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Book Details
Abstract
Edexcel AS/A Level Psychology Student Book
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | iii | ||
| How to use this book | iv | ||
| Introduction to Psychology | 2 | ||
| Topic 1: Social psychology | 16 | ||
| 1.1 Content | 16 | ||
| An introduction to social psychology | 16 | ||
| Obedience | 17 | ||
| Social impact theory of obedience | 20 | ||
| Milgram’s research into obedience and three of his variation studies | 23 | ||
| Variation studies | 26 | ||
| Factors affecting obedience and dissent/resistance to obedience | 30 | ||
| Individual differences in obedience and dissent/resistance to obedience | 31 | ||
| Prejudice | 33 | ||
| Factors affecting prejudice | 39 | ||
| 1.2 Methods | 42 | ||
| Self-report data | 42 | ||
| Sampling techniques | 45 | ||
| Analysis of quantitative data | 47 | ||
| Analysis of qualitative data using thematic analysis | 54 | ||
| 1.3 Studies | 56 | ||
| Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robber’s Cave Experiment (Sherif et al., 1954, 1961) | 56 | ||
| Replicating Milgram: Would people still obey today? (Burger, 2009) | 60 | ||
| Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study (Reicher and Haslam, 2006) | 63 | ||
| Individual differences in ideological attitudes and prejudice: evidence from peer-report data (Cohrs et al., 2012) | 67 | ||
| 1.4 Key questions | 70 | ||
| How can social psychology be used to explain heroism? | 70 | ||
| 1.5 Practical investigation | 73 | ||
| 1.6 Issues and debates (A level only) | 80 | ||
| Knowledge check | 84 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Topic 2: Cognitive psychology | 88 | ||
| 2.1 Content | 88 | ||
| Introduction to cognitive psychology | 88 | ||
| The multi-store model of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) | 89 | ||
| Working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974) | 95 | ||
| Explanation of long-term memory – episodic and semantic memory (Tulving, 1972) | 100 | ||
| Reconstructive memory (Bartlett, 1932) | 103 | ||
| Individual differences in memory | 106 | ||
| Developmental psychology in memory | 107 | ||
| 2.2 Methods | 109 | ||
| Experiments | 109 | ||
| Case studies of brain-damaged patients and the use of qualitative data | 123 | ||
| 2.3 Studies | 126 | ||
| The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences (Baddeley, 1966b) | 126 | ||
| Semantic knowledge in patient HM and other patients with bilateral medial and lateral temporal lobe lesions (Schmolck et al., 2002) | 128 | ||
| Reconstruction from memory in naturalistic environments (Steyvers and Hemmer, 2012) | 132 | ||
| Sebastián and Hernández-Gil’s (2012) study of the developmental pattern of digit span | 135 | ||
| 2.4 Key questions | 137 | ||
| 2.5 Practical investigation | 139 | ||
| 2.6 Issues and debates (A level only) | 149 | ||
| Knowledge check | 152 | ||
| References | 155 | ||
| Topic 3: Biological psychology | 156 | ||
| 3.1 Content | 156 | ||
| What is the central nervous system and how does it work? | 157 | ||
| The effect of recreational drugs on the transmission process in the central nervous system | 159 | ||
| Brain structure | 161 | ||
| Evolution | 165 | ||
| Biological explanation of aggression as an alternative to Freud’s psychodynamic explanation | 167 | ||
| The role of hormones (for example, testosterone) to explain human behaviour such as aggression | 170 | ||
| 3.2 Methods | 172 | ||
| Correlational research | 172 | ||
| Analysing correlational data | 174 | ||
| Other biological methods | 178 | ||
| 3.3 Studies | 183 | ||
| Classic study: Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography (Raine, A. et al., 1997) | 183 | ||
| Abnormal function of the posterior cingulate cortex in heroin-addicted users during restingstate and drug-cue stimulation task (Li et al., 2013) | 185 | ||
| Examining genetic and environmental effects on social aggression: a study of 6-year-old twins( Brendgen et al., 2005) | 187 | ||
| Prefrontal cortex AMPA receptor plasticity is crucial for cue-induced relapse to heroin-seeking (Van den Oever et al., 2008) | 190 | ||
| 3.4 Key questions | 193 | ||
| 3.5 Practical investigation | 195 | ||
| 3.6 Issues and debates (A level only) | 203 | ||
| Issues of reductionism | 204 | ||
| Issues of socially sensitive research | 205 | ||
| Issues regarding the use of psychological knowledge in society | 205 | ||
| Issues relating to psychology as a science | 206 | ||
| Issues relating to how our psychological understanding has developed over time | 206 | ||
| Issues related to the nature versus nurture debate | 207 | ||
| Issues of social control | 207 | ||
| Practical issues in the design and implementation of research | 208 | ||
| Knowledge check | 209 | ||
| References | 211 | ||
| Topic 4: Learning theories | 212 | ||
| 4.1 Content | 212 | ||
| Classical conditioning | 213 | ||
| Operant conditioning | 216 | ||
| Social learning theory | 222 | ||
| Learning theories and phobias | 231 | ||
| 4.2 Methods | 237 | ||
| Human research | 237 | ||
| Animal research | 240 | ||
| Analysis of data | 242 | ||
| Scientific status of psychology | 244 | ||
| 4.3 Studies | 246 | ||
| Watson and Rayner (1920) Conditioned emotional reactions | 246 | ||
| Capafóns et al. (1998): Systematic desensitization in the treatment of fear of flying | 248 | ||
| Becker et al. (2002): Eating behaviours and attitudes following prolonged exposure to television among ethnic Fijian adolescent girls | 251 | ||
| Bastian et al. (2012): Cyber-dehumanization: Violent video game play diminishes our humanity | 253 | ||
| 4.4 Key questions | 256 | ||
| Should airline companies/airports offer treatment programmes to passengers with a fear of flying? | 256 | ||
| 4.5 Practical investigation | 259 | ||
| Observing gender differences in behaviour on public transport | 259 | ||
| Analysing quantitative data | 261 | ||
| 4.6 Issues and debates (A level only) | 267 | ||
| Knowledge check | 270 | ||
| References | 273 | ||
| Understanding examination questions | 274 | ||
| Preparing for your exams 1 | 276 | ||
| Topic 5: Clinical psychology | 282 | ||
| 5.1 Content | 282 | ||
| An introduction to clinical psychology | 282 | ||
| Diagnosing mental health disorders – the four 'Ds' of diagnosis | 283 | ||
| Classification systems | 284 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 289 | ||
| Treatments for schizophrenia | 298 | ||
| Unipolar depression | 302 | ||
| Treatments for depression | 308 | ||
| Anorexia nervosa | 311 | ||
| Treatments for anorexia nervosa | 317 | ||
| Evaluation | 319 | ||
| Obsessive–compulsive disorder | 320 | ||
| 5.2 Methods | 329 | ||
| Researching mental health | 330 | ||
| The use of case studies | 333 | ||
| The use of interviews in clinical psychology | 334 | ||
| 5.3 Key studies | 336 | ||
| 5.4 Key question | 351 | ||
| 5.5 Practical investigation | 353 | ||
| 5.6 Issues and debates (A level only) | 357 | ||
| Knowledge check | 360 | ||
| References | 363 | ||
| Topic 6: Criminological psychology | 364 | ||
| 6.1 Content | 364 | ||
| Understanding criminal behaviour | 364 | ||
| How does a psychologist understand the individual offender? | 379 | ||
| How do we treat offenders? | 384 | ||
| What influences the accuracy of eyewitnesses? | 392 | ||
| What influences the court process? | 398 | ||
| 6.2 Methods | 405 | ||
| Undertaking criminological psychology research | 405 | ||
| 6.3 Studies | 412 | ||
| Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory (Lo\x1D us and Palmer, 1974) | 412 | ||
| Brief anger management programmes with offenders: Outcomes and predictors of change (Howells et al., 2005) | 415 | ||
| Eyewitness identification under stress in the London Dungeon (Valentine and Mesout, 2009) | 417 | ||
| Diversity and citizen participation: The effect of race on juror decision making (Bradbury and Williams, 2013) | 418 | ||
| 6.4 Key questions | 421 | ||
| Is eyewitness testimony too unreliable to trust? | 421 | ||
| 6.5 Practical investigation | 423 | ||
| Conducting criminological psychology research | 423 | ||
| 6.6 Issues and debates (A level only) | 431 | ||
| Knowledge check | 434 | ||
| References | 437 | ||
| Topic 7: Child psychology | 438 | ||
| 7.1 Content | 438 | ||
| Attachment | 439 | ||
| Bowlby’s work on attachment | 440 | ||
| Ainsworth’s work on attachment | 444 | ||
| Separation and deprivation | 447 | ||
| Privation | 451 | ||
| Day care | 455 | ||
| Cross-cultural research into attachment types | 458 | ||
| Autism | 460 | ||
| 7.2 Methods | 465 | ||
| Naturalistic and structured observations | 465 | ||
| Using questionnaires and interviews as research methods in child psychology | 466 | ||
| Cross-cultural research | 466 | ||
| Ethical issues when researching with children | 468 | ||
| 7.3 Studies | 470 | ||
| Cross-cultural Patterns of Attachment: A Meta-Analysis of the Strange Situation (Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg, 1988) | 470 | ||
| Attachment the Italian way (Cassibba et al., 2013) | 472 | ||
| Pre-adoption adversity and self-reported behavior problems in 7 year-old international adoptees (Gagnon-Oosterwaal et al., 2012) | 474 | ||
| Timing of High-Quality Child Care and Cognitive, Language, and Pre-academic Development (Li et al., 2013) | 475 | ||
| 7.4 Key question | 478 | ||
| Is international adoption good for a child? | 478 | ||
| 7.5 Practical investigation | 481 | ||
| Can day care provide positive experiences for young children? | 481 | ||
| 7.6 Issues and debates (A level only) | 488 | ||
| Knowledge check | 492 | ||
| References | 495 | ||
| Topic 8: Health psychology | 496 | ||
| 8.1 Content | 496 | ||
| Drug-taking behaviour | 496 | ||
| Why do people become addicted to drugs? | 498 | ||
| How do we treat drug addiction? | 510 | ||
| Anti-drug campaigns | 518 | ||
| 8.2 Methods | 523 | ||
| Undertaking health psychology research | 523 | ||
| 8.3 Studies | 529 | ||
| Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain (Olds and Milner, 1954) | 529 | ||
| Peer selection and influence effects on adolescent alcohol use: a stochastic actor-based model (Mundt et al., 2012) | 532 | ||
| Biosocial determinants of alcohol risk behaviour: An epidemiological study in urban and rural communities of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh (Dixit et al., 2012) | 533 | ||
| Screening and brief interventions for hazardous and harmful alcohol use among hospital outpatients in South Africa: results from a randomized controlled trial (Pengpid et al., 2013) | 536 | ||
| 8.4 Key questions | 539 | ||
| Can we encourage the cessation of smoking? | 539 | ||
| 8.5 Practical investigation | 541 | ||
| Conducting health psychology research | 541 | ||
| 8.6 Issues and debates (A level only) | 547 | ||
| Knowledge check | 549 | ||
| References | 551 | ||
| Preparing for your exams 2 | 552 | ||
| Topic 9: Psychological skills | 557 | ||
| Synopticity | 557 | ||
| Thinking critically | 558 | ||
| History of psychology | 558 | ||
| 9.1 Methods | 560 | ||
| 9.2 Synoptic review of studies | 562 | ||
| 9.3 Issues and debates | 564 | ||
| Thinking Bigger | 566 | ||
| Preparing for your exams 3 | 568 | ||
| Glossary | 573 | ||
| Index | 580 |