Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Build a broad fundamental knowledge of mental health concepts and disorders with Foundations of Mental Health Care, 6th Edition — perfect for students, nurses, and other health care providers. This market-leading text features new psychotropic drug content and concise explanations of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors, as well as descriptions of the most current therapeutic interventions and treatments for mental health conditions. It helps you work comfortably with clients who exhibit a wide range of maladaptive human behaviors, and apply the concepts of holistic care when assisting clients in developing more effective attitudes and behaviors.
- Sample Client Care Plans address how members of the health care team work collaboratively to meet client needs.
- Realistic case studies illustrate chapter concepts, strengthen critical thinking, and ensure you consider psychosocial aspects of therapeutic care.
- Critical Thinking boxes include practice scenarios and contain thought-provoking client issues and questions that stimulate critical thinking.
- Cultural Consideration boxes highlight cultural issues and encourage you to attend to the mental health needs of culturally diverse clients.
- Drug Alert boxes focus attention on medication issues and identify the risks and possible adverse reactions of psychotherapeutic medications.
- Key terms with phonetic pronunciations, text page references, and a comprehensive glossary strengthen your understanding of mental health terminology.
- Numbered chapter objectives provide a framework for the chapter content and the accompanying TEACH Lesson Plans.
- NEW! Content on the impact of the Affordable Care Act on mental health coverage and treatment informs you of the most current treatment options.
- NEW! Up-to-date coverage of the latest psychotropic medications emphasizes the most recent findings in safe pharmaceutical treatment in mental health care.
- EXPANDED and NEW! Increased coverage of mental health surrounding mass violence keeps you up to date on the latest issues and approaches to treatment.
- UPDATED! Current content on mental health issues and returning war veterans highlights mental health disorders affecting this population.
- NEW! Discusses emerging mental health issues surrounding usage of electronic devices and the Internet, such as addiction.
- NEW! Addresses updated DSM 5 diagnoses within appropriate chapters to ensure you have the latest information on new mental health diagnoses recognized by the American Psychiatric Association.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | IFC | ||
| Standards of practice for psychiatric–mental health nursing | i | ||
| Front matter | iii | ||
| Foundations of mental health care six edition | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| To the instructor | vii | ||
| Threads and advisory board | ix | ||
| To the student | xi | ||
| Table of contents | xii | ||
| 1 The history of mental health care | 1 | ||
| Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key terms | 1 | ||
| Early years | 1 | ||
| Primitive societies | 2 | ||
| Greece and rome | 2 | ||
| Middle ages | 2 | ||
| Dark ages | 2 | ||
| Superstitions, witches, and hunters | 3 | ||
| The renaissance | 3 | ||
| The reformation | 4 | ||
| Seventeenth century | 4 | ||
| Eighteenth century | 4 | ||
| Nineteenth-century united states | 5 | ||
| Twentieth century | 5 | ||
| Psychoanalysis | 6 | ||
| Influences of war | 6 | ||
| Introduction of psychotherapeutic drugs | 6 | ||
| Congressional actions | 7 | ||
| Twenty-first century | 8 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 9 | ||
| Key points | 9 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 9 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 9 | ||
| 2 Current mental health care systems | 10 | ||
| Objectives | 10 | ||
| Key terms | 10 | ||
| Mental health care in Canada | 10 | ||
| Mental health care in Norway | 10 | ||
| Mental health care in Britain | 11 | ||
| Mental health care in Australia | 11 | ||
| Mental health care in the United States | 11 | ||
| Care settings | 11 | ||
| Inpatient care | 11 | ||
| Outpatient care | 12 | ||
| Community support systems model | 12 | ||
| Delivery of community mental health services | 12 | ||
| Community care settings | 12 | ||
| Case management | 14 | ||
| Psychosocial rehabilitation | 14 | ||
| Consultation | 14 | ||
| Resource linkage | 14 | ||
| Advocacy | 14 | ||
| Therapy | 15 | ||
| Crisis intervention | 15 | ||
| Multidisciplinary mental health care team | 15 | ||
| Care team | 15 | ||
| Client and family | 16 | ||
| Client populations | 17 | ||
| Impact of mental illness | 17 | ||
| Incidence of mental illness | 17 | ||
| Economic issues | 18 | ||
| Social issues | 18 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 19 | ||
| Key points | 19 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 19 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 19 | ||
| 3 Ethical and legal issues | 20 | ||
| Objectives | 20 | ||
| Key terms | 20 | ||
| Values and morals | 20 | ||
| Acquiring values | 21 | ||
| Values clarification | 21 | ||
| Rights | 22 | ||
| Client rights | 22 | ||
| Care provider rights | 22 | ||
| Ethics | 22 | ||
| Ethical principles | 22 | ||
| Codes of ethics | 23 | ||
| Ethical conflict | 23 | ||
| Laws and the legal system | 23 | ||
| General concepts | 23 | ||
| Legal concepts in health care | 24 | ||
| Laws and mental health care | 25 | ||
| Client-caregiver relationship | 25 | ||
| Adult psychiatric admissions | 25 | ||
| Areas of potential liability | 26 | ||
| Care providers’ responsibilities | 27 | ||
| The reasonable and prudent caregiver principle | 28 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 28 | ||
| Key points | 28 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 28 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 28 | ||
| 4 Sociocultural issues | 30 | ||
| Objectives | 30 | ||
| Key terms | 30 | ||
| Nature of culture | 30 | ||
| Characteristics of culture | 31 | ||
| Influences of culture | 31 | ||
| Health and illness beliefs | 32 | ||
| Illness behaviors | 33 | ||
| On mental illness | 33 | ||
| Stress and coping | 33 | ||
| Cultural assessment | 34 | ||
| Communication | 34 | ||
| Environmental control | 35 | ||
| Space, territory, and time | 35 | ||
| Social organization | 36 | ||
| Biological factors | 36 | ||
| Culture and mental health care | 37 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 38 | ||
| Key points | 38 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 38 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 38 | ||
| 5 Theories and therapies | 39 | ||
| Objectives | 39 | ||
| Key terms | 39 | ||
| Historical theories | 39 | ||
| Darwin’s theory | 39 | ||
| Psychoanalytic theories | 40 | ||
| Psychoanalytic therapies | 40 | ||
| Analytical psychotherapy | 42 | ||
| Other theories | 42 | ||
| Individual psychotherapy | 42 | ||
| Interpersonal psychology | 43 | ||
| Developmental theories and therapies | 43 | ||
| Cognitive development | 43 | ||
| Psychosocial development | 43 | ||
| Behavioral theories and therapies | 44 | ||
| B. f. skinner | 45 | ||
| Other behavioral therapies | 45 | ||
| Humanistic theories and therapies | 45 | ||
| Perls and gestalt therapy | 45 | ||
| Maslow’s influence | 45 | ||
| Rogers’s client-centered therapy | 46 | ||
| Current humanistic therapies | 47 | ||
| Systems theories | 47 | ||
| Cognitive theories and therapies | 47 | ||
| Cognitive restructuring therapies | 47 | ||
| Coping skills therapies | 48 | ||
| Problem-solving therapies | 48 | ||
| Reality therapy | 48 | ||
| Sociocultural theories | 48 | ||
| Mental illness as myth | 48 | ||
| Biobehavioral theories | 49 | ||
| Homeostasis | 49 | ||
| Stress adaptation theory | 49 | ||
| Psychobiology | 49 | ||
| Psychoneuroimmunology | 50 | ||
| Nursing theories | 51 | ||
| Psychotherapies | 52 | ||
| Individual therapies | 52 | ||
| Group therapies | 52 | ||
| Online therapy | 53 | ||
| Somatic therapies | 53 | ||
| Brain stimulation therapies | 53 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 53 | ||
| Future developments | 53 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 54 | ||
| Key points | 54 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 54 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 54 | ||
| 6 Complementary and alternative therapies | 56 | ||
| Objectives | 56 | ||
| Key terms | 56 | ||
| Definition of terms | 56 | ||
| Allopathic medicine | 56 | ||
| Complementary medicine | 56 | ||
| Alternative medicine | 56 | ||
| Integrative medicine | 57 | ||
| Holistic care | 57 | ||
| National center for complementary and alternative medicine | 57 | ||
| Body-based cam therapies | 57 | ||
| Energy-based cam therapies | 60 | ||
| Technology-based cam applications | 63 | ||
| Cam approaches to mental health care | 63 | ||
| Cam mental health therapies | 63 | ||
| Animal-assisted therapy | 63 | ||
| Culturally based healing | 63 | ||
| Diet and nutrition | 63 | ||
| Expressive therapies | 63 | ||
| Pastoral counseling | 64 | ||
| Self-help groups | 64 | ||
| Stress reduction and relaxation | 64 | ||
| Words of caution | 64 | ||
| Adverse effects | 64 | ||
| Implications for care providers | 64 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 65 | ||
| Key points | 65 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 65 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 65 | ||
| 7 Psychotherapeutic drug therapy | 66 | ||
| Objectives | 66 | ||
| Key terms | 66 | ||
| How psychotherapeutic drug therapy works | 66 | ||
| Classifications of psychotherapeutic drugs | 68 | ||
| Antianxiety medications | 69 | ||
| Antidepressant medications | 70 | ||
| Mood stabilizer medications | 71 | ||
| Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications | 72 | ||
| Other psychotropic medications | 73 | ||
| Client care guidelines | 74 | ||
| Assessment | 74 | ||
| Coordination | 75 | ||
| Drug administration | 75 | ||
| Monitoring and evaluating | 75 | ||
| Client teaching | 76 | ||
| Special considerations | 76 | ||
| Adverse reactions | 76 | ||
| Noncompliance | 76 | ||
| Informed consent | 77 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 77 | ||
| Key points | 77 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 78 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 78 | ||
| 8 Principles and skills of mental health care | 79 | ||
| Objectives | 79 | ||
| Key terms | 79 | ||
| Principles of mental health care | 79 | ||
| The mentally healthy adult | 79 | ||
| Mental health care practice | 80 | ||
| Do no harm | 80 | ||
| Accept each client as a whole person | 80 | ||
| Holistic framework | 80 | ||
| Develop mutual trust | 81 | ||
| Explore behaviors and emotions | 81 | ||
| Encourage responsibility | 82 | ||
| Encourage effective adaptation | 83 | ||
| One step at a time | 83 | ||
| Crisis intervention | 84 | ||
| Provide consistency | 85 | ||
| Skills for mental health care | 86 | ||
| Self-awareness | 86 | ||
| Caring | 86 | ||
| Insight | 86 | ||
| Risk taking and failure | 87 | ||
| Acceptance | 87 | ||
| Boundaries and overinvolvement | 88 | ||
| Commitment | 88 | ||
| Positive outlook | 89 | ||
| Nurturing yourself | 90 | ||
| Principles and practices for caregivers | 90 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 91 | ||
| Key points | 91 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 91 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 91 | ||
| 9 Mental health assessment skills | 92 | ||
| Objectives | 92 | ||
| Key terms | 92 | ||
| Mental health treatment plan | 92 | ||
| DSM-5 diagnosis | 93 | ||
| Nursing (therapeutic) process | 93 | ||
| About assessment | 94 | ||
| Data collection | 94 | ||
| Assessment process | 95 | ||
| Holistic assessment | 95 | ||
| Risk factor assessment | 95 | ||
| The health history | 95 | ||
| Effective interviews | 95 | ||
| Sociocultural assessment | 96 | ||
| Review of systems | 96 | ||
| Physical assessment | 97 | ||
| Mental status assessment | 97 | ||
| General description | 97 | ||
| Emotional state | 98 | ||
| Experiences | 98 | ||
| Thinking | 98 | ||
| Sensorium and cognition | 99 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 101 | ||
| Key points | 101 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 101 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 101 | ||
| 10 Therapeutic communication | 102 | ||
| Objectives | 102 | ||
| Key terms | 102 | ||
| Theories of communication | 103 | ||
| Ruesch’s theory | 103 | ||
| Transactional analysis | 103 | ||
| Neurolinguistic programming | 103 | ||
| Characteristics of communication | 104 | ||
| Types of communication | 104 | ||
| Process of communication | 104 | ||
| Factors that influence communication | 105 | ||
| Levels of communication | 105 | ||
| Verbal communication | 105 | ||
| Nonverbal communication | 106 | ||
| Intercultural communication | 106 | ||
| Intercultural differences | 106 | ||
| Therapeutic communication skills | 107 | ||
| Listening skills | 107 | ||
| Interacting skills | 109 | ||
| Nontherapeutic communication | 109 | ||
| Barriers to communication | 109 | ||
| Nontherapeutic messages | 111 | ||
| Problems with communication | 111 | ||
| Communicating with mentally troubled clients | 111 | ||
| Assessing communication | 113 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 114 | ||
| Key points | 114 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 115 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 115 | ||
| 11 The therapeutic relationship | 116 | ||
| Objectives | 116 | ||
| Key terms | 116 | ||
| Dynamics of the therapeutic relationship | 116 | ||
| Trust | 116 | ||
| Empathy | 117 | ||
| Autonomy | 117 | ||
| Caring | 118 | ||
| Hope | 118 | ||
| Characteristics of the therapeutic relationship | 119 | ||
| Acceptance | 119 | ||
| Rapport | 119 | ||
| Genuineness | 120 | ||
| Therapeutic use of self | 120 | ||
| Phases of the therapeutic relationship | 120 | ||
| Preparation phase | 120 | ||
| Orientation phase | 121 | ||
| Working phase | 121 | ||
| Termination phase | 122 | ||
| Roles of the caregiver | 122 | ||
| Change agent | 122 | ||
| Teacher | 122 | ||
| Technician | 123 | ||
| Therapist | 123 | ||
| Problems encountered in the therapeutic relationship | 123 | ||
| Environmental problems | 123 | ||
| Problems with care providers | 123 | ||
| Problems with clients | 124 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 126 | ||
| Key points | 126 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 126 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 126 | ||
| 12 The therapeutic environment | 127 | ||
| Objectives | 127 | ||
| Key terms | 127 | ||
| Use of the inpatient setting | 128 | ||
| Crisis stabilization | 128 | ||
| Acute care and treatment | 128 | ||
| The chronically mentally ill population | 128 | ||
| Goals of a therapeutic environment | 129 | ||
| Help clients meet needs | 129 | ||
| Teach psychosocial (adaptive) skills | 129 | ||
| The therapeutic environment and client needs | 129 | ||
| Physiologic needs | 130 | ||
| Safety and security needs | 132 | ||
| Love and belonging needs | 132 | ||
| Self-esteem needs | 133 | ||
| Self-actualization needs | 134 | ||
| Variables of the therapeutic environment | 134 | ||
| Admission and discharge | 134 | ||
| Compliance | 134 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 136 | ||
| Key points | 136 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 136 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 137 | ||
| 13 Problems of childhood | 138 | ||
| Objectives | 138 | ||
| Key terms | 138 | ||
| Normal childhood development | 139 | ||
| Common behavioral problems of childhood | 140 | ||
| Mental health problems of childhood | 141 | ||
| Environmental problems | 141 | ||
| Homelessness | 142 | ||
| Abuse and neglect | 143 | ||
| Problems with parent-child interaction | 143 | ||
| Parent-child conflicts | 143 | ||
| Primary caregiver dysfunction | 143 | ||
| Emotional problems | 143 | ||
| Anxiety | 143 | ||
| Depression | 144 | ||
| Somatoform disorders | 144 | ||
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 144 | ||
| Behavioral problems | 145 | ||
| Children and violence | 145 | ||
| Children and electronic media | 145 | ||
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 145 | ||
| Disruptive behavioral (conduct) disorder | 146 | ||
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 147 | ||
| Problems with eating and elimination | 147 | ||
| Eating disorders | 147 | ||
| Elimination disorders | 148 | ||
| Developmental problems | 148 | ||
| Mental retardation | 148 | ||
| Learning disorders | 149 | ||
| Communication disorders | 149 | ||
| Pervasive developmental disorders | 149 | ||
| Autism | 150 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 150 | ||
| Therapeutic actions | 150 | ||
| Meet basic needs | 151 | ||
| Provide opportunities | 151 | ||
| Encourage self-care and independence | 151 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 153 | ||
| Key points | 153 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 153 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 153 | ||
| 14 Problems of adolescence | 154 | ||
| Objectives | 154 | ||
| Key terms | 154 | ||
| Adolescent growth and development | 154 | ||
| Physical development | 154 | ||
| Psychosocial development | 155 | ||
| Common problems of adolescence | 157 | ||
| Internal (developmental) problems | 157 | ||
| External (environmental) problems | 157 | ||
| Teens and electronic media | 159 | ||
| Mental health problems of adolescence | 159 | ||
| Behavioral disorders | 159 | ||
| Emotional disorders | 161 | ||
| Mood disorders | 161 | ||
| Eating disorders | 161 | ||
| Chemical dependency | 163 | ||
| Personality disorders | 164 | ||
| Sexual disorders | 164 | ||
| Psychosis | 164 | ||
| Suicide | 165 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 165 | ||
| Surveillance and limit setting | 166 | ||
| Building self-esteem | 167 | ||
| Skill development | 167 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 167 | ||
| Key points | 167 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 167 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 168 | ||
| 15 Problems of adulthood | 169 | ||
| Objectives | 169 | ||
| Key terms | 169 | ||
| Adult growth and development | 169 | ||
| Common problems of adulthood | 171 | ||
| Internal (developmental) problems | 171 | ||
| Personal identity | 171 | ||
| Interpersonal relationships | 172 | ||
| Guiding the next generation | 172 | ||
| Economics | 173 | ||
| External (environmental) problems | 173 | ||
| Education | 173 | ||
| Lack of social support | 174 | ||
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 174 | ||
| Mental health problems of adults | 175 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 175 | ||
| Health care interventions | 175 | ||
| Preventing mental illness | 175 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 177 | ||
| Key points | 177 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 177 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 177 | ||
| 16 Problems of late adulthood | 178 | ||
| Objectives | 178 | ||
| Key terms | 178 | ||
| Overview of aging | 178 | ||
| Facts and myths of aging | 178 | ||
| Physical health changes | 180 | ||
| Mental health changes | 180 | ||
| Research and aging | 181 | ||
| Common problems of older adults | 181 | ||
| Physical adaptations | 181 | ||
| Health care | 182 | ||
| Psychosocial adaptations | 183 | ||
| Economics | 183 | ||
| Housing | 183 | ||
| Loss and death | 184 | ||
| Substance abuse | 184 | ||
| Mental health problems of older adults | 185 | ||
| Elder abuse | 185 | ||
| Depression | 186 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 187 | ||
| Standards of geriatric care | 187 | ||
| Age-related interventions | 187 | ||
| Mentally ill older adults | 188 | ||
| Mental health promotion and prevention | 188 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 189 | ||
| Key points | 189 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 190 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 190 | ||
| 17 Cognitive impairment, alzheimers disease, and dementia | 191 | ||
| Objectives | 191 | ||
| Key terms | 191 | ||
| Confusion has many faces | 191 | ||
| Normal changes in cognition | 191 | ||
| The five “Ds” of confusion | 191 | ||
| Medications and the elderly population | 192 | ||
| Clients with delirium | 192 | ||
| Finding the cause | 193 | ||
| Treating delirium | 193 | ||
| Causes of dementia | 194 | ||
| Symptoms of dementia | 194 | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease | 195 | ||
| Symptoms and course | 195 | ||
| Losses of alzheimer’s disease | 195 | ||
| Stages of alzheimer’s disease | 196 | ||
| After the diagnosis | 196 | ||
| Principles of management | 197 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 197 | ||
| Assessment | 198 | ||
| Interventions with alzheimer’s disease | 198 | ||
| Early stage | 198 | ||
| Caregiver support | 201 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 202 | ||
| Key points | 202 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 202 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 202 | ||
| 18 Managing anxiety | 203 | ||
| Objectives | 203 | ||
| Key terms | 203 | ||
| Continuum of anxiety responses | 203 | ||
| Types of anxiety | 203 | ||
| Types of anxiety responses | 203 | ||
| Coping methods | 205 | ||
| Defense mechanisms | 205 | ||
| Crisis | 206 | ||
| Ineffective coping | 206 | ||
| Self-awareness and anxiety | 206 | ||
| Theories relating to anxiety | 207 | ||
| Biological models | 207 | ||
| Psychodynamic model | 207 | ||
| Interpersonal model | 207 | ||
| Behavioral model | 207 | ||
| Other models | 207 | ||
| Anxiety throughout the life cycle | 208 | ||
| Anxiety in childhood | 208 | ||
| Anxiety in adolescence | 208 | ||
| Anxiety in adulthood | 209 | ||
| Anxiety in older adulthood | 209 | ||
| Anxiety disorders | 209 | ||
| Separation anxiety disorder | 209 | ||
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 209 | ||
| Panic disorders | 210 | ||
| Agoraphobia | 210 | ||
| Phobic disorders | 210 | ||
| Selective mutism | 211 | ||
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 211 | ||
| Body dysmorphic disorder | 211 | ||
| Hoarding disorder | 212 | ||
| Hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania) | 212 | ||
| Excoriation disorder (skin picking) | 212 | ||
| Behavioral addictions | 212 | ||
| Stressor and trauma disorders | 212 | ||
| Traumatic stress reaction | 212 | ||
| Acute stress disorder | 213 | ||
| Adjustment disorder | 213 | ||
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 213 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 213 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 216 | ||
| Key points | 216 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 216 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 216 | ||
| 19 Illness and hospitalization | 217 | ||
| Objectives | 217 | ||
| Key terms | 217 | ||
| The nature of illness | 218 | ||
| Stages of the illness experience | 218 | ||
| Stage 1: Symptoms | 218 | ||
| Stage 2: The sick role | 219 | ||
| Stage 3: Medical care | 219 | ||
| Stage 4: Dependency | 219 | ||
| Stage 5: Recovery and rehabilitation | 219 | ||
| Effects of illness | 219 | ||
| Illness behaviors | 220 | ||
| The hospitalization experience | 220 | ||
| Situational crisis | 220 | ||
| Stages of hospitalization | 220 | ||
| Common reactions to hospitalization | 221 | ||
| Psychiatric hospitalization | 221 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 221 | ||
| Psychosocial care | 222 | ||
| Supporting significant others | 222 | ||
| Pain management | 224 | ||
| Discharge planning | 224 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 225 | ||
| Key points | 225 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 225 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 225 | ||
| 20 Loss and grief | 226 | ||
| Objectives | 226 | ||
| Key terms | 226 | ||
| The nature of loss | 226 | ||
| Characteristics of loss | 226 | ||
| Loss behaviors throughout the life cycle | 227 | ||
| The nature of grief and mourning | 227 | ||
| The grieving process | 228 | ||
| Stages of the grieving process | 228 | ||
| Unresolved grief | 229 | ||
| Caregivers’ grief | 229 | ||
| The dying process | 230 | ||
| Age differences and dying | 230 | ||
| Terminal illness | 230 | ||
| Cultural factors, dying, and mourning | 231 | ||
| Stages of dying | 231 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 232 | ||
| Hospice care | 233 | ||
| Meeting the needs of dying clients | 233 | ||
| Loss, grief, and mental health | 235 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 236 | ||
| Key points | 236 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 236 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 236 | ||
| 21 Depression and other mood disorders | 237 | ||
| Objectives | 237 | ||
| Key terms | 237 | ||
| Continuum of emotional responses | 237 | ||
| Theories relating to emotions and their disorders | 238 | ||
| Biological evidence | 238 | ||
| Other theories | 238 | ||
| Emotions throughout the life cycle | 238 | ||
| Emotions in childhood | 238 | ||
| Emotions in adolescence | 239 | ||
| Emotions in adulthood | 239 | ||
| Emotions in older adulthood | 240 | ||
| Characteristics of mood disorders | 240 | ||
| Mood disorders | 240 | ||
| Major depressive episode | 241 | ||
| Major depressive disorder | 241 | ||
| Dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder) | 242 | ||
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | 242 | ||
| Bipolar disorders | 242 | ||
| Cyclothymic disorder | 243 | ||
| Other problems with affect | 243 | ||
| Medical problems and mood disorders | 244 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 244 | ||
| Treatment and therapy | 244 | ||
| Psychotherapies | 244 | ||
| Electroconvulsive therapy | 244 | ||
| Transcranial direct current stimulation | 245 | ||
| Drug therapies | 245 | ||
| Antidepressants | 245 | ||
| Antimanics | 247 | ||
| Nursing (therapeutic) process | 248 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 250 | ||
| Key points | 250 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 250 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 250 | ||
| 22 Physical problems, psychological sources | 251 | ||
| Objectives | 251 | ||
| Key terms | 251 | ||
| Role of emotions in health | 251 | ||
| Anxiety and stress | 252 | ||
| Childhood sources | 252 | ||
| Common psychophysical problems | 253 | ||
| Theories of psychophysical disorders | 253 | ||
| Somatic symptom disorders | 254 | ||
| Cultural influences | 254 | ||
| Criteria for diagnosis | 255 | ||
| Somatic symptom disorder | 255 | ||
| Illness anxiety disorder | 257 | ||
| Conversion disorder | 257 | ||
| Factitious disorders and malingering | 258 | ||
| Clinical presentations | 258 | ||
| Implications for care providers | 259 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 260 | ||
| Key points | 260 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 260 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 261 | ||
| 23 Eating and sleeping disorders | 262 | ||
| Objectives | 262 | ||
| Key terms | 262 | ||
| Eating disorders | 263 | ||
| Anorexia nervosa | 264 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 265 | ||
| Bulimia | 265 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 266 | ||
| Obesity | 267 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 268 | ||
| Other eating disorders | 268 | ||
| Guidelines for intervention | 269 | ||
| Treatments and therapies | 269 | ||
| Sleep-wake disorders | 270 | ||
| Dyssomnias | 271 | ||
| Parasomnias | 273 | ||
| Other sleep disorders | 273 | ||
| Guidelines for intervention | 273 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 274 | ||
| Key points | 274 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 275 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 275 | ||
| 24 Dissociative disorders | 276 | ||
| Objectives | 276 | ||
| Key terms | 276 | ||
| Continuum of self-concept responses | 276 | ||
| The healthy personality | 276 | ||
| Self-concept throughout the life cycle | 277 | ||
| Self-concept in childhood | 277 | ||
| Self-concept in adolescence | 277 | ||
| Self-concept in adulthood | 277 | ||
| Self-concept in older adulthood | 278 | ||
| Dissociative disorders | 278 | ||
| Characteristics | 278 | ||
| Depersonalization/derealization disorder | 279 | ||
| Dissociative amnesia | 280 | ||
| Dissociative trance disorder | 281 | ||
| Dissociative identity disorder | 281 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 282 | ||
| Treatments and therapies | 282 | ||
| Pharmacologic therapy | 282 | ||
| Nursing (therapeutic) process | 282 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 284 | ||
| Key points | 284 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 284 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 285 | ||
| 25 Anger and aggression | 286 | ||
| Objectives | 286 | ||
| Key terms | 286 | ||
| Anger and aggression in society | 287 | ||
| Gender aggression | 287 | ||
| Aggression throughout the life cycle | 288 | ||
| Scope of the problem today | 289 | ||
| Theories of anger and aggression | 289 | ||
| Biological theories | 289 | ||
| Psychosocial theories | 289 | ||
| Sociocultural theories | 289 | ||
| The cycle of assault | 290 | ||
| Trigger stage | 290 | ||
| Escalation stage | 290 | ||
| Crisis stage | 290 | ||
| Recovery stage | 291 | ||
| Depression stage | 291 | ||
| Anger-control disorders | 291 | ||
| Aggressive behavioral disorders of childhood | 291 | ||
| Impulse-control disorders | 291 | ||
| Adjustment disorders | 292 | ||
| Guidelines for intervention | 292 | ||
| Assessing anger and aggression | 292 | ||
| Mental status assessment | 292 | ||
| Psychosocial assessment | 293 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 293 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 296 | ||
| Key points | 296 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 296 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 296 | ||
| 26 Outward-focused emotions: Violence | 298 | ||
| Objectives | 298 | ||
| Key terms | 298 | ||
| Social factors and violence | 298 | ||
| Theories of violence | 299 | ||
| Abuse, neglect, and exploitation within the family | 300 | ||
| Domestic violence | 300 | ||
| Gender abuse | 301 | ||
| Abuse during pregnancy | 301 | ||
| Child abuse | 303 | ||
| Adolescent abuse | 304 | ||
| Elder abuse | 305 | ||
| Sexual abuse | 305 | ||
| Abuse, neglect, and exploitation within the community | 306 | ||
| Violence, trauma, and crime | 306 | ||
| Group abuse | 306 | ||
| Mental health disorders relating to violence | 307 | ||
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 307 | ||
| Rape-trauma syndrome | 308 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 308 | ||
| Special assessments | 308 | ||
| Treating victims of violence | 308 | ||
| Preventing violence in your life | 311 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 312 | ||
| Key points | 312 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 313 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 313 | ||
| 27 Inward-focused emotions: Suicide | 314 | ||
| Objectives | 314 | ||
| Key terms | 314 | ||
| Continuum of behavioral responses | 314 | ||
| Myths about suicide | 315 | ||
| Impact of suicide on society | 315 | ||
| Cultural factors | 316 | ||
| Social factors | 316 | ||
| Dynamics of suicide | 317 | ||
| Characteristics of suicide | 317 | ||
| Categories of motivation | 318 | ||
| Theories about suicide | 318 | ||
| New biological evidence | 319 | ||
| Effects of suicide on others | 319 | ||
| Survivor guilt | 319 | ||
| Suicide throughout the life cycle | 319 | ||
| Suicide and children | 319 | ||
| Suicide and adolescents | 320 | ||
| Suicide and adults | 321 | ||
| Suicide and older adults | 321 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 321 | ||
| Assessment of suicidal potential | 322 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions for suicidal clients | 323 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 324 | ||
| Key points | 324 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 324 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 324 | ||
| 28 Substance-related disorders | 326 | ||
| Objectives | 326 | ||
| Key terms | 326 | ||
| Vocabulary of terms | 327 | ||
| Role of chemicals in society | 327 | ||
| Substance use and age | 327 | ||
| Scope of the problem today | 329 | ||
| Categories of abused substances | 329 | ||
| Chemicals of abuse | 329 | ||
| Other/medications | 334 | ||
| Characteristics of substance use and abuse | 335 | ||
| Stages of addiction | 335 | ||
| Criteria for diagnosis | 336 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 336 | ||
| Guidelines for intervention | 336 | ||
| Assessment | 337 | ||
| Treatments and therapies | 337 | ||
| Relapse | 339 | ||
| Nursing/therapeutic process | 339 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 341 | ||
| Key points | 341 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 341 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 341 | ||
| 29 Sexual disorders | 342 | ||
| Objectives | 342 | ||
| Key terms | 342 | ||
| Continuum of sexual responses | 343 | ||
| Self-awareness and sexuality | 343 | ||
| Sexuality throughout the life cycle | 344 | ||
| Sexuality in childhood | 344 | ||
| Sexuality in adolescence | 344 | ||
| Sexuality in adulthood | 344 | ||
| Sexuality in older adulthood | 345 | ||
| Sexuality and disability | 345 | ||
| Modes of sexual expression | 345 | ||
| Bisexuality | 345 | ||
| Heterosexuality | 345 | ||
| Homosexuality | 346 | ||
| Transgenders | 346 | ||
| Transvestism | 347 | ||
| Theories relating to psychosexual variations | 347 | ||
| Psychosexual disorders | 348 | ||
| Sexual dysfunctions | 348 | ||
| Gender dysphoria | 348 | ||
| Paraphilias | 349 | ||
| Sexual addiction | 349 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 350 | ||
| Psychosexual assessment | 350 | ||
| Nursing/therapeutic process | 350 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 352 | ||
| Key points | 352 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 352 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 352 | ||
| 30 Personality disorders | 353 | ||
| Objectives | 353 | ||
| Key terms | 353 | ||
| Continuum of social responses | 353 | ||
| Personality throughout the life cycle | 354 | ||
| Personality in childhood | 354 | ||
| Personality in adolescence | 354 | ||
| Personality in adulthood | 354 | ||
| Personality in older adulthood | 355 | ||
| Theories relating to personality disorders | 355 | ||
| Biological theories | 355 | ||
| Psychoanalytical theories | 355 | ||
| Behavioral theories | 355 | ||
| Sociocultural theories | 356 | ||
| Personality disorders | 356 | ||
| Eccentric cluster | 356 | ||
| Erratic cluster | 358 | ||
| Fearful cluster | 359 | ||
| Dual diagnosis | 360 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 360 | ||
| Treatment and therapy | 360 | ||
| Nursing (therapeutic) process | 362 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 363 | ||
| Key points | 363 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 363 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 363 | ||
| 31 Schizophrenia and other psychoses | 364 | ||
| Objectives | 364 | ||
| Key terms | 364 | ||
| Continuum of neurobiological responses | 364 | ||
| Psychoses throughout the life cycle | 365 | ||
| Psychoses in childhood | 365 | ||
| Psychoses in adolescence | 366 | ||
| Psychoses in adulthood | 366 | ||
| Psychoses in older adulthood | 366 | ||
| Theories relating to psychoses | 366 | ||
| Biological theories | 367 | ||
| Other theories | 368 | ||
| Psychotic disorders | 368 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 368 | ||
| Subtypes of schizophrenia | 368 | ||
| Signs, symptoms, and behaviors | 369 | ||
| Phases of becoming disorganized | 371 | ||
| Other psychoses | 371 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 372 | ||
| Treatments and therapies | 372 | ||
| Pharmacological therapy | 372 | ||
| Nursing (therapeutic) process | 372 | ||
| Special considerations | 373 | ||
| Neuroleptic malignant syndrome | 375 | ||
| Tardive dyskinesia | 375 | ||
| Anticholinergic effects | 376 | ||
| Nursing responsibilities | 376 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 378 | ||
| Key points | 378 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 379 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 379 | ||
| 32 Chronic mental health disorders | 380 | ||
| Objectives | 380 | ||
| Key terms | 380 | ||
| Scope of mental illness | 380 | ||
| Public policy and mental health | 381 | ||
| Effects of deinstitutionalization | 381 | ||
| Experience of chronic mental illness | 381 | ||
| Meeting basic needs | 382 | ||
| Access to health care | 382 | ||
| Characteristics of chronic mental illness | 383 | ||
| Behavioral characteristics | 383 | ||
| Physical characteristics | 383 | ||
| Psychological characteristics | 384 | ||
| Special populations | 384 | ||
| Children and adolescents with chronic mental illness | 384 | ||
| Older adults with chronic mental illness | 385 | ||
| Persons with multiple disorders | 385 | ||
| Providing care for chronically mentally ill people | 385 | ||
| Inpatient settings | 385 | ||
| Outpatient settings | 386 | ||
| Psychiatric rehabilitation | 386 | ||
| Therapeutic interventions | 386 | ||
| Treatments and therapies | 387 | ||
| Pharmacological therapy | 387 | ||
| Nursing (therapeutic) process | 387 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 389 | ||
| Key points | 389 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 389 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 389 | ||
| 33 Challenges for the future | 390 | ||
| Objectives | 390 | ||
| Key terms | 390 | ||
| Changes in mental health care | 390 | ||
| Change in settings | 391 | ||
| Homelessness | 391 | ||
| Drug use and abuse | 392 | ||
| The americans with disabilities act | 392 | ||
| Cultural influences | 393 | ||
| The mental health care team | 393 | ||
| Team members | 394 | ||
| Interdisciplinary interactions | 394 | ||
| Mental health care delivery settings | 394 | ||
| Change and mental health clients | 394 | ||
| Competency | 394 | ||
| Empowerment of clients | 395 | ||
| Obligations of clients | 395 | ||
| Obligations of care providers | 395 | ||
| Providers of care | 396 | ||
| Expanded role for nurses | 396 | ||
| Managing change | 397 | ||
| The change process | 398 | ||
| Other challenges | 398 | ||
| Challenges to society | 399 | ||
| Information overload | 399 | ||
| The challenge to care | 399 | ||
| A look to the future | 399 | ||
| Get ready for the NCLEX® examination! | 400 | ||
| Key points | 400 | ||
| Additional learning resources | 400 | ||
| Review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 401 | ||
| appendix A Answers to review questions for the NCLEX® examination | 402 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 22 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 23 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 24 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 25 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 26 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 27 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 28 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 29 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 30 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 31 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 32 | 402 | ||
| Chapter 33 | 402 | ||
| appendix B Mental status assessment at a glance | 403 | ||
| appendix C A simple assessment of tardive dyskinesia symptoms | 404 | ||
| Bibliography | 405 | ||
| Chapter 1: The history of mental health care | 405 | ||
| Chapter 2: Current mental health care systems | 405 | ||
| Chapter 3: Ethical and legal issues | 405 | ||
| Chapter 4: Sociocultural issues | 405 | ||
| Chapter 5: Theories and therapies | 405 | ||
| Chapter 6: Complementary and alternative therapies | 406 | ||
| Chapter 7: Psychotherapeutic drug therapy | 406 | ||
| Chapter 8: Principles and skills of mental health care | 406 | ||
| Chapter 9: Mental health assessment skills | 406 | ||
| Chapter 10: Therapeutic communication | 406 | ||
| Chapter 11: The therapeutic relationship | 407 | ||
| Chapter 12: The therapeutic environment | 407 | ||
| Chapter 13: Problems of childhood | 407 | ||
| Chapter 14: Problems of adolescence | 407 | ||
| Chapter 15: Problems of adulthood | 408 | ||
| Chapter 16: Problems of late adulthood | 408 | ||
| Chapter 17: Cognitive impairment, alzheimer’s disease, and dementia | 408 | ||
| Chapter 18: Managing anxiety | 408 | ||
| Chapter 19: Illness and hospitalization | 408 | ||
| Chapter 20: Loss and grief | 408 | ||
| Chapter 21: Depression and other mood disorders | 408 | ||
| Chapter 22: Physical problems, psychological sources | 408 | ||
| Chapter 23: Eating and sleeping disorders | 409 | ||
| Chapter 24: Dissociative disorders | 409 | ||
| Chapter 25: Anger and aggression | 409 | ||
| Chapter 26: outward-focused emotions: Violence | 409 | ||
| Chapter 27: inward-focused emotions: Suicide | 410 | ||
| Chapter 28: Substance-related disorders | 410 | ||
| Chapter 29: Sexual disorders | 410 | ||
| Chapter 30: Personality disorders | 410 | ||
| Chapter 31: Schizophrenia and other psychoses | 411 | ||
| Chapter 32: Chronic mental health disorders | 411 | ||
| Chapter 33: Challenges for the future | 411 | ||
| Suggestions for further reading | 412 | ||
| Chapter 1: The history of mental health care | 412 | ||
| Chapter 2: Current mental health care systems | 412 | ||
| Chapter 3: Ethical and legal issues | 412 | ||
| Chapter 4: Sociocultural issues | 412 | ||
| Chapter 5: Theories and therapies | 412 | ||
| Chapter 6: Complementary and alternative therapies | 412 | ||
| Chapter 7: Psychotherapeutic drug therapy | 412 | ||
| Chapter 8: Principles and skills of mental health care | 412 | ||
| Chapter 9: Mental health assessment skills | 412 | ||
| Chapter 10: Therapeutic communication | 412 | ||
| Chapter 11: The therapeutic relationship | 412 | ||
| Chapter 12: The therapeutic environment | 412 | ||
| Chapter 13: Problems of childhood | 412 | ||
| Chapter 14: Problems of adolescence | 412 | ||
| Chapter 15: Problems of adulthood | 412 | ||
| Chapter 16: Problems of late adulthood | 412 | ||
| Chapter 17: Cognitive impairment, alzheimer’s disease, and dementia | 412 | ||
| Chapter 18: Managing anxiety | 412 | ||
| Chapter 19: Illness and hospitalization | 412 | ||
| Chapter 20: Loss and grief | 413 | ||
| Chapter 21: Depression and other mood disorders | 413 | ||
| Chapter 22: Physical problems, psychological sources | 413 | ||
| Chapter 23: Eating and sleeping disorders | 413 | ||
| Chapter 24: Dissociative disorders | 413 | ||
| Chapter 25: Anger and aggression | 413 | ||
| Chapter 26: outward-focused emotions: Violence | 413 | ||
| Chapter 27: inward-focused emotions: Suicide | 413 | ||
| Chapter 28: Substance-related disorders | 413 | ||
| Chapter 29: Sexual disorders | 413 | ||
| Chapter 30: Personality disorders | 413 | ||
| Chapter 31: Schizophrenia and other psychoses | 413 | ||
| Chapter 32: Chronic mental health disorders | 413 | ||
| Chapter 33: Challenges for the future | 413 | ||
| Glossary | 414 | ||
| A | 414 | ||
| B | 414 | ||
| C | 414 | ||
| D | 414 | ||
| E | 414 | ||
| F | 414 | ||
| G | 414 | ||
| H | 414 | ||
| I | 414 | ||
| J | 418 | ||
| L | 418 | ||
| M | 418 | ||
| N | 418 | ||
| O | 418 | ||
| P | 418 | ||
| Q | 421 | ||
| R | 421 | ||
| S | 421 | ||
| T | 421 | ||
| V | 421 | ||
| W | 422 | ||
| Index | 424 | ||
| A | 424 | ||
| B | 425 | ||
| C | 425 | ||
| D | 427 | ||
| E | 427 | ||
| F | 428 | ||
| G | 428 | ||
| H | 428 | ||
| I | 428 | ||
| J | 429 | ||
| K | 429 | ||
| L | 429 | ||
| M | 429 | ||
| N | 430 | ||
| O | 430 | ||
| P | 431 | ||
| Q | 431 | ||
| R | 432 | ||
| S | 432 | ||
| T | 433 | ||
| U | 433 | ||
| V | 434 | ||
| W | 434 | ||
| Y | 434 | ||
| Z | 434 | ||
| Nanda-I approved nursing diagnoses, 2015-2017 | IBC |