333
Interfering factors	333
Procedure and patient care	333
During	334
After	335
Abnormal findings	335
E	336
echocardiography (Cardiac echo, Heart sonogram, Transthoracic echocardiography [TTE])	336
Contraindications	337
Interfering factors	337
Procedure and patient care	337
During	337
After	337
Abnormal findings	338
electrocardiography (Electrocardiogram [ECG, EKG])	339
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	339
Interfering factors	342
Procedure and patient care	342
During	342
After	343
Abnormal findings	343
electroencephalography (Electroencephalogram [EEG])	344
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	344
Interfering factors	345
Procedure and patient care	345
During	345
After	346
Abnormal findings	346
electromyography (EMG)	347
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	347
Contraindications	347
Potential complications	347
Interfering factors	347
Procedure and patient care	347
During	348
After	348
Abnormal findings	349
electromyography of the pelvic floor sphincter\r(Pelvic floor sphincter electromyography, Pelvic floor sphincter EMG, Rectal EMG procedure)	350
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	350
Contraindications	350
Procedure and patient care	350
During	351
After	351
Abnormal findings	351
electroneurography (ENG, Nerve conduction studies)	352
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	352
Interfering factors	352
Procedure and patient care	352
During	353
After	353
Abnormal findings	353
electronystagmography (Electrooculography)	354
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	354
Contraindications	354
Interfering factors	354
Procedure and patient care	355
During	355
After	355
Abnormal findings	355
electrophysiologic study (EPS, Cardiac mapping)	356
Type of test Electrodiagnostic; manometric	356
Tilt-table testing	356
Contraindications	356
Potential complications	357
Interfering factors	357
Procedure and patient care	357
During	357
Electrophysiologic study	357
Tilt-table test	358
After	358
Abnormal findings	358
endometrial biopsy	359
Type of test Microscopic examination of tissue	359
Contraindications	359
Potential complications	359
Procedure and patient care	359
During	360
After	360
Abnormal findings	360
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)	361
Type of test Endoscopy	361
Contraindications	362
Potential complications	362
Interfering factors	362
Procedure and patient care	362
During	362
After	364
Abnormal findings	364
epstein-barr virus testing (EBV antibody titer)	365
Type of test Blood	365
Procedure and patient care	367
Abnormal findings	367
erythrocyte fragility (Osmotic fragility [OF], Red blood cell fragility)	368
Type of test Blood	368
Interfering factors	368
Procedure and patient care	369
Abnormal findings	369
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, Sed rate test)	370
Type of test Blood	370
Westergren method	371
Test explanation and related physiology	371
Interfering factors	371
Procedure and patient care	371
Abnormal findings	371
erythropoietin (EPO)	372
Type of test Blood	372
Interfering factors	372
Procedure and patient care	372
Abnormal findings	373
esophageal function studies (Esophageal manometry, Esophageal motility studies)	374
Type of test Manometric	374
Manometry studies	374
Acid reflux with pH probe	374
Acid clearing	375
Bernstein test (acid perfusion)	375
Contraindications	375
Potential complications	375
Interfering factors	375
Procedure and patient care	375
During	376
After	377
Abnormal findings	377
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, Upper gastrointestinal\r[UGI] endoscopy, Gastroscopy)	378
Type of test Endoscopy	378
Contraindications	378
Potential complications	379
Interfering factors	379
Procedure and patient care	379
During	379
After	380
Abnormal findings	381
estrogen fractions (Estriol excretion, Estradiol, Estrone)	382
Type of test Urine (24-hour); blood	382
Possible critical values	382
Interfering factors	383
Procedure and patient care	383
Abnormal findings	384
estrogen receptor assay (ER assay, ERA, Estradiol receptor)	385
Type of test Microscopic examination	385
Interfering factors	385
Procedure and patient care	385
During	385
After	386
Abnormal findings	386
ethanol (Ethyl alcohol, Blood alcohol, Blood EtOH)	387
Type of test Blood; urine; gastric; breath	387
Possible critical values	387
Interfering factors	388
Procedure and patient care	388
Abnormal findings	388
evoked potential studies (EP studies, Evoked brain\rpotentials, Evoked responses)	389
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	389
Normal findings	389
Test explanation and related physiology	389
Procedure and patient care	390
During	391
After	391
Abnormal findings	391
Prolonged latency for VER	391
Prolonged latency for ABEP	391
Abnormal latency for SER	392
F	393
factor V Leiden (FVL, Mutation analysis)	393
Procedure and patient care	394
Abnormal findings	394
febrile antibodies (Febrile agglutinins)	395
Type of test Blood	395
Procedure and patient care	395
Abnormal findings	395
fecal fat (Fat absorption, Quantitative stool fat determination)	396
Type of test Stool	396
Interfering factors	396
Procedure and patient care	396
Before	396
During	397
After	397
Abnormal findings	397
ferritin	398
Type of test Blood	398
Interfering factors	398
Procedure and patient care	399
Abnormal findings	399
fetal biophysical profile (Biophysical profile [BPP])	400
Type of test Ultrasound; fetal activity study	400
Score of less than 4 points may necessitate immediate delivery	400
Interfering factors	402
Procedure and patient care	402
During	402
After	402
Abnormal findings	402
fetal contraction stress test (Contraction stress test [CST], Oxytocin challenge test [OCT])	403
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	403
Contraindications	404
Potential complications	404
Interfering factors	404
Procedure and patient care	404
During	404
After	405
Abnormal findings	405
fetal fibronectin (fFN)	406
Type of test Fluid analysis	406
Procedure and patient care	406
During	406
After	406
Abnormal findings	406
fetal hemoglobin (Kleihauer–Betke)	407
Type of test Blood	407
Interfering factors	407
Procedure and patient care	408
Abnormal findings	408
fetal nonstress test (Nonstress test [NST], Fetal activity determination)	409
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	409
Procedure and patient care	409
During	410
After	410
Abnormal findings	410
fetal scalp blood pH	411
Type of test Blood	411
Contraindications	411
Potential complications	411
Procedure and patient care	412
During	412
After	412
After delivery	412
Abnormal findings	412
fetoscopy	413
Type of test Endoscopy	413
Potential complications	413
Procedure and patient care	413
During	414
After	415
Abnormal findings	415
fibrinogen (Factor I, Quantitative fibrinogen)	416
Type of test Blood	416
Possible critical values	416
Interfering factors	416
Procedure and patient care	417
Abnormal findings	417
fluorescein angiography (FA, Ocular photography)	418
Type of test Other	418
Potential complications	418
Procedure and patient care	418
During	419
After	419
Abnormal findings	419
folic acid (Folate)	420
Type of test Blood	420
Interfering factors	420
Procedure and patient care	421
Abnormal findings	421
fungal testing (Antifungal antibodies; Beta-D-glucan, (1,3)-\rβ-D-glucan, Fungitell, Fungal culture, Fungal antigen assay, Fungal PCR testing)	422
Type of test Blood, microscopic examination	422
Normal findings	422
Test explanation and related physiology	422
Interfering factors	423
Procedure and patient care	423
Abnormal findings	423
G	424
galectin-3 (GAL-3)	424
Interfering factors	424
Procedure and patient care	424
Abnormal findings	424
gallbladder nuclear scanning (Hepatobiliary scintigraphy, Cholescintigraphy, DISIDA scanning, HIDA scanning)	425
Type of test Nuclear scan	425
Contraindications	425
Interfering factors	425
Procedure and patient care	426
During	426
After	426
Abnormal findings	426
gallium scan	427
Type of testNuclear scan	427
Contraindications	427
Interfering factors	427
Procedure and patient care	427
Before	427
During	428
After	428
Abnormal findings	428
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP, γ-GTP, Gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT])	429
Type of test Blood	429
Interfering factors	429
Procedure and patient care	429
Abnormal findings	430
gastric emptying scan	431
Type of test Nuclear scan	431
Contraindications	431
Interfering factors	431
Procedure and patient care	432
After	432
Abnormal findings	432
gastrin	433
Type of test Blood	433
Interfering factors	433
Procedure and patient care	434
Abnormal findings	434
gastroesophageal reflux scan (GE reflux scan, Aspiration scan)	435
Type of test Nuclear scan	435
Contraindications	435
Procedure and patient care	435
During	435
GE reflux scan	435
Aspiration scans	435
After	436
Abnormal findings	436
gastrointestinal bleeding scan (Abdominal scintigraphy, GI scintigraphy)	437
Type of test Nuclear scan	437
Contraindications	437
Interfering factors	437
Procedure and patient care	437
During	438
After	438
Abnormal findings	438
genetic testing (Breast cancer [BRCA] and ovarian cancer, Colon cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Cystic fibrosis, Melanoma, Hemochromatosis, Thyroid cancer, Paternity [parentage analysis], Forensic genetic testing)	439
Type of test Blood; miscellaneous	439
Breast cancer and ovarian cancer genetic testing	439
Colon cancer genetic testing	440
Tay-Sachs disease genetic testing	441
Cystic fibrosis genetic testing	441
Melanoma genetic testing	442
Hemochromatosis genetic testing	442
Thyroid cancer genetic testing	443
Cardiac genetic testing	443
Paternity genetic testing (parentage analysis)	443
Forensic genetic testing	444
Contraindications	444
Procedure and patient care	444
During	445
After	445
Abnormal findings	445
gliadin, endomysial, and tissue transglutaminase antibodies	446
Type of test Blood	446
Interfering factors	446
Procedure and patient care	447
Abnormal findings	447
glucagon	448
Type of test Blood	448
Interfering factors	448
Procedure and patient care	449
Abnormal findings	449
glucose, blood (Blood sugar, Fasting blood sugar [FBS])	450
Type of test Blood	451
Interfering factors	451
Procedure and patient care	451
Abnormal findings	452
glucose, postprandial (2-Hour postprandial glucose [2-Hour PPG], 1-Hour glucose screen)	453
Type of test Blood	453
Interfering factors	453
Procedure and patient care	453
Abnormal findings	454
glucose tolerance test (GTT, Oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT])	455
Type of test Blood; urine	455
Plasma test	455
Urine test	455
Test explanation and related physiology	455
Contraindications	456
Potential complications	456
Interfering factors	456
Procedure and patient care	457
During	457
After	457
Abnormal findings	458
glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb, GHB, Glycohemoglobin, Glycolated hemoglobin, Hemoglobin [Hb A1c], Diabetic control index)	459
Type of test Blood	459
Interfering factors	461
Procedure and patient care	461
Abnormal findings	461
growth hormone (GH, Human growth hormone [HGH], Somatotropin\rhormone [SH])	462
Type of test Blood	462
Interfering factors	463
Procedure and patient care	463
During	463
Growth hormone test	463
Growth hormone suppression test	464
After	464
Abnormal findings	464
growth hormone stimulation test (GH provocation test, Insulin tolerance test [ITT], Arginine test)	465
Type of test Blood	465
Normal findings	465
Test explanation and related physiology	465
Contraindications	465
Potential complications	465
Procedure and patient care	465
During	466
After	466
Abnormal findings	466
H	467
haptoglobin	467
Possible critical values	467
Interfering factors	467
Procedure and patient care	468
Abnormal findings	468
Heinz body preparation	469
Type of test Blood	469
Procedure and patient care	469
Abnormal findings	469
Helicobacter pylori testing (Anti–Helicobacter pylori antibody,\rCampylobacter-like organism [CLO] test, H. pylori stool antigen)	470
Type of test Blood; microscopic examination of antral or duodenal biopsy specimen; breath test; stool	470
Blood test	470
Stool test	470
Test explanation and related physiology	470
Contraindications	471
Interfering factors	471
Procedure and patient care	471
During	472
After	472
Abnormal findings	472
hematocrit (Hct, Packed red blood cell volume, Packed cell\rvolume [PCV])	473
Type of test Blood	473
Possible critical values	473
Interfering factors	473
Procedure and patient care	474
Abnormal findings	475
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)	476
Type of testBlood	476
Possible critical values	476
Interfering factors	476
Procedure and patient care	477
Abnormal findings	477
hemoglobin electrophoresis (Hgb electrophoresis)	478
Type of testBlood	478
Interfering factors	480
Procedure and patient care	480
Abnormal findings	480
hepatitis virus studies	481
Type of testBlood	481
Procedure and patient care	485
Abnormal findings	485
herpes simplex (Herpesvirus types 1 and 2, Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 [HSV 1, HSV 2], Herpes genitalis)	486
Type of test Blood; microscopic	486
Procedure and patient care	486
During	487
Urethral culture	487
Cervical culture	487
Blood for serology	487
Molecular PCR tissue and other fluids	487
After	487
Abnormal findings	487
hexosaminidase (Hexosaminidase A, Hex A, Total\rhexosaminidase, Hexosaminidase A and B)	488
Type of test Blood	488
Interfering factors	489
Procedure and patient care	489
Abnormal findings	489
?Decreased hexosaminidase A	489
?Decreased hexosaminidase A and B	489
HIV drug resistance testing (HIV genotype)	490
Type of test Blood	490
Interfering factors	490
Procedure and patient care	490
Abnormal findings	490
HIV RNA quantification (HIV viral load)	491
Type of test Blood	491
Interfering factors	493
Procedure and patient care	493
Abnormal findings	493
HIV serologic and virologic testing (AIDS serology, Acquired immunodeficiency serology, AIDS screen, Human immunodeficiency\rvirus [HIV] antibody test, Western blot test, p24 direct antigen, HIV-RNA viral test)	494
Type of test Blood or fluid analysis (saliva)	494
Interfering factors	496
Procedure and patient care	496
Abnormal findings	497
Holter monitoring	498
Type of test Electrodiagnostic	498
Contraindications	499
Interfering factors	499
Procedure and patient care	499
During	500
After	500
Abnormal findings	500
homocysteine (Hcy)	501
Type of testBlood	501
Contraindications	501
Interfering factors	501
Procedure and patient care	502
Abnormal findings	502
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, Pregnancy tests, hCG beta subunit)	503
Type of testBlood; urine	503
Interfering factors	504
Procedure and patient care	504
During	505
After	505
Abnormal findings	505
human lymphocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27 antigen, Human leukocyte A antigen, White blood cell antigens, Histocompatibility leukocyte A antigen)	506
Type of test Blood	506
Procedure and patient care	506
Abnormal findings	506
human papillomavirus (HPV test, HPV DNA testing)	508
Type of test Fluid analysis	508
Interfering factors	509
Procedure and patient care	509
During	509
After	510
Abnormal findings	510
human placental lactogen (hPL, Human chorionic somatomammotropin\r[HCS])	511
Type of test Blood	511
Interfering factors	511
Procedure and patient care	512
Abnormal findings	512
human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) I/II antibody	513
Type of test Blood	513
Procedure and patient care	513
Abnormal findings	513
17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OCHS)	514
Type of test Urine (24-hour)	514
Interfering factors	514
Procedure and patient care	515
Abnormal findings	515
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)	516
Type of test Urine (24-hour)	516
Interfering factors	516
Procedure and patient care	516
Abnormal findings	517
21-hydroxylase antibodies	518
Type of test Blood	518
Procedure and patient care	518
Abnormal findings	518
hysterosalpingography (Uterotubography, Uterosalpingography,\rHysterogram)	519
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	519
Contraindications	519
Potential complications	519
Procedure and patient care	519
During	519
After	520
Abnormal findings	520
hysteroscopy	521
Type of test Endoscopy	521
Normal findings	521
Test explanation and related physiology	521
Contraindications	522
Potential complications	522
Procedure and patient care	522
During	522
After	523
Abnormal findings	523
I	524
immunoglobulin quantification	524
Type of test Blood	524
IgG (mg/dL)	524
IgA (mg/dL)	524
IgM (mg/dL)	524
IgD and IgE	524
Interfering factors	525
Procedure and patient care	525
Abnormal findings	525
insulin assay	527
Type of test Blood	527
Possible critical values	527
Interfering factors	528
Procedure and patient care	528
Abnormal findings	528
insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, Somatomedin C, Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins [IGF BP])	529
Type of test Blood	529
Interfering factors	530
Procedure and patient care	530
Abnormal findings	530
intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)	531
Type of test Ultrasound	531
Interfering factors	532
Procedure and patient care	532
During	532
After	532
Abnormal findings	532
intrinsic factor antibody (IF ab)	533
Type of test Blood	533
Interfering factors	533
Procedure and patient care	533
Abnormal findings	533
iron level and total iron-binding capacity (Fe and TIBC, Transferrin saturation, Transferrin)	534
Type of test Blood	534
Iron	534
TIBC	534
Transferrin	534
Transferrin saturation	534
Test explanation and related physiology	534
Serum iron	534
Total iron-binding capacity and transferrin	535
Total iron-binding capacity and transferrin saturation	535
Contraindications	536
Interfering factors	536
Procedure and patient care	536
Abnormal findings	537
ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)	538
Type of test Blood	538
Normal findings	538
Test explanation and related physiology	538
Procedure and patient care	538
Abnormal findings	538
L	539
lactic acid (Lactate)	539
Interfering factors	539
Procedure and patient care	539
Abnormal findings	540
lactic dehydrogenase (LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase)	541
Type of test Blood	541
Total	541
Isoenzymes	541
Test explanation and related physiology	541
Interfering factors	542
Procedure and patient care	542
Abnormal findings	542
lactoferrin	543
Type of test Stool	543
Interfering factors	543
Procedure and patient care	543
During	543
After	544
Abnormal findings	544
lactose tolerance test (Hydrogen breath test)	545
Type of test Blood	545
Interfering factors	546
Procedure and patient care	546
During	546
After	547
Abnormal findings	547
lead	548
Type of test Blood	548
Critical values	548
Test explanation and related physiology	548
Procedure and patient care	548
Abnormal findings	548
legionnaires disease antibody test	549
Type of test Blood	549
Procedure and patient care	549
Abnormal findings	549
leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)	550
Type of test Blood; urine (24-hour)	550
Blood	550
Urine	550
Test explanation and related physiology	550
Interfering factors	550
Procedure and patient care	550
Abnormal findings	550
lipase	551
Type of test Blood	551
Interfering factors	551
Procedure and patient care	551
Abnormal findings	552
lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2\r(Lp-PLA2 PLAC test)	553
Type of test Blood	553
Procedure and patient care	553
Abnormal findings	553
lipoproteins (High-density lipoproteins [HDLs, HDL-C], Low-\rdensity lipoproteins [LDLs, LDL-C], Very-low-density lipoproteins [VLDLs], Lipoprotein electrophoresis, Lipoprotein phenotyping,\rLipid fractionation, Non-HDL cholesterol, Lipid profile)	554
Type of test Blood	554
Interfering factors	556
Procedure and patient care	556
Abnormal findings	556
liquid biopsy	558
Type of test Blood, urine, CSF	558
Procedure and patient care	558
Abnormal findings	558
liver biopsy	559
Type of test Microscopic examination of tissue	559
Contraindications	560
Potential complications	560
Procedure and patient care	560
During	560
After	561
Abnormal findings	561
liver/spleen scanning (Liver scanning)	562
Type of testNuclear scan	562
Contraindications	562
Interfering factors	562
Procedure and patient care	562
During	562
After	563
Abnormal findings	563
lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid\rexamination (LP and CSF examination, Spinal tap,\rCerebrospinal fluid analysis)	564
Type of test Fluid analysis	564
Pressure	565
Color	565
Blood	565
Cells	566
Culture and sensitivity	566
Protein	566
Glucose	566
Chloride	566
Lactic dehydrogenase	567
Lactic acid	567
Cytology	567
Tumor markers	567
Serology for syphilis	567
Glutamine	567
C-reactive protein	567
Contraindications	568
Potential complications	568
Procedure and patient care	568
During	568
After	570
Abnormal findings	570
lung biopsy	572
Type of test Microscopic examination of tissue	572
Contraindications	572
Potential complications	572
Procedure and patient care	572
During	572
Transbronchial lung biopsy	573
Transbronchial needle aspiration	573
Transbronchial brushing	574
Percutaneous needle biopsy	574
Open lung biopsy	574
Thoracoscopic lung biopsy	574
After	574
Abnormal findings	575
lung cancer molecular testing (AKT1, ALK, BRAF, Epidermal Growth Factor [EGFR], HER2, KRAS, MEK1, MET, NRAS, PIK3CA, RET, and ROS1)	576
Type of test Microscopic examination	576
Procedure and patient care	576
During	577
After	577
Abnormal findings	577
lung scan (Ventilation/perfusion scanning [VPS], Pulmonary scintiphotography, scan)	578
Type of test Nuclear scan	578
Contraindications	579
Interfering factors	579
Procedure and patient care	579
During	579
Ventilation scan	579
Perfusion scan	579
After	580
Abnormal findings	580
luteinizing hormone (LH assay, Lutropin) and follicle-stimulating\rhormone (FSH) assay	581
Type of test Blood	581
Interfering factors	582
Procedure and patient care	582
Abnormal findings	582
lyme disease test	583
Type of test Blood	583
Normal findings	583
Western blot	583
Test explanation and related physiology	583
Interfering factors	584
Procedure and patient care	584
Abnormal findings	584
M	585
magnesium	585
Possible critical values	585
Interfering factors	585
Procedure and patient care	585
Abnormal findings	586
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging [NMRI])	587
Type of test Magnetic field study	587
Potential complications	590
Contraindications	590
Interfering factors	590
Procedure and patient care	590
During	591
After	592
Abnormal findings	592
Brain	592
Heart	592
Other	592
mammography (Mammogram)	594
Type of test X-ray	594
Contraindications	595
Interfering factors	595
Procedure and patient care	597
During	597
After	598
Abnormal findings	598
maternal screen testing (Maternal triple screen, Maternal quadruple screen)	599
Type of test Blood or urine	599
Procedure and patient care	601
During	601
After	601
Abnormal findingsPositive screening tests (trisomy 21, trisomy 18, neural tube defects, abdominal wall defects)	601
measles rubeola antibody	603
Type of test Blood	603
N	622
natriuretic peptides (Atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP], Brain natriuretic peptide [BNP], N-terminal fragment of pro–brain [B-type] natriuretic peptide [NT–pro-BNP], C-type natriuretic peptide [CNP], Ventricular natriuretic peptide, CHF peptides)	622
Interfering factors	623
Procedure and patient care	623
Abnormal findings	623
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)	624
Type of test Blood	624
Procedure and patient care	624
Abnormal findings	624
neutrophil antibody screen (Granulocyte antibodies, Polymorphonucleocyte\rantibodies [PMN ab], Antigranulocyte antibodies, Antineutrophil antibodies, Neutrophil antibodies, Leukoagglutinin)	625
Type of test Blood	625
Interfering factors	625
Procedure and patient care	625
Abnormal findings	625
neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL, Lipocalin-2)	626
Type of test Blood	626
Procedure and patient care	626
Abnormal findings	627
newborn metabolic screening	628
Type of test Blood	628
Possible critical values	628
Interfering factors	631
Procedure and patient care	631
During	631
After	631
Abnormal findings	631
nicotine and metabolites (Nicotine, Cotinine, 3-Hydroxy Cotinine,\rNornicotine, Anabasine)	632
Type of test Urine/blood	632
Urine	632
Serum	632
Test explanation and related physiology	632
Interfering factors	634
Procedure and patient care	634
Before	634
During	634
Blood	634
Urine	634
Saliva	634
After	634
Abnormal finding	634
noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT)	635
Type of test Blood	635
Interfering factors	635
Procedure and patient care	636
Abnormal findings	636
5′-nucleotidase	637
Type of test Blood	637
Normal findings	637
Test explanation and related physiology	637
Interfering factors	637
Procedure and patient care	637
Abnormal findings	637
O	638
obstruction series	638
Contraindications	639
Interfering factors	639
Procedure and patient care	639
During	639
After	639
Abnormal findings	639
octreotide scan (Carcinoid nuclear scan, Neuroendocrine\rnuclear scan)	640
Type of test Nuclear scan	640
Contraindications	640
Interfering factors	640
Procedure and patient care	640
During	641
After	641
Abnormal findings	641
osmolality, blood (Serum osmolality)	642
Type of test Blood	642
Possible critical values	642
Interfering factors	643
Procedure and patient care	643
Abnormal findings	643
osmolality, urine (Urine osmolality)	644
Type of test Urine	644
Procedure and patient care	645
Abnormal findings	645
oximetry (Pulse oximetry, Oxygen saturation)	646
Type of test Photodiagnostic	646
Normal findings	646
≤75%	646
Test explanation and related physiology	646
Procedure and patient care	646
During	647
After	647
Abnormal findings	647
P	648
pancreatic enzymes (Pancreatic secretory test, Amylase,Lipase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin)	648
Procedure and patient care	649
Before	649
During	649
After	649
Abnormal findings	650
pancreatobiliary fish testing	651
Type of test Microscopic examination	651
Contraindications	651
Potential complications	651
Interfering factors	651
Procedure and patient care	651
During	652
After	652
Abnormal findings	652
Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear, Pap test, Cytologic test for cancer, Liquid-based cervical cytology [LBCC], ThinPrep)	653
Type of test Microscopic examination	653
Contraindications	654
Interfering factors	654
Procedure and patient care	654
During	655
After	655
Abnormal findings	656
paracentesis (Peritoneal fluid analysis, Ascitic fluid cytology, Peritoneal tap)	657
Type of test Fluid analysis	657
Contraindications	658
Potential complications	658
Procedure and patient care	658
During	659
After	659
Abnormal findings	659
parathyroid hormone (PTH, Parathormone)	661
Type of test Blood	661
Interfering factors	661
Procedure and patient care	661
Abnormal findings	662
parathyroid scan (Parathyroid scintigraphy)	663
Type of test Nuclear medicine	663
Contraindications	663
Procedure and patient care	663
During	663
After	664
Abnormal findings	664
partial thromboplastin time, activated (APTT, Partial thromboplastin time [PTT])	665
Type of test Blood	665
Possible critical values	665
Interfering factors	666
Procedure and patient care	666
Abnormal findings	667
parvovirus B19 antibody	668
Type of test Blood	668
Procedure and patient care	668
Abnormal findings	668
pelvic ultrasonography (Pelvic ultrasonography in pregnancy, Obstetric ultrasonography, Vaginal ultrasound)	669
Type of test Ultrasound	669
Contraindications	671
Interfering factors	671
Procedure and patient care	671
During	671
After	671
Abnormal findings	671
pepsinogen	672
Type of test Blood/urine	672
Procedure and patient care	672
Abnormal findings	672
pericardiocentesis	673
Type of test Fluid analysis	673
Contraindications	673
Potential complications	673
Procedure and patient care	673
During	674
After	675
Abnormal findings	675
pheochromocytoma suppression and provocative testing (Clonidine suppression test [CST], Glucagon stimulation test)	676
Type of test Blood	676
Contraindications	676
Potential complications	676
Interfering factors	676
Procedure and patient care	677
During	677
Glucagon provocative test	677
Clonidine suppression test	677
After	677
Abnormal findings	677
phosphate (PO4, Phosphorus [P])	678
Type of test Blood	678
Possible critical values	678
Interfering factors	679
Procedure and patient care	679
Abnormal findings	679
PI-linked antigen (Phosphatidylinositol antigen)	680
Type of test Blood	680
Procedure and patient care	680
Abnormal findings	680
placental growth factor (PGF)	681
Type of test Blood	681
Procedure and patient care	681
Abnormal findings	681
plasminogen (Fibrinolysin)	682
Type of testBlood	682
Interfering factors	682
Procedure and patient care	682
Abnormal findings	682
plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1)	683
Type of test Blood	683
Interfering factors	683
Procedure and patient care	683
Abnormal findings	684
platelet aggregation test (Ristocetin test)	685
Type of test Blood	685
Interfering factors	685
Procedure and patient care	685
Abnormal findings	686
platelet antibody detection (Antiplatelet antibody detection)	687
Type of test Blood	687
Interfering factors	688
Procedure and patient care	688
Abnormal findings	688
platelet count (Thrombocyte count)	689
Type of test Blood	689
Possible critical values	689
Interfering factors	690
Procedure and patient care	690
Abnormal findings	691
platelet function assay (Platelet closure time, PCT, Aspirin resistance tests, Bleeding time [BT], 11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2)	692
Type of test Blood, urine	692
Interfering factors	693
Procedure and patient care	693
Abnormal findings	694
platelet volume, mean (Mean platelet volume [MPV])	695
Type of testBlood	695
Procedure and patient care	695
Abnormal findings	695
plethysmography, arterial (Ankle-brachial index [ABI])	696
Type of test Manometric	696
Interfering factors	697
Procedure and patient care	697
During	697
After	697
Abnormal findings	697
pleural biopsy	698
Type of test Microscopic examination of tissue	698
Contraindications	698
Potential complications	698
Procedure and patient care	698
During	698
After	699
Abnormal findings	699
porphyrins and porphobilinogens	700
Type of test Urine (fresh and 24-hour)	700
Interfering factors	700
Procedure and patient care	701
Abnormal findings	701
positron emission tomography (PET scan)	702
Type of test Nuclear scan, x-ray	702
Neurology	702
Cardiology	703
Oncology	703
Bone	704
Interfering factors	704
Procedure and patient care	705
During	705
After	706
Abnormal findings	706
potassium, blood (K)	707
Type of test Blood	707
Possible critical values	707
Interfering factors	708
Procedure and patient care	708
Abnormal findings	709
potassium, urine (K)	710
Type of test Urine (24-hour)	710
Interfering factors	710
Procedure and patient care	710
Abnormal findings	710
prealbumin (PAB, Thyroxine-binding prealbumin [TBPA], Thyretin, Transthyretin)	711
Type of test Blood; urine (24-hour); cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis	711
Possible critical values	711
Interfering factors	712
Procedure and patient care	712
Abnormal findings	712
pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A)	713
Type of test Blood	713
Interfering factors	713
Procedure and patient care	713
Abnormal findings	713
pregnanediol	714
Type of test Urine (24-hour)	714
Interfering factors	714
Procedure and patient care	715
Abnormal findings	715
progesterone assay	716
Type of test Blood	716
Interfering factors	716
Procedure and patient care	717
Abnormal findings	717
progesterone receptor assay (PR assay, PRA, PgR)	718
Type of test Tumor-specimen analysis	718
Interfering factors	718
Procedure and patient care	718
During	719
After	719
Abnormal findings	719
prolactin levels (PRLs)	720
Type of test Blood	720
Interfering factors	720
Procedure and patient care	721
Abnormal findings	721
prostascint scan (Radioimmunoscintigraphy [RIS])	722
Type of test Nuclear scan	722
Contraindications	722
Interfering factors	722
Procedure and patient care	722
During	722
After	723
Abnormal findings	723
prostate/rectal sonogram (Ultrasound prostate)	724
Type of test Ultrasound	724
Contraindications	725
Interfering factors	725
Procedure and patient care	725
During	725
After	725
Abnormal findings	725
prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3), MI-prostate score (MiPS)	726
Type of test Blood	726
Interfering factors	727
Procedure and patient care	727
Abnormal findings	728
protein (Protein electrophoresis, Immunofixation electrophoresis [IFE], Serum protein electrophoresis [SPEP], Albumin, Globulin, Total protein)	729
Type of test Blood; urine	729
Interfering factors	731
Procedure and patient care	732
During	732
Blood	732
Urine	732
After	732
Abnormal findings	732
protein C, protein S	733
Type of test Blood	733
Interfering factors	733
Procedure and patient care	733
Abnormal findings	734
prothrombin time (PT, Protime, International normalized ratio [INR])	735
Possible critical values	735
Interfering factors	737
Procedure and patient care	737
Abnormal findings	738
pulmonary angiography (Pulmonary arteriography)	739
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	739
Contraindications	739
Potential complications	739
Procedure and patient care	739
During	740
After	740
Abnormal findings	740
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)	741
Contraindications	744
Procedure and patient care	744
During	744
Spirometry and airflow rates	744
Gas exchange/diffusing capacity of the lung (DL)	745
Inhalation tests (bronchial provocation studies)	745
After	745
Abnormal findings	745
pyelography (Intravenous pyelography [IVP], Excretory urography\r[EUG], Intravenous urography [IUG, IVU], Retrograde pyelography, Antegrade pyelography)	746
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	746
Normal findings	746
Test explanation and related physiology	746
Contraindications	747
Potential complications	747
Interfering factors	748
Procedure and patient care	748
During	749
After	750
Abnormal findings	750
R	751
rabies-neutralizing antibody test	751
Procedure and patient care	751
Abnormal findings	751
red blood cell count (RBC count, Erythrocyte count)	752
Type of test Blood	752
Interfering factors	752
Procedure and patient care	753
Abnormal findings	753
red blood cell indices (RBC indices, Blood indices)	754
Type of test Blood	754
Mean corpuscular volume	754
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin	755
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration	756
Red blood cell distribution width	756
Interfering factors	756
Procedure and patient care	756
Abnormal findings	757
renal biopsy (Kidney biopsy)	758
Type of test Microscopic examination of tissue	758
Contraindications	759
Potential complications	759
Procedure and patient care	759
During	759
After	760
Abnormal findings	760
renal scanning (Kidney scan, Radiorenography, Radionuclide renal imaging, Nuclear imaging of the kidney, DSMA renal scan, DTPA renal scan, Captopril renal scan)	761
Type of test Nuclear scan	761
Renal blood flow (perfusion) scan	761
Renal structural scan	761
Renal function scan (Renogram)	762
Renal hypertension scan	762
Renal obstruction scan	762
Contraindications	762
Procedure and patient care	762
During	763
After	764
Abnormal findings	764
renin assay, plasma (Plasma renin activity [PRA], Plasma renin concentration [PRC])	765
Type of test Blood	765
Plasma renin assay	765
Renal vein	765
Test explanation and related physiology	765
Contraindications	767
Potential complications	767
Interfering factors	767
Procedure and patient care	768
During	768
After	768
Abnormal findings	769
reticulocyte count (Retic count)	770
Type of test Blood	770
Interfering factors	770
Procedure and patient care	771
Abnormal findings	771
rheumatoid factor (RF)	772
Type of test Blood	772
Interfering factors	772
Procedure and patient care	773
Abnormal findings	773
ribosome P antibodies (Ribosomal P Ab, Anti–ribosome P antibodies)	774
Type of test Blood	774
Procedure and patient care	774
Abnormal findings	774
rubella antibody test (German measles test)	775
Type of test Blood	775
Normal findings	775
Possible critical values	775
Test explanation and related physiology	775
Procedure and patient care	776
Abnormal findings	776
S	777
salivary gland nuclear imaging (Parotid gland nuclear imaging)	777
Contraindications	777
Interfering factors	777
Procedure and patient care	777
Before	777
During	778
Abnormal findings	778
SARS viral testing	779
Type of test Blood; fluid analysis	779
Procedure and patient care	779
During	779
After	780
Abnormal findings	780
scrotal ultrasound (Ultrasound of testes)	781
Type of test Ultrasound	781
Procedure and patient care	782
During	782
After	782
Abnormal findings	782
semen analysis (Sperm count, Sperm examination)	783
Type of test Fluid analysis	783
Interfering factors	784
Procedure and patient care	784
During	785
After	785
Abnormal findings	785
sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB, Lymphoscintigraphy)	786
Type of test Nuclear scan	786
Contraindications	786
Potential complications	786
Procedure and patient care	786
During	786
After	787
Abnormal findings	787
serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and chromogranin A	788
Type of test Blood	788
Interfering factors	789
Procedure and patient care	789
Abnormal findings	789
sexual assault testing (rape testing)	790
Type of test Blood; fluid analysis	790
Contraindications	791
Interfering factors	791
Procedure and patient care	791
During	792
After	792
Abnormal findings	792
sexually transmitted disease testing (STD testing)	793
Type of test Microscopic examination	793
Interfering factors	795
Procedure and patient care	795
During	795
Cervical culture	795
Anal canal culture	795
Oropharyngeal culture	795
Urethral culture	796
Urine culture	796
Pap smear ThinPrep See p. 653	796
After	796
Abnormal findings	797
sialography	798
Type of test X-ray	798
Contraindications	798
Potential complications	798
Procedure and patient care	798
During	798
After	799
Abnormal findings	799
sickle cell screen (Sickledex, Hemoglobin [Hgb] S test)	800
Type of test Blood	800
Interfering factors	800
Procedure and patient care	800
Abnormal findings	801
sigmoidoscopy (Proctoscopy, Anoscopy)	802
Type of test Endoscopy	802
Contraindications	802
Potential complications	802
Interfering factors	802
Procedure and patient care	802
During	802
After	803
Abnormal findings	803
Sims-Huhner test (Postcoital test, Postcoital cervical mucus test, Cervical mucus sperm penetration test)	804
Type of testFluid analysis	804
Procedure and patient care	804
During	805
After	805
Abnormal findings	805
skin biopsy (Cutaneous immunofluorescence biopsy, Skin biopsy antibodies, Skin immunohistopathology, Direct immunofluorescence antibody test)	806
Type of test Microscopic examination	806
Procedure and patient care	806
During	806
After	806
Abnormal findings	806
skull x-ray	807
Type of test X-ray	807
Procedure and patient care	807
During	807
After	807
Abnormal findings	807
sleep studies (Polysomnography [PSG])	808
Type of test Electrodiagnostic; various	808
Interfering factors	810
Procedure and patient care	810
During	810
Multiple sleep latency testing	811
Multiple wake testing	811
After	811
Abnormal findings	811
small bowel follow-through (SBF, Small bowel enema)	812
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	812
Contraindications	812
Potential complications	812
Interfering factors	813
Procedure and patient care	813
During	813
Small bowel enema	813
After	814
Abnormal findings	814
Type of testBlood	815
Possible critical values	815
Interfering factors	815
Procedure and patient care	816
Abnormal findings	816
Type of testUrine (24-hour)	817
Interfering factors	817
Procedure and patient care	818
Abnormal findings	818
spinal x-ray (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal x-ray studies)	819
Type of test X-ray	819
Contraindications	819
Procedure and patient care	819
During	819
After	820
Abnormal findings	820
sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S, Culture and Gram stain)	821
Type of test Sputum	821
Procedure and patient care	821
During	822
After	822
Abnormal findings	822
sputum cytology	823
Type of test Sputum	823
Procedure and patient care	823
During	823
After	823
Abnormal findings	823
stool culture (Stool for culture and sensitivity [C&S], Stool for ova and parasites [O&P])	824
Type of test Stool	824
Interfering factors	824
Procedure and patient care	824
During	825
Tape test	825
After	825
Abnormal findings	825
stool cancer screening (stool for occult blood, Stool for OB, Fecal occult blood test [FOBT], Fecal immunotest [FIT], DNA stool sample)	826
Type of test Stool	826
Interfering factors	827
Procedure and patient care	827
During	828
Hemoccult slide test	828
Tablet test	828
DNA Home Test	828
After	828
Abnormal findings	828
Streptococcus serologic testing (Antistreptolysin O titer [ASO], Antideoxyribonuclease-B titer, [Anti-DNase-B, ADNase-B, ADB], Streptococcus group B antigen detection, Streptozyme)	829
Type of test Blood; CSF	829
Interfering factors	830
Procedure and patient care	830
Abnormal findings	830
substance abuse testing (Urine drug testing, Drug screening, Toxicology screening)	831
Type of test Urine; blood; various	831
Interfering factors	832
Procedure and patient care	833
During	833
After	833
Abnormal findings	833
swallowing examination (Videofluoroscopy swallowing examination)	834
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	834
Contraindications	834
Procedure and patient care	834
During	835
After	835
Abnormal findings	835
sweat electrolytes test (lontophoretic sweat test)	836
Type of test Fluid analysis	836
Procedure and patient care	836
During	836
After	837
Abnormal findings	837
syphilis detection test (Serologic test for syphilis [STS], Venereal\rDisease Research Laboratory [VDRL], Rapid plasma reagin [RPR], Fluorescent treponemal antibody test [FTA])	838
Type of test Blood	838
Normal findings	838
Test explanation and related physiology	838
Interfering factors	839
Procedure and patient care	839
Abnormal findings	839
T	840
testosterone (Dihydrotestosterone [DHT])	840
Type of test Blood	840
Interfering factors	841
Procedure and patient care	841
Abnormal findings	842
thoracentesis and pleural fluid analysis (Pleural tap)	843
Type of test Fluid analysis	843
Gross appearance	843
Cell counts	844
Protein content	844
Lactic dehydrogenase	845
Glucose	845
Amylase	845
Triglyceride	845
Gram stain and bacteriologic culture	845
Cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and fungus	845
Cytology	846
Carcinoembryonic antigen	846
Special tests	846
Contraindications	846
Potential complications	846
Procedure and patient care	846
During	847
After	847
Abnormal findings	848
thoracoscopy	849
Type of test Endoscopy	849
Contraindications	849
Potential complications	849
Procedure and patient care	849
During	849
After	850
Abnormal findings	850
throat and nose cultures	851
Type of test Microscopic examination	851
Interfering factors	852
Procedure and patient care	852
During	852
After	852
Abnormal findings	852
thromboelastography (Thromboelastometry)	853
Type of test Blood	853
Test explanation and related physiology	853
Interfering factors	853
Procedure and patient care	854
Abnormal findings	855
thrombosis indicators\rfibrin monomers (Fibrin degradation products [FDPs], Fibrin split products [FSPs])\rfibrinopeptide A (FPA)\rprothrombin fragment (F1 + 2)	856
Type of test Blood	856
Possible critical values	856
Interfering factors	857
Procedure and patient care	857
Abnormal findings	857
thyroglobulin (Tg, Thyrogen-stimulated thyroglobulin)	858
Type of test Blood	858
Interfering factors	859
Procedure and patient care	859
Abnormal findings	859
thyroid cancer genomic testing (Gene Expression Classifier\r(GEC), Medullary Thyroid Malignancy Classifier [MTC], BRAF gene)	860
Type of test Microscopic examination	861
Procedure and patient care	861
During	861
After	861
Abnormal findings	861
thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB,\rSkinny-needle thyroid biopsy, Fine needle aspiration [FNA])	862
Type of test Microscopic examination of tissue	862
Contraindications	862
Potential complications	863
Procedure and patient care	863
During	863
After	863
Abnormal findings	863
thyroid scanning (Thyroid scintiscan)	864
Type of test Nuclear scan	864
Contraindications	865
Potential complications	865
Interfering factors	865
Procedure and patient care	865
During	865
After	866
Abnormal findings	866
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin, TRH stimulation\rtest)	867
Type of test Blood	867
Interfering factors	867
Procedure and patient care	868
Abnormal findings	868
thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation test (TSH stimulation test)	869
Type of test Blood	869
Procedure and patient care	869
Abnormal findings	869
thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs, Long-acting thyroid stimulator [LATS], Thyroid-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin [TBII], Thyrotropin receptor antibody, Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor [TSHR] antibodies)	870
Type of test Blood	870
Interfering factors	870
Procedure and patient care	870
Abnormal findings	871
thyroid ultrasound (Thyroid echogram, Thyroid sonogram)	872
Type of test Ultrasound	872
Procedure and patient care	872
During	872
After	872
Abnormal findings	872
thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (TRH stimulation test, Thyrotropin-releasing factor stimulation test [TRF stimulation test])	873
Type of test Blood	873
Interfering factors	873
Procedure and patient care	874
Abnormal findings	874
thyroxine, total and free (T4, Thyroxine screen, FT4)	875
Type of testBlood	875
Interfering factors	876
Procedure and patient care	876
Abnormal findings	877
thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG, Thyroid-binding globulin)	878
Type of test Blood	878
Interfering factors	878
Procedure and patient care	878
Abnormal findings	879
TORCH test	880
total blood volume (TBV, Red blood cell [RBC] volume)	881
Type of test Nuclear scan	881
Procedure and patient care	882
Before	882
During	882
After	882
Abnormal findings	882
toxoplasmosis antibody titer	883
Type of test Blood	883
Procedure and patient care	883
Abnormal findings	883
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)	884
Type of test Endoscopy/ultrasound	884
Contraindications	884
Potential complications	885
Procedure and patient care	885
During	885
After	886
Abnormal findings	886
transferrin receptor (TfR) assay	887
Type of test Blood	887
Interfering factors	887
Procedure and patient care	888
Abnormal findings	888
triglycerides (TGs)	889
Type of test Blood	889
Possible critical values	889
Interfering factors	889
Procedure and patient care	889
Abnormal findings	890
triiodothyronine (T3 radioimmunoassay)	891
Type of test Blood	891
Interfering factors	891
Procedure and patient care	892
Abnormal findings	892
troponins (Cardiac-specific troponin T [cTnT], Cardiac-specific troponin I [cTnI])	893
Type of test Blood	893
Interfering factors	894
Procedure and patient care	894
Abnormal findings	895
tuberculin skin test (TST, Tuberculin test, Mantoux test, Purified\rprotein derivative [PPD] test)	896
Type of test Skin	896
Contraindications	896
Procedure and patient care	897
During	897
After	897
Abnormal findings	897
tuberculosis culture (TB culture, Acid-fast bacillus [AFB] smear)	898
Type of test Microbiology culture	898
Interfering factors	899
Procedure and patient care	899
During	899
After	899
Abnormal findings	899
tuberculosis testing (TB testing, Interferon gamma release assay [IGRA, T-Spot.TB], QuantiFERON-TB Gold [QFT, QFT-G, TB Gold test, TB blood test], Nucleic acid amplification for TB [NAAT], TB antibody)	900
Type of test Blood, sputum, fluid analysis	900
Normal findings	900
Interfering factors	901
Procedure and patient care	901
During	901
After	902
Abnormal finding	902
U	903
upper gastrointestinal x-ray study (Upper GI series, UGI)	903
Contraindications	903
Potential complications	904
Interfering factors	904
Procedure and patient care	904
Before	904
During	904
After	905
Abnormal findings	905
urea breath test (UBT, Helicobacter pylori breath test)	906
Type of test Other	906
Interfering factors	906
Procedure and patient care	907
During	907
After	907
Abnormal findings	907
urea nitrogen blood test (Blood urea nitrogen [BUN])	908
Type of test Blood	908
Possible critical values	908
Interfering factors	908
Procedure and patient care	909
Abnormal findings	909
uric acid, blood, and urine	910
Type of test Blood; urine	910
Blood	910
Urine	910
Possible critical values	910
Interfering factors	911
Procedure and patient care	911
During	911
Blood	911
Urine	911
After	912
Blood	912
Urine	912
Abnormal findings	912
urinalysis (UA)	913
Type of test Urine	913
Appearance and color	914
Odor	914
pH	914
Protein	916
Glucose	917
Osmolality	917
Specific gravity	917
Leukocyte (WBC) esterase	919
Nitrites	919
Ketones	919
Bilirubin and urobilinogen	919
Crystals	919
Casts	919
Interfering factors	921
Appearance and color	921
Odor	921
pH	921
Protein	921
Specific gravity	921
Leukocyte esterase	921
Ketones	921
Bilirubin and urobilinogen	922
Crystals	922
WBCs	922
RBCs	922
Procedure and patient care	922
During	922
After	923
Abnormal findings	923
Appearance and color	923
Odor	923
pH	924
Protein	924
Glucose	924
Specific gravity	925
Leukocyte esterase	925
Nitrites	925
Ketones	925
Crystals	926
Granular casts	926
Fatty casts	926
Epithelial casts	926
Waxy casts	926
Hyaline casts	926
Red blood cells and casts	927
White blood cells and casts	927
urinary stone analysis (Renal calculus analysis)	928
Type of test Urine	928
Interfering factors	928
Procedure and patient care	928
During	929
After	929
Abnormal findings	929
urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)	930
Type of test Urine; microscopic	930
Interfering factors	930
Procedure and patient care	930
During	931
After	931
Abnormal findings	931
urine flow studies (Uroflowmetry, Urodynamic studies)	932
Type of test Urodynamic	932
Procedure and patient care	932
During	932
After	933
Abnormal findings	933
uroporphyrinogen-1-synthase	934
Type of test Blood	934
Normal findings	934
Test explanation and related physiology	934
Procedure and patient care	934
Abnormal findings	934
V	935
vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and\rcatecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Metanephrine, Normetanephrine, Dopamine)	935
VMA	935
HVA	935
Catecholamines	935
Interfering factors	936
Procedure and patient care	937
Before	937
During	937
After	937
Abnormal findings	938
vascular ultrasound studies (Venous Doppler ultrasound, Venous duplex scan)	939
Type of test Ultrasound	939
Venous	939
Arterial	939
Test explanation and related physiology	939
Interfering factors	940
Procedure and patient care	940
During	940
Venous studies	940
Arterial studies	940
After	941
Abnormal findings	941
venography of lower extremities (Phlebography, Venogram)	942
Type of test X-ray with contrast dye	942
Contraindications	942
Potential complications	942
Procedure and patient care	943
During	943
After	943
Abnormal findings	943
viral cultures	944
Type of test Blood; urine; stool; throat; skin lesions	944
Interfering factors	945
Procedure and patient care	945
During	945
After	945
Abnormal findings	945
virus testing	946
Type of test Blood; miscellaneous	946
Interfering factors	946
Procedure and patient care	947
Abnormal findings	947
vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) and methylmalonic acid (MMA)	948
Type of testBlood; urine	948
Procedure and patient care	948
Abnormal findings	949
vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D2 and D3; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D])	950
Type of test Blood	950
Normal findings	950
Test explanation and related physiology	950
Interfering factors	951
Procedure and patient care	951
Abnormal findings	952
W	953
white blood cell count and differential count\r(WBC and differential, Leukocyte count)	953
Total WBCs	953
Differential count	953
WBCs <2500 or >30,000/mm3	953
Interfering factors	955
Procedure and patient care	955
Abnormal findings	956
?Increased/decreased differential count	956
white blood cell scan (WBC scan, Inflammatory scan)	958
Type of testNuclear scan	958
Procedure and patient care	958
During	958
After	959
Abnormal findings	959
wound culture and sensitivity (C&S)	960
Type of test Microscopic examination	960
Normal findings	960
Test explanation and related physiology	960
Interfering factors	960
Procedure and patient care	960
During	960
After	961
Abnormal findings	961
D	962
d-xylose absorption test (Xylose tolerance test)	962
Contraindications	962
Interfering factors	962
Procedure and patient care	963
During	963
After	963
Abnormal findings	963
Z	964
zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)	964
Test explanation and related physiology	964
Procedure and patient care	964
Abnormal findings	964
A - list of tests by body system	965
B - list of tests by type	977
C - disease and organ panels	988
D - symbols and units of measurement\r	992
bibliography	994
Index	998
A	998
B	1002
C	1005
D	1009
E	1011
F	1012
G	1014
H	1015
I	1019
J	1020
K	1020
L	1020
M	1022
N	1024
O	1026
P	1026
Q	1030
R	1031
S	1032
T	1035
U	1037
V	1038
W	1039
X	1039
Y	1040
Z	1040
abbreviations for diagnostic and laboratory tests	ES3

Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference - E-Book

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Table of Contents

Contact Us

Quick Navigation