BOOK
Obesity, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, E-Book
Caroline M. Apovian | Nawfal W. Istfan
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, guest edited by Drs. Caroline M. Apovian and Nawfal Istfan, is devoted to Obesity. Articles in this comprehensive issue include: Guidelines for Obesity Management; Obesity is a Disease; Pharmacotherapy for Obesity; Bariatric Surgery Mechanisms; Diabetes Treatment in the Patient with Obesity; Adipose Tissue: Inflammation and the Endocrine Organ; Behavioral Treatment of the Patient with Obesity; The Role of Macronutrient Content in the Diet for Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance; Substrate Oxidation and Brown Adipose Tissue; Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue: Therapy for Obesity?; Ethnic Differences in Diabetes Lipids HTN and Obesity; Genetics of Bariatric Surgery Outcomes; Leptin and Hormones: Energy Homeostatis; Bariatric Surgery Clinical Outcomes; Medical Devices for Obesity; Adolescent Bariatric Surgery; Psychological Aspects of Obesity; and Nutrient Timing.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Obesity\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Obesity\r | vii | ||
| Preface: Obesity: Guidelines, Best Practices, New Research\r | vii | ||
| Guidelines for Obesity Management\r | vii | ||
| Regarding Obesity as a Disease: Evolving Policies and Their Implications\r | vii | ||
| Pharmacotherapy for Obesity\r | vii | ||
| Potential Mechanisms Mediating Sustained Weight Loss Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy\r | viii | ||
| Type 2 Diabetes Treatment in the Patient with Obesity\r | viii | ||
| Behavioral Treatment of the Patient with Obesity\r | viii | ||
| The Role of Macronutrient Content in the Diet for Weight Management\r | ix | ||
| Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue: Therapy for Obesity and Its Comorbidities?\r | ix | ||
| Genetics of Bariatric Surgery Outcomes\r | ix | ||
| Leptin and Hormones: Energy Homeostasis\r | ix | ||
| Bariatric Surgery: Overview of Procedures and Outcomes\r | x | ||
| Medical Devices in the Treatment of Obesity\r | x | ||
| Update on Adolescent Bariatric Surgery\r | x | ||
| The Psychosocial Burden of Obesity\r | x | ||
| Energy and Nutrient Timing for Weight Control Does Timing of Ingestion Matter?\r | xi | ||
| ENDOCRINOLOGY AND\rMETABOLISM CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA\r | xii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xii | ||
| December 2016 | xii | ||
| March 2017 | xii | ||
| June 2017 | xii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xii | ||
| June 2016 | xii | ||
| March 2016 | xii | ||
| December 2015 | xii | ||
| Foreword:\rObesity | xiii | ||
| Preface:\rObesity: Guidelines, Best Practices, New Research | xvii | ||
| Guidelines for Obesity Management | 501 | ||
| Key points | 501 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 501 | ||
| METHODOLOGY DETERMINES SCOPE | 502 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF OBESITY AND STAGING OF DISEASE: DECIDING APPROPRIATE CANDIDATES FOR MEDICAL INTERVENTION | 502 | ||
| CHOICE OF INITIAL TREATMENT APPROACH | 503 | ||
| COMPREHENSIVE LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION | 506 | ||
| DIETS FOR WEIGHT LOSS | 506 | ||
| PHYSICAL ACTIVITY | 507 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY | 507 | ||
| BARIATRIC SURGERY | 507 | ||
| CURRENT CONTROVERSIES AND FUTURE DIRECTION | 508 | ||
| SUMMARY | 508 | ||
| REFERENCES | 509 | ||
| Regarding Obesity as a Disease | 511 | ||
| Key points | 511 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 511 | ||
| DEFINING WHAT IS A DISEASE | 512 | ||
| Scientific | 512 | ||
| Forensic | 512 | ||
| Utilitarian | 512 | ||
| MILESTONES IN REGARDING OBESITY AS A DISEASE AND THEIR POLICY IMPLICATIONS | 513 | ||
| INITIAL PUBLIC RESPONSE TO THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DECISION | 514 | ||
| Relief and Agreement | 514 | ||
| Concern About Weight Discrimination | 514 | ||
| Concern About Personal Responsibility | 514 | ||
| POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF REGARDING OBESITY AS A DISEASE | 515 | ||
| Public Understanding of Obesity | 515 | ||
| Stigma | 516 | ||
| Prevention | 516 | ||
| Treatment | 516 | ||
| Insurance Reimbursement | 516 | ||
| Medical Education | 516 | ||
| Consumer Protection | 517 | ||
| Discrimination | 517 | ||
| Credibility | 517 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS FOR OBESITY RESEARCH | 517 | ||
| SUMMARY | 518 | ||
| REFERENCES | 518 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy for Obesity | 521 | ||
| Key points | 521 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 521 | ||
| PHENTERMINE | 522 | ||
| Dosing/Administration | 523 | ||
| Side Effects | 523 | ||
| Drug-Drug Interactions | 523 | ||
| Contraindications | 526 | ||
| ORLISTAT (XENICAL) | 526 | ||
| Dosing/Administration | 527 | ||
| Side Effects | 527 | ||
| Drug-Drug Interactions | 527 | ||
| Contraindications | 527 | ||
| PHENTERMINE/TOPIRAMATE EXTENDED RELEASE (QSYMIA) | 527 | ||
| Dosing/Administration | 528 | ||
| Side Effects | 529 | ||
| Drug-Drug Interactions | 529 | ||
| Contraindications | 529 | ||
| LORCASERIN (BELVIQ) | 529 | ||
| Dosing/Administration | 530 | ||
| Side Effects | 531 | ||
| Drug-Drug Interactions | 531 | ||
| Contraindications | 531 | ||
| BUPROPION SUSTAINED RELEASE/NALTREXONE SUSTAINED RELEASE (CONTRAVE) | 531 | ||
| Dosing/Administration | 532 | ||
| Side Effects | 533 | ||
| Drug-Drug Interactions | 533 | ||
| Contraindications | 533 | ||
| LIRAGLUTIDE (SAXENDA) | 533 | ||
| Dosing/Administration | 534 | ||
| Side Effects | 534 | ||
| Drug-Drug Interactions | 535 | ||
| Contraindications | 535 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS/SUMMARY | 535 | ||
| REFERENCES | 535 | ||
| Potential Mechanisms Mediating Sustained Weight Loss Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy | 539 | ||
| Key points | 539 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 539 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES | 540 | ||
| ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS | 540 | ||
| SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY | 542 | ||
| BODY WEIGHT REGULATION AND THE IMPACT OF OBESITY | 543 | ||
| Why Is Weight Loss Maintenance Through Nonsurgical Means So Difficult? | 544 | ||
| Sustained Weight Loss Following Bariatric Surgery | 544 | ||
| Mechanisms Other Than Restriction and Malabsorption Are at Play | 544 | ||
| EATING BEHAVIOR CHANGES FOLLOWING ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS AND SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY | 546 | ||
| POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING EATING BEHAVIOR CHANGES AFTER SURGERY IN HUMANS | 546 | ||
| Gut Hormones | 546 | ||
| Bile Acids and Microbiome | 547 | ||
| Enteroplasticity | 547 | ||
| THE FUTURE: KNIFELESS SURGERY? | 548 | ||
| REFERENCES | 548 | ||
| Type 2 Diabetes Treatment in the Patient with Obesity | 553 | ||
| Key points | 553 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 553 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES FOLLOWING LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION | 554 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES USING PHARMACOLOGY | 555 | ||
| Insulin Sensitizers | 555 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones | 555 | ||
| Insulin Secretagogues and β-Cell Function Agonists | 556 | ||
| Sulfonylureas | 556 | ||
| Incretin analogues | 556 | ||
| Dipeptidyl-pepidase-IV inhibitors | 556 | ||
| Insulin | 557 | ||
| Novel Glycemic Medication: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors | 557 | ||
| Weight Loss Agents that Provide Glycemic Benefit | 557 | ||
| Phentermine-topiramate | 557 | ||
| Orlistat | 557 | ||
| Lorcaserin | 558 | ||
| Naltrexone-bupropion | 558 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES WITH BARIATRIC SURGERY | 558 | ||
| CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS | 559 | ||
| REFERENCES | 560 | ||
| Behavioral Treatment of the Patient with Obesity | 565 | ||
| Key points | 565 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 565 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT | 566 | ||
| PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT | 566 | ||
| Diet | 566 | ||
| Self-Monitoring | 567 | ||
| Stimulus Control | 567 | ||
| Goal Setting | 567 | ||
| Problem-Solving | 567 | ||
| Physical Activity | 570 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FREQUENCY OF BEHAVIORAL WEIGHT CONTROL | 570 | ||
| SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM WEIGHT LOSSES | 571 | ||
| Short-Term Efficacy | 571 | ||
| Long-Term Efficacy | 571 | ||
| IMPROVING THE MAINTENANCE OF LOST WEIGHT | 572 | ||
| Weight Loss Maintenance Sessions | 572 | ||
| High Levels of Physical Activity | 572 | ||
| HEALTH BENEFITS OF LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION FOR OBESITY | 574 | ||
| NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DELIVERY OF LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION | 574 | ||
| Telephone-Delivered Programs | 575 | ||
| Digitally-Delivered Programs | 576 | ||
| SUMMARY | 576 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 577 | ||
| REFERENCES | 577 | ||
| The Role of Macronutrient Content in the Diet for Weight Management | 581 | ||
| Key points | 581 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 581 | ||
| Historical Introduction | 581 | ||
| Diets for Weight Loss | 583 | ||
| Macronutrient Composition of Diets and Their Effects on Weight Loss | 588 | ||
| Very-low-calorie diets | 590 | ||
| Carbohydrate, low-carbohydrate diets, and sugar-sweetened beverages | 591 | ||
| Dietary fat, energy density, and low-fat diets | 592 | ||
| Low glycemic-index diets | 592 | ||
| High-protein diets | 593 | ||
| Mediterranean diets | 594 | ||
| Comparison of Diets with Different Macronutrient Compositions | 595 | ||
| Commercial Programs for Weight Loss | 596 | ||
| Association of Dietary Macronutrients with Successful Maintenance of Long-term Weight Loss | 597 | ||
| Higher-protein diets and the maintenance of weight loss | 597 | ||
| Low-fat diets and the Mediterranean diet for the maintenance of weight loss | 599 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS/SUMMARY | 600 | ||
| REFERENCES | 600 | ||
| Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue | 605 | ||
| Key points | 605 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 605 | ||
| FEATURE CHARACTERISTICS, AND PHYSIOLOGIC AND METABOLIC PHENOTYPE OF THERMOGENIC ADIPOCYTES | 606 | ||
| THE MECHANISM OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE ACTIVATION AND BROWNING OF WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE | 608 | ||
| MODULATION OF BEIGE ADIPOCYTE FORMATION IN HUMAN INTERVENTION TRIALS | 609 | ||
| Exercise Intervention | 609 | ||
| Dietary Intervention | 610 | ||
| Bariatric Surgery | 611 | ||
| FAT MASS AND OBESITY GENES AND BROWNING OF ADIPOSE TISSUE | 611 | ||
| CONTRIBUTION OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE THERMOGENESIS TO ENERGY EXPENDITURE | 612 | ||
| THE ROLE OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE BEYOND ENERGY BALANCE | 613 | ||
| SUMMARY | 614 | ||
| REFERENCES | 615 | ||
| Genetics of Bariatric Surgery Outcomes | 623 | ||
| Key points | 623 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 623 | ||
| HERITABILITY OF WEIGHT LOSS OUTCOMES | 624 | ||
| CANDIDATE GENES AND BARIATRIC WEIGHT LOSS | 624 | ||
| GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF BARIATRIC WEIGHT LOSS | 625 | ||
| FARNESOID X RECEPTOR–REGULATED OBESITY GENES | 625 | ||
| FARNESOID X RECEPTOR AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS | 627 | ||
| BARIATRIC LIPID OUTCOMES AND FARNESOID X RECEPTOR–REGULATED GENES | 627 | ||
| BARIATRIC SURGERY AND NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE | 629 | ||
| SUMMARY | 629 | ||
| REFERENCES | 630 | ||
| Leptin and Hormones | 633 | ||
| Key points | 633 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 633 | ||
| STRUCTURE, PRODUCTION, AND SIGNALING OF LEPTIN | 634 | ||
| CENTRAL ACTION OF LEPTIN | 634 | ||
| PERIPHERAL ACTION OF LEPTIN | 635 | ||
| Adipose Tissue, Muscle, Liver, and Gastrointestinal Tract | 635 | ||
| Leptin and Other Peripheral Hormones | 636 | ||
| LEPTIN IN ENERGY DEPRIVATION | 636 | ||
| Starvation | 636 | ||
| Acquired Functional Decrease in Adipose Mass | 636 | ||
| Partial or Total Decrease in Adipose Mass in Lipodystrophies | 637 | ||
| LEPTIN IN ENERGY EXCESS | 637 | ||
| LEPTIN THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS—FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 638 | ||
| REFERENCES | 638 | ||
| Bariatric Surgery | 647 | ||
| Key points | 647 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 647 | ||
| CURRENT SURGICAL BARIATRIC PROCEDURES | 648 | ||
| LAPAROSCOPIC ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS | 648 | ||
| Weight Loss Results | 649 | ||
| Resolution of Comorbidities | 649 | ||
| Medical Devices in the Treatment of Obesity | 657 | ||
| Key points | 657 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 657 | ||
| SPACE-OCCUPYING DEVICES | 658 | ||
| Orbera BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon | 658 | ||
| ReShape Duo Integrated Dual Balloon System | 660 | ||
| VAGAL BLOCKADE | 661 | ||
| Maestro System | 661 | ||
| INVESTIGATIONAL DEVICES | 662 | ||
| Endobarrier | 662 | ||
| AspireAssist | 664 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS/SUMMARY | 664 | ||
| REFERENCES | 664 | ||
| Update on Adolescent Bariatric Surgery | 667 | ||
| Key points | 667 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 667 | ||
| ROLE OF BARIATRIC SURGERY | 668 | ||
| ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA | 669 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 669 | ||
| WEIGHT LOSS PROCEDURES | 669 | ||
| Adjustable Gastric Band | 669 | ||
| Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy | 670 | ||
| Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass | 670 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 670 | ||
| Weight Loss/Maintenance | 670 | ||
| Comorbidities Change | 671 | ||
| Complications | 672 | ||
| LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 673 | ||
| SUMMARY | 674 | ||
| REFERENCES | 674 | ||
| The Psychosocial Burden of Obesity | 677 | ||
| Key points | 677 | ||
| PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTIONING OF PERSONS WITH OBESITY | 678 | ||
| Depression | 678 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 678 | ||
| Anxiety | 679 | ||
| Substance Abuse | 679 | ||
| Mental Health Treatment | 679 | ||
| Self-Esteem | 679 | ||
| Quality of Life and Body Image | 679 | ||
| Sexual Abuse, Physical Abuse, and Emotional Neglect | 680 | ||
| Stigma and Discrimination | 680 | ||
| MOTIVATIONS FOR AND EXPECTATIONS OF WEIGHT LOSS TREATMENT | 680 | ||
| EVALUATION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTIONING BEFORE WEIGHT LOSS TREATMENT | 681 | ||
| CHANGES IN PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTIONING FOLLOWING WEIGHT LOSS | 681 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING WEIGHT LOSS | 682 | ||
| Suboptimal Weight Loss | 682 | ||
| Depression and Suicide | 682 | ||
| Body Image Dissatisfaction | 683 | ||
| Substance Abuse | 683 | ||
| SUMMARY | 683 | ||
| REFERENCES | 684 | ||
| Energy and Nutrient Timing for Weight Control | 689 | ||
| Key points | 689 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 689 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EATING PATTERNS | 690 | ||
| EATING FREQUENCY | 690 | ||
| IRREGULAR EATING AND SKIPPING MEALS | 695 | ||
| Irregular Eating | 695 | ||
| Skipping Meals/Breakfast | 700 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS/SUMMARY | 710 | ||
| REFERENCES | 711 | ||
| Index | 719 |