BOOK
100 Case Reviews in Neurosurgery E-Book
Rahul Jandial | Michele R Aizenberg | Mike Y. Chen
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Jandial’s 100 Case Reviews in Neurosurgery is the only reference offering a comprehensive approach to effective preparation for oral examinations, MOC, or grand rounds. Ideal for residents and graduates alike, it covers 100 of the most commonly encountered neurosurgical cases and presents them in a layout mirroring that of the oral exams. This singular resource eliminates the need to consult several texts, providing readers with all of the complete, concise knowledge needed to go in with confidence.
- Covers 100 of the most commonly encountered neurosurgical cases on oral exams.
- Highly templated format mirrors that of the oral exams and ensures quick and easy navigation.
- Over 500 illustrations ensure an enhanced visual understanding.
- Provides a chapter on endovascular neurosurgery, a topic newly included on oral exams.
- Features robust sections and art on the challenging areas of peripheral nerve surgery and vascular surgery.
- Includes common questions on complication management.
- Appendices with key neurosurgery tables and figures (e.g. positioning, spinal fracture grading, and neuropathology) facilitate quick review.
- Information is backed by evidence when available.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Expert Consult Pin Page | IFC2 | ||
| 100 Case Reviews in Neurosurgery | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | xii | ||
| List of Contributors | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xxii | ||
| Dedication | xxiii | ||
| I Vascular Neurosurgery | 1 | ||
| Case 1 Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation | 1 | ||
| Presentation | 1 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 2 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 3 | ||
| Further Imaging | 3 | ||
| Further Workup | 4 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 4 | ||
| Treatment Options | 5 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 5 | ||
| Surgical Resection: Cerebral Convexity (85% of AVMs) | 5 | ||
| Surgical Resection: Deep Brain | 7 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 7 | ||
| Key Papers | 7 | ||
| Case 2 Cavernous Malformation | 9 | ||
| Presentation | 9 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 9 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 10 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 11 | ||
| Further Workup | 13 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 13 | ||
| Treatment Options | 13 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 14 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 14 | ||
| Key Papers | 14 | ||
| Case 3 Ruptured Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm | 15 | ||
| Presentation | 15 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 15 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 15 | ||
| Imaging Description | 16 | ||
| Further Workup | 16 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 16 | ||
| Treatment Options | 17 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 17 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 20 | ||
| Key Papers | 20 | ||
| Case 4 Unruptured Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm | 21 | ||
| Presentation | 21 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 21 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 21 | ||
| Imaging Description | 22 | ||
| Further Workup | 22 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 22 | ||
| Treatment Options | 22 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 22 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 23 | ||
| Key Papers | 23 | ||
| Case 5 Intradural Internal Carotid Artery Fusiform Aneurysm | 25 | ||
| Presentation | 25 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 25 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 26 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 27 | ||
| Further Workup | 27 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 27 | ||
| Treatment Options | 27 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 29 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 30 | ||
| Key Papers | 30 | ||
| Case 6 Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations | 31 | ||
| Presentation | 31 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 31 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 32 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 32 | ||
| Further Workup | 33 | ||
| Further Imaging | 33 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 34 | ||
| Treatment Options | 34 | ||
| Endovascular Technique | 34 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 34 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 34 | ||
| Key Papers | 35 | ||
| Case 7 Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula | 37 | ||
| Presentation | 37 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 37 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 38 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 38 | ||
| Further Workup | 38 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 38 | ||
| Treatment Options | 39 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 39 | ||
| Endovascular | 39 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 41 | ||
| Key Papers | 41 | ||
| Case 8 Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas | 43 | ||
| Presentation | 43 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 43 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 43 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 44 | ||
| Further Workup | 44 | ||
| Further Imaging | 44 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 44 | ||
| Treatment Options | 44 | ||
| Endovascular Technique | 45 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 45 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 45 | ||
| Key Papers | 45 | ||
| Case 9 Vertebral Artery Dissection | 47 | ||
| Presentation | 47 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 47 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 48 | ||
| Imaging Description | 49 | ||
| Further Workup | 49 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 49 | ||
| Treatment Options | 50 | ||
| Endovascular Technique | 50 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 51 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 52 | ||
| Key Papers | 52 | ||
| Case 10 Basilar Tip Aneurysm | 53 | ||
| Presentation | 53 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 53 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 54 | ||
| Imaging Description | 54 | ||
| Further Workup | 55 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 55 | ||
| Treatment Options | 55 | ||
| Interventional Technique | 55 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 56 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 60 | ||
| Key Papers | 60 | ||
| Case 11 Endovascular Treatment of Unruptured Aneurysms | 61 | ||
| Presentation | 61 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 61 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 62 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 62 | ||
| Further Workup | 63 | ||
| Further Imaging | 63 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 63 | ||
| Treatment Options | 63 | ||
| Endovascular Technique | 64 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 67 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 67 | ||
| Key Papers | 67 | ||
| Case 12 Dominant Hemisphere Hemorrhagic Stroke | 69 | ||
| Presentation | 69 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 69 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 69 | ||
| Imaging Description | 70 | ||
| Imaging Differential | 70 | ||
| Further Workup | 70 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 70 | ||
| Treatment Options | 70 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 71 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 71 | ||
| Key Papers | 71 | ||
| Case 13 Hypertensive Thalamic Hemorrhage | 73 | ||
| Presentation | 73 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 73 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 74 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 74 | ||
| Further Imaging | 74 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 74 | ||
| Treatment Options | 75 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 75 | ||
| EVD Placement | 75 | ||
| Neuroendoscopic Approach | 76 | ||
| Decompressive Craniectomy | 77 | ||
| Stereotactic Aspiration with Thrombolysis | 78 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 80 | ||
| Key Papers | 80 | ||
| Case 14 Cerebellar Hemorrhage | 81 | ||
| Presentation | 81 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 81 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 82 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 82 | ||
| Further Workup | 82 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 82 | ||
| Treatment Options | 82 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 83 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 83 | ||
| Key Paper | 84 | ||
| Case 15 Moyamoya Disease | 85 | ||
| Presentation | 85 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 85 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 86 | ||
| Imaging Description | 87 | ||
| Further Workup | 87 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 87 | ||
| Treatment Options | 87 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 88 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 88 | ||
| Key Papers | 88 | ||
| Case 16 Venous Sinus Thrombosis | 89 | ||
| Presentation | 89 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 89 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 89 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 91 | ||
| Further Workup | 91 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 91 | ||
| Treatment Options | 91 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 92 | ||
| Key Papers | 92 | ||
| Case 17 Carotid Stenosis | 93 | ||
| Presentation | 93 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 93 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 94 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 94 | ||
| Further Workup | 94 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 94 | ||
| Treatment Options | 95 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 95 | ||
| Carotid Artery Stenting | 99 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 99 | ||
| Key Papers | 100 | ||
| Case 18 Ischemic Stroke Management | 101 | ||
| Presentation | 101 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 101 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 102 | ||
| Imaging Description | 102 | ||
| Further Workup | 102 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 102 | ||
| Treatment Options | 104 | ||
| Interventional Technique | 105 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 107 | ||
| Key Papers | 107 | ||
| II Nontraumatic Cranial Lesions | 109 | ||
| Case 19 Vestibular Schwannoma | 109 | ||
| Presentation | 109 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 109 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 110 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 111 | ||
| Further Workup | 111 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 112 | ||
| Treatment Options | 112 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 112 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 114 | ||
| Key Papers | 114 | ||
| Case 20 Sphenoid Wing Meningioma | 115 | ||
| Presentation | 115 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 115 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 116 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential Diagnosis | 116 | ||
| Further Workup | 116 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 117 | ||
| Management Options | 117 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 117 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 119 | ||
| Key Papers | 119 | ||
| Case 21 Cerebellar Cystic Hemangioblastoma | 121 | ||
| Presentation | 121 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 121 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 122 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 123 | ||
| Further Workup | 124 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 124 | ||
| Treatment Options | 124 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 124 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 125 | ||
| Key Papers | 125 | ||
| Case 22 Pituitary Apoplexy | 127 | ||
| Presentation | 127 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 127 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 128 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 128 | ||
| Further Workup | 128 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 129 | ||
| Treatment Options | 129 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 130 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 130 | ||
| Key Papers | 130 | ||
| Case 23 Cushing’s Microadenoma | 131 | ||
| Presentation | 131 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 131 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 132 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 133 | ||
| Further Workup | 133 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 133 | ||
| Treatment Options | 133 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 134 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 135 | ||
| Key Papers | 135 | ||
| Case 24 Pituitary Macroadenoma – Prolactinoma | 137 | ||
| Presentation | 137 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 137 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 138 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 138 | ||
| Further Workup | 138 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 139 | ||
| Treatment Options | 139 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 139 | ||
| Surgical Complication Avoidance and Management | 139 | ||
| Key Papers | 139 | ||
| Case 25 Craniopharyngioma | 141 | ||
| Presentation | 141 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 141 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 142 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 143 | ||
| Further Workup | 143 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 143 | ||
| Treatment Options | 144 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 144 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 146 | ||
| Key Paper | 146 | ||
| Case 26 Glioblastoma | 147 | ||
| Presentation | 147 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 147 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 148 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 148 | ||
| Further Workup | 148 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 149 | ||
| Treatment Options | 149 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 150 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 150 | ||
| Key Papers | 150 | ||
| Case 27 Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma | 151 | ||
| Presentation | 151 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 151 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 151 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 152 | ||
| Further Workup | 152 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 152 | ||
| Treatment Options | 152 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 153 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 153 | ||
| Key Papers | 153 | ||
| Case 28 Low-Grade Glioma | 155 | ||
| Presentation | 155 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 155 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential Diagnoses | 155 | ||
| Further Workup | 155 | ||
| Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | 156 | ||
| Treatment Options | 156 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 157 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 157 | ||
| Key Papers | 157 | ||
| Case 29 Radiation Necrosis versus Tumor Recurrence | 159 | ||
| Presentation | 159 | ||
| Imaging | 159 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 160 | ||
| Further Workup | 161 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 161 | ||
| Treatment Options | 161 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 162 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 162 | ||
| Key Papers | 162 | ||
| Case 30 CNS Lymphoma | 163 | ||
| Presentation | 163 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 163 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 163 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 164 | ||
| Further Workup | 164 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 164 | ||
| Treatment Options | 164 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 165 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 165 | ||
| Key Papers | 165 | ||
| Case 31 Brain Metastases | 167 | ||
| Presentation | 167 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 167 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 167 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 168 | ||
| Further Workup | 168 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 168 | ||
| Treatment Options | 168 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 169 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 169 | ||
| Key Papers | 169 | ||
| Case 32 Intraventricular Colloid Cyst | 171 | ||
| Presentation | 171 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 171 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 172 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 172 | ||
| Further Workup | 172 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 172 | ||
| Treatment Options | 172 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 173 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 174 | ||
| Key Papers | 174 | ||
| Case 33 Cerebral Abscess | 175 | ||
| Presentation | 175 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 175 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 176 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 176 | ||
| Further Workup | 177 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 177 | ||
| Brain Abscess | 177 | ||
| Direct Extension (20%–50% of Cases) | 177 | ||
| Hematogenous Spread from a Distant Focus (20%–35% of Cases) | 177 | ||
| Trauma (10% of Cases) | 177 | ||
| Four Histologic Stages of Abscess Formation | 177 | ||
| Treatment Options | 177 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 178 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 178 | ||
| Key Papers | 178 | ||
| Case 34 Chiari I Malformation | 179 | ||
| Presentation | 179 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 179 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 179 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 180 | ||
| Further Workup | 180 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 180 | ||
| Chiari I Malformations | 180 | ||
| Syringomyelia | 180 | ||
| Treatment Options | 180 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 181 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 182 | ||
| Key Papers | 182 | ||
| Case 35 Ependymoma | 183 | ||
| Presentation | 183 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 183 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 184 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 184 | ||
| Further Workup | 184 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 184 | ||
| Treatment Options | 185 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 185 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 185 | ||
| Key Papers | 186 | ||
| Case 36 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus | 187 | ||
| Presentation | 187 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 187 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 188 | ||
| Imaging Description | 188 | ||
| Further Workup | 189 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 189 | ||
| Treatment Options | 189 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 189 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 190 | ||
| Key Papers | 190 | ||
| Case 37 Arachnoid Cyst | 191 | ||
| Presentation | 191 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 191 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 191 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 192 | ||
| Further Workup | 192 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 192 | ||
| Treatment Options | 192 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 193 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 193 | ||
| Key Papers | 193 | ||
| III Neurosurgical Trauma | 195 | ||
| Case 38 Penetrating Head Injuries | 195 | ||
| Presentation | 195 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 195 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 195 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 195 | ||
| Further Workup | 196 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 196 | ||
| Treatment Options | 197 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 200 | ||
| Key Papers | 200 | ||
| Case 39 Intractable Intracranial Hypertension | 201 | ||
| Presentation | 201 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 201 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 201 | ||
| Further Workup | 202 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 202 | ||
| Medical Management | 202 | ||
| Surgical Management | 202 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 203 | ||
| Key Papers | 203 | ||
| Case 40 Epidural Hematoma | 205 | ||
| Presentation | 205 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 205 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 205 | ||
| Further Workup | 206 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 206 | ||
| Management | 206 | ||
| Discussion | 206 | ||
| Key Papers | 207 | ||
| Case 41 Chronic Subdural Hematoma | 209 | ||
| Presentation | 209 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 209 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 209 | ||
| Further Workup | 210 | ||
| Classification | 210 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 210 | ||
| Management | 210 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 211 | ||
| Burr-Hole Craniotomy | 211 | ||
| Complications | 212 | ||
| Key Papers | 212 | ||
| Case 42 Subaxial Cervical Fracture | 213 | ||
| Presentation | 213 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 213 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 213 | ||
| Further Workup | 214 | ||
| Classification | 214 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 214 | ||
| Spinous Process Avulsion | 214 | ||
| Teardrop Fracture | 214 | ||
| Quadrangular | 215 | ||
| Wedge | 215 | ||
| Burst | 215 | ||
| Subluxation | 215 | ||
| Facet Fracture | 215 | ||
| Traumatic Spondylolisthesis | 215 | ||
| Management | 215 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 216 | ||
| Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) | 216 | ||
| Complications | 216 | ||
| Key Papers | 218 | ||
| Case 43 Odontoid Fractures | 219 | ||
| Presentation | 219 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 219 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 219 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 220 | ||
| Further Workup | 220 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 220 | ||
| Treatment Options | 220 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 221 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 222 | ||
| Key Papers | 223 | ||
| Case 44 Hangman’s Fracture | 225 | ||
| Presentation | 225 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 225 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 226 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 227 | ||
| Further Workup | 227 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 227 | ||
| Treatment Options | 227 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 228 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 229 | ||
| Key Papers | 229 | ||
| Case 45 Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures | 231 | ||
| Presentation | 231 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 231 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 232 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 232 | ||
| Further Workup | 232 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 233 | ||
| Treatment Options | 233 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 233 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 235 | ||
| Key Papers | 235 | ||
| Case 46 Chance Fractures | 237 | ||
| Presentation | 237 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 237 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 238 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 238 | ||
| Further Workup | 238 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 239 | ||
| Treatment Options | 239 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 239 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 239 | ||
| Key Papers | 240 | ||
| Case 47 Jumped Cervical Facets | 241 | ||
| Presentation | 241 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 241 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 242 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 242 | ||
| Further Workup | 243 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 243 | ||
| Treatment Options | 243 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 243 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 244 | ||
| Key Papers | 246 | ||
| IV Spinal Neurosurgery | 247 | ||
| Case 48 Atlanto-Axial Dislocation | 247 | ||
| Presentation | 247 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 247 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 247 | ||
| Imaging Description | 248 | ||
| Further Workup | 248 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 248 | ||
| Treatment Options | 248 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 250 | ||
| Occipito-Cervical Fusion | 250 | ||
| Pearls | 250 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 251 | ||
| Key Papers | 251 | ||
| Case 49 Basilar Invagination – Rheumatoid Pannus | 253 | ||
| Presentation | 253 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 253 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 254 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 254 | ||
| Further Workup | 254 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 255 | ||
| Treatment Options | 255 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 255 | ||
| EEA | 255 | ||
| Posterior Approach | 258 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 260 | ||
| Key Papers | 260 | ||
| Case 50 Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy | 261 | ||
| Presentation | 261 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 261 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 262 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 262 | ||
| Further Workup | 262 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 262 | ||
| Treatment Options | 262 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 263 | ||
| Posterior Approaches | 263 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 264 | ||
| Key Papers | 264 | ||
| Case 51 Cauda Equina Syndrome | 265 | ||
| Presentation | 265 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 265 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 265 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 265 | ||
| Clinical Presentation of Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) | 266 | ||
| Further Workup | 266 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 266 | ||
| Treatment Options | 266 | ||
| Complication and Avoidance Management | 267 | ||
| Key Papers | 267 | ||
| Case 52 Foot Drop and Far Lateral Disc Herniation | 269 | ||
| Presentation | 269 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 269 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 269 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 270 | ||
| Further Workup | 270 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 270 | ||
| Treatment Options | 270 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 271 | ||
| Posterolateral Approach | 271 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 272 | ||
| Key Papers | 272 | ||
| Case 53 Thoracic Disc Herniation | 273 | ||
| Presentation | 273 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 273 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 274 | ||
| Imaging Description | 274 | ||
| Further Workup | 274 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 274 | ||
| Treatment Options | 275 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 276 | ||
| Transpedicular Approach | 276 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 276 | ||
| Key Papers | 278 | ||
| Case 54 Spinal Epidural Abscess | 279 | ||
| Presentation | 279 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 279 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 279 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 280 | ||
| Further Workup | 280 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 280 | ||
| Treatment Options | 280 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 281 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 281 | ||
| Key Papers | 281 | ||
| Case 55 Spinal Metastases | 283 | ||
| Presentation | 283 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 283 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 284 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 284 | ||
| Further Workup | 284 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 284 | ||
| Treatment Options | 285 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 285 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 287 | ||
| Key Papers | 287 | ||
| Case 56 Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Mass | 289 | ||
| Presentation | 289 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 289 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 290 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 290 | ||
| Further Workup | 290 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 290 | ||
| Treatment Options | 291 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 291 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 292 | ||
| Key Papers | 292 | ||
| Case 57 Intradural Intramedullary Mass | 293 | ||
| Presentation | 293 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 293 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 294 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 294 | ||
| Further Workup | 294 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 294 | ||
| Treatment Options | 295 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 295 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 297 | ||
| Key Papers | 297 | ||
| Case 58 Cervical Ossified Posterior Longitudinal Ligament | 299 | ||
| Presentation | 299 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 299 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 300 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 300 | ||
| Further Workup | 300 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 300 | ||
| Treatment Options | 301 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 301 | ||
| Positioning | 301 | ||
| Laminectomy | 301 | ||
| Laminectomy with Fusion | 301 | ||
| Anterior Corpectomy and Fusion (ACF) | 302 | ||
| Laminoplasty | 302 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 304 | ||
| Key Papers | 305 | ||
| Case 59 Ankylosing Spondylitis | 307 | ||
| Presentation | 307 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 307 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 307 | ||
| Imaging Description | 308 | ||
| Further Workup | 308 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 308 | ||
| Treatment Options | 308 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 309 | ||
| Pedicle Screw Fixation | 309 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 310 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 310 | ||
| Key Papers | 311 | ||
| Case 60 Spinal Chordoma | 313 | ||
| Presentation | 313 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 313 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 314 | ||
| Imaging Description | 314 | ||
| Further Workup | 314 | ||
| Consultants | 314 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 314 | ||
| Treatment Options | 315 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 315 | ||
| Anterior-Posterior Sacrectomy | 315 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 316 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 317 | ||
| Key Papers | 317 | ||
| V Pediatric Neurosurgery | 319 | ||
| Case 61 Pineal Tumor | 319 | ||
| Presentation | 319 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 319 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 319 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 320 | ||
| CT | 320 | ||
| MRI | 320 | ||
| Further Workup | 320 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 320 | ||
| Treatment Options | 320 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 323 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 326 | ||
| Key Papers | 326 | ||
| Case 62 Myelomeningocele | 327 | ||
| Presentation | 327 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 327 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 327 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 327 | ||
| Further Workup | 327 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 327 | ||
| Clinical Features | 327 | ||
| Treatment Options | 328 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 328 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 328 | ||
| Key Papers | 330 | ||
| Case 63 Cerebellar Medulloblastoma | 331 | ||
| Presentation | 331 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 331 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 332 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 332 | ||
| Further Workup | 332 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 333 | ||
| Treatment Options | 333 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 334 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 335 | ||
| Key Papers | 335 | ||
| Case 64 Brainstem Glioma | 337 | ||
| Presentation | 337 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 337 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 337 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 337 | ||
| Further Workup | 338 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 338 | ||
| Treatment Options | 338 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 338 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 339 | ||
| Key Papers | 339 | ||
| Case 65 Hypothalamic Hamartoma | 341 | ||
| Presentation | 341 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 341 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 341 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 341 | ||
| Further Workup | 342 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 342 | ||
| Treatment Options | 342 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 342 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 342 | ||
| Key Papers | 343 | ||
| Case 66 Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy | 345 | ||
| Presentation | 345 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 345 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 346 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 346 | ||
| Further Workup | 347 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 347 | ||
| Treatment Options | 347 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 347 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 350 | ||
| Key Papers | 351 | ||
| Case 67 Slit Ventricle Syndrome | 353 | ||
| Presentation | 353 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 353 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 353 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 354 | ||
| Further Workup | 354 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 354 | ||
| Treatment Options | 355 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 355 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 355 | ||
| Key Papers | 356 | ||
| Case 68 Neural Tube Defect-Tethered Cord Syndrome | 357 | ||
| Presentation | 357 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 357 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 358 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 358 | ||
| Further Workup | 358 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 359 | ||
| Treatment Options | 359 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 359 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 359 | ||
| Key Papers | 359 | ||
| Case 69 Craniosynostosis – Plagiocephaly | 361 | ||
| Presentation | 361 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 361 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 361 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 362 | ||
| Further Workup | 362 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 362 | ||
| Treatment Options | 362 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 364 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 365 | ||
| Key Papers | 365 | ||
| Case 70 Vein of Galen Malformations | 367 | ||
| Presentation | 367 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 367 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 368 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 368 | ||
| Further Workup | 368 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 369 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 369 | ||
| Neonates | 369 | ||
| Infants | 370 | ||
| Children and Older | 370 | ||
| Treatment Options | 370 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 370 | ||
| Key Papers | 370 | ||
| Case 71 Pilocytic Astrocytoma | 371 | ||
| Presentation | 371 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 371 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 372 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 372 | ||
| Further Workup | 373 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 373 | ||
| Clinical Features | 373 | ||
| Treatment Options | 373 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 373 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 374 | ||
| Key Papers | 375 | ||
| VI Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery | 377 | ||
| Case 72 Trigeminal Neuralgia | 377 | ||
| Presentation | 377 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 377 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 378 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 378 | ||
| Further Workup | 378 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 378 | ||
| Treatment Options | 378 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 379 | ||
| Percutaneous Procedures | 379 | ||
| Microvascular Decompression | 379 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 380 | ||
| Key Papers | 380 | ||
| Case 73 Hemifacial Spasm | 381 | ||
| Presentation | 381 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 381 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 382 | ||
| Imaging Description | 382 | ||
| Further Workup | 382 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 382 | ||
| Treatment Options | 383 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 383 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 383 | ||
| Key Papers | 384 | ||
| Case 74 Parkinson’s Disease | 385 | ||
| Presentation | 385 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 385 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 386 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 386 | ||
| Further Workup | 386 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 386 | ||
| Treatment Options | 387 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 388 | ||
| DBS | 388 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 388 | ||
| Key Papers | 390 | ||
| Case 75 Progressive Spastic Paraparesis and Decreased Mobility in a Young Patient | 391 | ||
| Presentation | 391 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 391 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 392 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 392 | ||
| Further Workup | 392 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 393 | ||
| Treatment Options | 393 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 393 | ||
| Baclofen Pump Placement | 393 | ||
| Indications | 393 | ||
| VII Peripheral Nerve Neurosurgery | 435 | ||
| Case 82 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 435 | ||
| Presentation | 435 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 435 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 436 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 437 | ||
| Further Workup | 437 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 437 | ||
| Treatment Options | 438 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 438 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 438 | ||
| Key Papers | 438 | ||
| Case 83 Peroneal Neuropathy | 439 | ||
| Presentation | 439 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 439 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 440 | ||
| Further Workup | 441 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 441 | ||
| Treatment Options | 442 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 442 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 442 | ||
| Key Papers | 442 | ||
| Case 84 Nerve Sheath Tumor | 443 | ||
| Presentation | 443 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 443 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 443 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 444 | ||
| Further Workup | 444 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 444 | ||
| Treatment Options | 445 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 445 | ||
| Key Papers | 446 | ||
| Case 85 Cubital Tunnel Syndrome | 447 | ||
| Presentation | 447 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 447 | ||
| Initial Studies | 448 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 448 | ||
| Further Workup | 448 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 449 | ||
| Treatment Options | 450 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 451 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 452 | ||
| Key Papers | 452 | ||
| Case 86 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 453 | ||
| Presentation | 453 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 453 | ||
| Initial Studies | 454 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 454 | ||
| Further Workup | 454 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 455 | ||
| Treatment Options | 456 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 456 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 457 | ||
| Key Papers | 458 | ||
| Case 87 Brachial Plexus Injury | 459 | ||
| Presentation | 459 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 459 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 459 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 460 | ||
| Further Workup | 460 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 460 | ||
| Treatment Options | 461 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 461 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 465 | ||
| Alternative Procedures: Nerve Grafting | 466 | ||
| Key Papers | 466 | ||
| Case 88 Parsonage-Turner Syndrome | 467 | ||
| Presentation | 467 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 467 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 467 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 468 | ||
| Further Workup | 468 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 468 | ||
| Treatment Options | 469 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 469 | ||
| Key Papers | 469 | ||
| Case 89 Radial Nerve Injury | 471 | ||
| Presentation | 471 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 471 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 471 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 472 | ||
| Further Workup | 472 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 472 | ||
| Treatment Options | 473 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 473 | ||
| Alternative Procedures | 474 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 475 | ||
| Key Papers | 475 | ||
| Case 90 Ulnar Nerve Injury | 477 | ||
| Presentation | 477 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 477 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 478 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 478 | ||
| Further Workup | 478 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 478 | ||
| Treatment Options | 478 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 478 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 480 | ||
| Key Papers | 480 | ||
| Case 91 Median Nerve Injury | 481 | ||
| Presentation | 481 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 481 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 481 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 481 | ||
| Further Workup | 482 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 483 | ||
| Treatment Options | 483 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 484 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 485 | ||
| Key Papers | 487 | ||
| VIII Neurology | 489 | ||
| Case 92 Multiple Sclerosis | 489 | ||
| Presentation | 489 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 489 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 490 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 491 | ||
| Further Workup | 491 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 492 | ||
| Treatment Options | 492 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 492 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 493 | ||
| Key Papers | 493 | ||
| Case 93 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 495 | ||
| Presentation | 495 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 495 | ||
| Electrodiagnostic Studies | 497 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 497 | ||
| Further Workup | 498 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 499 | ||
| Treatment Options | 499 | ||
| Key Papers | 499 | ||
| Case 94 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | 501 | ||
| Presentation | 501 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 501 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 502 | ||
| Electrodiagnostic Study | 502 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 502 | ||
| Further Workup | 504 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 505 | ||
| Potential Antecedent Etiologies | 505 | ||
| Treatment Options | 506 | ||
| Key Papers | 506 | ||
| Case 95 Devic’s Syndrome | 507 | ||
| Presentation | 507 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 507 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 508 | ||
| Imaging Description | 508 | ||
| Further Workup | 508 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 509 | ||
| Treatment Options | 509 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 509 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 510 | ||
| Key Papers | 510 | ||
| Case 96 Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 511 | ||
| Presentation | 511 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 511 | ||
| Imaging Description | 511 | ||
| Diagnostic Workup | 512 | ||
| CSF | 512 | ||
| Brain Biopsy | 512 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis (Box 96-1) | 512 | ||
| Further Workup | 512 | ||
| Epidemiology | 513 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 513 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 514 | ||
| Treatment Options | 515 | ||
| Key Papers | 515 | ||
| Case 97 Status Epilepticus | 517 | ||
| Presentation | 517 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 517 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 518 | ||
| Imaging Description | 518 | ||
| Further Workup | 519 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 519 | ||
| Treatment Protocol | 519 | ||
| Surgical Technique (Figure 97-2) | 519 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 520 | ||
| Key Papers | 520 | ||
| Case 98 Neurosarcoidosis | 521 | ||
| Presentation | 521 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 521 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 522 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 522 | ||
| Further Workup | 523 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 523 | ||
| Treatment Options | 523 | ||
| Key Papers | 524 | ||
| Case 99 Transverse Myelitis | 525 | ||
| Presentation | 525 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 525 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 526 | ||
| Imaging Description and Differential | 526 | ||
| Further Workup | 526 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 526 | ||
| Treatment Options | 527 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 527 | ||
| Spinal Cord Biopsy | 527 | ||
| Complication Avoidance and Management | 527 | ||
| Key Papers | 527 | ||
| Case 100 Giant Cell Arteritis | 529 | ||
| Presentation | 529 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 529 | ||
| Initial Imaging | 530 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 531 | ||
| Further Workup | 531 | ||
| Epidemiology | 531 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 531 | ||
| Treatment Options | 532 | ||
| Key Papers | 532 | ||
| Glossary | 533 | ||
| Appendices | 541 | ||
| Appendix A Neuropathology | 541 | ||
| Appendix B Neurology | 549 | ||
| Appendix C Neuroradiology | 557 | ||
| Appendix D Spinal Fracture Grading | 563 | ||
| Screw placement | 567 | ||
| C1 | 567 | ||
| C2 | 568 | ||
| Lat mass | 569 | ||
| Thoracic pedicle screws | 570 | ||
| Appendix E Peripheral Nerve Exam | 571 | ||
| Appendix F Neurocutaneous Disorders | 573 | ||
| Appendix G Positioning | 575 | ||
| Index | 579 | ||
| A | 579 | ||
| B | 580 | ||
| C | 581 | ||
| D | 584 | ||
| E | 584 | ||
| F | 585 | ||
| G | 586 | ||
| H | 586 | ||
| I | 588 | ||
| J | 588 | ||
| K | 589 | ||
| L | 589 | ||
| M | 589 | ||
| N | 590 | ||
| O | 591 | ||
| P | 591 | ||
| R | 593 | ||
| S | 593 | ||
| T | 595 | ||
| U | 596 | ||
| V | 596 | ||
| W | 597 | ||
| X | 597 | ||
| IBC_Clinical Key ad | IBC3 |