Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
With concise, focused coverage, Community Health Nursing in Canada, 3rd Edition introduces you to all of the necessary concepts, skills, and practice of community health nursing. This comprehensive text from leading nursing educators also addresses the increasing awareness of social justice and the impact of society on individual health, with a shift from individual-centred care to population- and community-centred care. In this constantly evolving field, Community Health Nursing in Canada helps you develop the necessary skills to apply what you’ve learned in the practice setting.
- UNIQUE! Evidence-Informed Practice boxes illustrate how to apply the latest research findings in community health nursing.
- Levels of Prevention boxes give examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention related to community health nursing practice.
- Ethical Considerations boxes provide examples of ethical situations and relevant principles involved in making informed decisions in community health nursing practice.
- UNIQUE! Chapter Indigenous Health: Working with First Nations Peoples, Inuit, and Métis chapter details community health nursing in Aboriginal communities.
- UNIQUE! Determinants of Health boxes highlight these critical factors contributing to an individual’s health.
- How To boxes provide specific, application-oriented information.
- Chapter Summary sections provide a helpful summary of the key points within each chapter.
- NEW! CHN in Practice boxes provide unique case studies to help you develop your assessment and critical thinking skills.
- NEW! Cultural Considerations boxes present culturally diverse scenarios that offer questions for reflection and class discussion.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Abbreviations | IFC2 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Evolve page | ii | ||
| Community Health Nursing in Canada | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Table Of Contents | vii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xiv | ||
| About the Authors | xv | ||
| Contributors | xvii | ||
| Canadian Reviewers | xx | ||
| Credit Lines for Perforated Cards | xxi | ||
| Preface | xxii | ||
| Text Organization | xxiii | ||
| Classic Features | xxiii | ||
| New Features | xxiv | ||
| List of Boxed Features | xxvi | ||
| CHN in Practice: A Case Study | xxvi | ||
| Levels of Prevention | xxvi | ||
| Ethical Considerations | xxvii | ||
| Cultural Considerations | xxvii | ||
| How To … | xxvii | ||
| Determinants of Health | xxvii | ||
| Evidence-Informed Practice | xxviii | ||
| Unit I Background and Roles for Community Health Nursing | 1 | ||
| 1 Community Health Nursing | 2 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 2 | ||
| Objectives | 2 | ||
| Key Terms | 2 | ||
| Health Care In Canada | 3 | ||
| Canadian Community Health Agencies: Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada | 3 | ||
| Population Health and the Determinants of Health | 4 | ||
| Social Determinants of Health | 5 | ||
| Ethics, Equity, Social Justice, and Human Rights | 7 | ||
| Ethics | 7 | ||
| Equity | 8 | ||
| Social Justice | 8 | ||
| Equity and Social Justice in Global Health | 8 | ||
| Human Rights and Community Health | 9 | ||
| Primary Health Care | 9 | ||
| Principles of Primary Health Care | 10 | ||
| Public Health Practice | 12 | ||
| Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention | 13 | ||
| The Community Health Client | 15 | ||
| Populations and Aggregates | 15 | ||
| Collaborating in Interprofessional Teams | 16 | ||
| Community Health Nursing Practice | 18 | ||
| Community Health Nursing Roles and Functions | 18 | ||
| Areas of Community Health Nursing Practice | 18 | ||
| Canadian Community Health Nursing Standards Of Practice | 24 | ||
| Approaches to Practice: Health Promotion, Empowerment, Capacity Building, and Population Health | 24 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 29 | ||
| References | 30 | ||
| 2 The Evolution of Community Health Nursing in Canada | 34 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 34 | ||
| Objectives | 34 | ||
| Key Terms | 34 | ||
| The Global Historical Roots of Public Health | 36 | ||
| Early Public Health Efforts in Canada | 38 | ||
| Milestones in Community Health Nursing in Canada | 39 | ||
| The Late 1800s to the Early 1900s | 39 | ||
| Lillian Wald | 40 | ||
| Eunice Dyke | 40 | ||
| Kate Brighty Colley | 40 | ||
| Remarkable Legacies | 41 | ||
| Post–World War I: 1918 to the Early 1940s | 42 | ||
| Post–World War II: 1945 to 1970 | 43 | ||
| 1970 to 1999 | 44 | ||
| 2000 to the Present | 45 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 51 | ||
| References | 52 | ||
| 3 Community Health Nursing in Canada | 54 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 54 | ||
| Objectives | 54 | ||
| Key Terms | 54 | ||
| General Community Health Nursing Functions and Practices | 55 | ||
| Care and Counselling | 55 | ||
| Risk Assessment and Response | 56 | ||
| Outreach | 56 | ||
| Continuity of Care | 56 | ||
| Referral | 57 | ||
| Discharge Planning | 57 | ||
| Health Education | 59 | ||
| Literacy and Health Literacy Assessment | 59 | ||
| Team Building, Community Development, and Collaboration | 61 | ||
| Community Development | 61 | ||
| Consultation, Decision Making, Leadership, and Followership | 61 | ||
| Research and Evaluation | 62 | ||
| Screening and Surveillance | 62 | ||
| Health Advocacy | 62 | ||
| Case Management | 62 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 63 | ||
| Case Management Models and Strategies | 63 | ||
| Settings, Functions, and Roles of Community Health Nurses in Canada | 65 | ||
| The Home Health Nurse | 66 | ||
| Definitions in Home Health Nursing | 67 | ||
| Practice Settings for Home Health Nurses | 68 | ||
| Functions and Roles of Home Health Nurses | 68 | ||
| Hospice Palliative Care | 70 | ||
| The Public Health Nurse | 71 | ||
| Definitions in Public Health Nursing | 72 | ||
| Practice Settings for Public Health Nurses | 72 | ||
| Functions and Roles of Public Health Nurses | 72 | ||
| The Occupational Health Nurse | 75 | ||
| Definition of Occupational Health Nursing | 75 | ||
| Practice Settings for Occupational Health Nurses | 75 | ||
| Functions and Roles of Occupational Health Nurses | 77 | ||
| Rural and Outpost Nurses | 79 | ||
| Definitions of Rural and Outpost Nurses | 79 | ||
| Practice Settings for Rural and Outpost Nurses | 79 | ||
| Functions and Roles of Rural and Outpost Nurses | 81 | ||
| The Nurse Practitioner | 83 | ||
| Practice Settings for Primary Health Care Nurse Practitioners | 84 | ||
| Functions and Roles of Nurse Practitioners | 84 | ||
| The Corrections Nurse | 84 | ||
| Definition of Corrections Nurse | 84 | ||
| Practice Settings for Corrections Nurses | 84 | ||
| Functions and Roles of Corrections Nurses | 84 | ||
| The Forensic Nurse | 85 | ||
| Definition of Forensic Nurse | 85 | ||
| Practice Settings for Forensic Nurses | 85 | ||
| Functions and Roles of Forensic Nurses | 85 | ||
| Other Community Health Nurses | 85 | ||
| The Street or Outreach Nurse | 86 | ||
| The Telenurse | 87 | ||
| The First Nations Nurse | 88 | ||
| The Parish Nurse | 88 | ||
| The Nurse Entrepreneur | 88 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 90 | ||
| References | 92 | ||
| Unit II Community Health Foundations and Principles | 97 | ||
| 4 Health Promotion | 98 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 98 | ||
| Objectives | 98 | ||
| Key Terms | 98 | ||
| Promotion of Health | 99 | ||
| Development of the Concept of Health | 99 | ||
| Foundational Concepts in Health Promotion | 100 | ||
| Evolution of Health Promotion | 105 | ||
| Lalonde Report | 105 | ||
| Alma-Ata Declaration | 105 | ||
| World Health Organization Principles of Health Promotion | 106 | ||
| Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion | 106 | ||
| Epp Report: A Canadian Framework for Health Promotion | 109 | ||
| Developments in Health Promotion | 109 | ||
| Population Health Promotion Model, Revisited | 110 | ||
| International Health Promotion Conferences | 112 | ||
| Summary of the Evolution of Health Promotion | 112 | ||
| Health Promotion Models, Theories, and Frameworks | 113 | ||
| Individual-Focused Perspectives | 113 | ||
| Theory of Planned Behaviour | 113 | ||
| Transtheoretical Model (or Stages of Change Model) | 113 | ||
| Community-Focused Perspectives | 114 | ||
| Diffusion of Innovation Theory | 115 | ||
| Community Mobilization Framework | 115 | ||
| Public Policy–Focused Perspectives | 117 | ||
| Milio’s Framework | 117 | ||
| Weiss’s Framework | 117 | ||
| Health Impact Assessment | 118 | ||
| Ecological Models | 118 | ||
| Existential and Humanistic Theoretical Perspectives | 118 | ||
| Health Promotion Approaches | 118 | ||
| Biomedical Approach | 118 | ||
| Behavioural Approach | 119 | ||
| Socioenvironmental Approach | 119 | ||
| Health Promotion Strategies | 120 | ||
| Strengthening Community Action | 120 | ||
| Building Healthy Public Policy | 123 | ||
| Creating Supportive Environments | 124 | ||
| Developing Personal Skills | 125 | ||
| Health Literacy | 125 | ||
| Reorienting Health Services | 126 | ||
| Activities to Facilitate Health Promotion Strategies | 127 | ||
| Health Communication and Social Marketing Activities | 127 | ||
| Mutual Aid | 128 | ||
| Advocacy | 129 | ||
| Health Promotion Skills | 129 | ||
| Working With Focus Groups | 129 | ||
| Preparing Funding Applications | 130 | ||
| Developing Health Promotion Capacity | 130 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 132 | ||
| References | 133 | ||
| 5 Evidence-Informed Practice in Community Health Nursing | 138 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 138 | ||
| Objectives | 138 | ||
| Key Terms | 138 | ||
| Evidence-Informed Practice | 139 | ||
| The Evidence-Informed Practice Process | 139 | ||
| Formulating the Clinical Question | 140 | ||
| Gathering and Assessing Evidence | 142 | ||
| Community Health Nurses’ Professional Knowledge and Experience | 143 | ||
| Clinical Practice Guidelines | 143 | ||
| Scientific Knowledge | 143 | ||
| Client Experiences, Values, Preferences, and Choices | 147 | ||
| Community Milieu | 148 | ||
| Determining Which Evidence Is Best to Inform Practice | 148 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 150 | ||
| References | 151 | ||
| 6 Ethics in Community Health Nursing Practice | 152 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 152 | ||
| Objectives | 152 | ||
| Key Terms | 152 | ||
| History of Nursing and Ethics | 153 | ||
| Ethical Decision Making | 154 | ||
| Ethics | 154 | ||
| Definitions, Theories, and Principles | 154 | ||
| Rule Ethics | 156 | ||
| Ethical Principles | 156 | ||
| Virtue Ethics | 160 | ||
| Relational Ethics | 161 | ||
| Ethics of Care | 161 | ||
| Nursing Code of Ethics | 163 | ||
| Nursing Code of Ethics and Community Health Nursing | 163 | ||
| Advocacy and Ethics | 164 | ||
| Definitions, Codes, and Standards | 164 | ||
| Conceptual Framework for Advocacy | 166 | ||
| Practical Framework for Advocacy | 166 | ||
| Principles for the Justification of Public Health Interventions | 166 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 168 | ||
| References | 170 | ||
| 7 Diversity and Relational Practice in Community Health Nursing | 173 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 173 | ||
| Objectives | 173 | ||
| Key Terms | 173 | ||
| Diversity, Culture, Race, and Ethnicity | 174 | ||
| Key Demographic Groups for Community Health Nursing in Canada | 175 | ||
| Our Aging Population | 175 | ||
| Indigenous Peoples | 175 | ||
| First Nations People | 176 | ||
| Inuit | 176 | ||
| Métis | 176 | ||
| Immigrant Population | 177 | ||
| Types of Diversity | 178 | ||
| Ethnic Diversity | 178 | ||
| Multiculturalism | 181 | ||
| Linguistic Diversity | 181 | ||
| Religious Diversity | 182 | ||
| Sexual Diversity | 182 | ||
| Disability/Diverse Abilities | 183 | ||
| Diversity, Inequities, and the Determinants of Health | 184 | ||
| Approaches to Diversity in Community Health Nursing Practice | 185 | ||
| Cultural Competence | 186 | ||
| Developing Culturally Responsive Care | 187 | ||
| Inhibitors to Culturally Responsive Care | 188 | ||
| Racism | 191 | ||
| Cultural Safety | 191 | ||
| Cultural Humility | 192 | ||
| Cultural Nursing Assessment | 192 | ||
| Relational Practice: Assessment and Intervening Processes | 194 | ||
| Applying Cultural Skills in Community Health Practice | 195 | ||
| Working With Newcomer Populations | 196 | ||
| Using an Interpreter | 198 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 201 | ||
| References | 203 | ||
| 8 Epidemiological Applications | 208 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 208 | ||
| Objectives | 208 | ||
| Key Terms | 208 | ||
| Epidemiology: An Overview | 209 | ||
| History of Epidemiology | 210 | ||
| Common Epidemiological Measures in Community Health Nursing | 212 | ||
| Measures of Morbidity and Mortality | 212 | ||
| Proportion | 213 | ||
| Rate | 213 | ||
| Population at Risk | 213 | ||
| Ratio | 213 | ||
| Measures of Incidence | 215 | ||
| Prevalence Rate | 215 | ||
| Mortality Rates | 215 | ||
| Measures of Association | 218 | ||
| Epidemiological Models and Approaches | 218 | ||
| The Epidemiological Triangle | 218 | ||
| The Web of Causation | 221 | ||
| The Life Course Approach | 222 | ||
| Levels of Prevention | 223 | ||
| Primary Prevention | 223 | ||
| Secondary Prevention | 223 | ||
| Tertiary Prevention | 224 | ||
| The Natural History of Disease Related to Levels of Prevention | 224 | ||
| Screening | 224 | ||
| Reliability and Validity | 225 | ||
| Reliability | 225 | ||
| Validity | 226 | ||
| The Basics of Epidemiological Research | 228 | ||
| Types of Epidemiological Studies | 228 | ||
| Descriptive Studies | 228 | ||
| Analytical Studies | 228 | ||
| Ecological Studies | 228 | ||
| Experimental or Intervention Studies | 230 | ||
| Sources of Data | 230 | ||
| Routinely Collected Data | 230 | ||
| Data Collected for Other Purposes | 231 | ||
| Original Data Collected for Specific Epidemiological Studies | 231 | ||
| Age-Adjusted Death Rates | 231 | ||
| Comparison Groups | 232 | ||
| How Community Health Nurses Use Epidemiology | 232 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 236 | ||
| References | 238 | ||
| Unit III Stakeholders and Populations of Community Health Nursing Practice | 241 | ||
| 9 Working With the Community | 242 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 242 | ||
| Objectives | 242 | ||
| Key Terms | 242 | ||
| What Is a Community? | 244 | ||
| The Community as Partner | 244 | ||
| Community and the Determinants of Health | 247 | ||
| Characteristics of Community Health Nursing Practice | 247 | ||
| Community Health | 248 | ||
| Status | 248 | ||
| Structure | 249 | ||
| Process | 249 | ||
| Strategies to Improve Community Health | 249 | ||
| Healthy Communities | 250 | ||
| Community Partnerships and Coalitions | 251 | ||
| Community Development | 252 | ||
| Community Capacity Building | 252 | ||
| Outcomes of Community Development | 255 | ||
| Assessing Community Health | 255 | ||
| Data Collection and Interpretation | 256 | ||
| Data Gathering | 256 | ||
| Data Generation | 256 | ||
| Composite Database Analysis | 257 | ||
| Data-Collection Methods | 257 | ||
| Collection of Direct Data | 257 | ||
| Collection of Reported Data | 260 | ||
| Assessment Issues | 261 | ||
| Identifying Community Health Concerns | 261 | ||
| Planning for Community Health | 261 | ||
| Analyzing Health Concerns | 262 | ||
| Identifying Health Concern Priorities | 262 | ||
| Community Health Concern Priority Criteria | 263 | ||
| Establishing Goals and Objectives | 264 | ||
| Identifying and Prioritizing Intervention Activities | 264 | ||
| Implementation in the Community | 266 | ||
| The Community Health Nurse’s Role | 266 | ||
| The Community Health Concern and the Community Health Nurse’s Role | 266 | ||
| The Social Change Process and the Community Health Nurse’s Role | 266 | ||
| Evaluating the Intervention for Community Health | 266 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 268 | ||
| References | 270 | ||
| 10 Health Program Planning and Evaluation | 272 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 272 | ||
| Objectives | 272 | ||
| Key Terms | 272 | ||
| Health Program Management | 273 | ||
| Health Program Planning for Community Health Nursing | 273 | ||
| Health Program Planning Models | 274 | ||
| Program Logic Model | 274 | ||
| PRECEDE-PROCEED Model | 276 | ||
| The Health Program Planning Process | 276 | ||
| Assessing and Defining the Client Health Concern | 280 | ||
| Identifying Health Program Goals and Objectives | 281 | ||
| Planning for Implementation | 282 | ||
| Weighing Health Concern Solution Options | 283 | ||
| Choosing the Best Solution | 283 | ||
| The Health Program Evaluation Process | 284 | ||
| Health Program Evaluation Sources | 284 | ||
| Health Program Evaluation Criteria | 286 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 289 | ||
| References | 291 | ||
| 11 Working With the Individual as Client | 292 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 292 | ||
| Objectives | 292 | ||
| Key Terms | 292 | ||
| Lifestyle Approach | 293 | ||
| Early Child Development as a Determinant of Health | 294 | ||
| Child and Adolescent Health | 294 | ||
| Overweight and Obesity | 298 | ||
| Physical Activity | 299 | ||
| Nutrition | 300 | ||
| The Comprehensive School Health Approach | 302 | ||
| Comprehensive School Health Project in New Brunswick | 303 | ||
| Unintentional Injuries and Accidents | 304 | ||
| Tobacco Use | 305 | ||
| Immunization | 306 | ||
| Adult Health | 306 | ||
| Women’s Health | 306 | ||
| Breast Self-Examination | 307 | ||
| Reproductive Issues | 307 | ||
| Menopause | 308 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 308 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 309 | ||
| Mental Illness | 311 | ||
| Cancer | 311 | ||
| Obesity | 312 | ||
| Men’s Health | 312 | ||
| Older Adults’ Health | 314 | ||
| The Role of the Community Health Nurse in Caring for Older Adults | 316 | ||
| Resources for Community Health Nurses | 319 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 320 | ||
| References | 321 | ||
| 12 Working With Families | 325 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 325 | ||
| Objectives | 325 | ||
| Key Terms | 325 | ||
| Family Nursing in the Community | 326 | ||
| The Canadian Family | 327 | ||
| Definition of Family | 327 | ||
| Family Demography | 327 | ||
| Family Structure | 329 | ||
| Determinants of Health | 329 | ||
| Family Health | 330 | ||
| Family Health and Functionality | 330 | ||
| Four Approaches to Family Nursing | 331 | ||
| Theoretical Frameworks for Family Nursing | 332 | ||
| Family Assessment Models and Approaches | 337 | ||
| Friedman Family Assessment Model (Short Form) | 337 | ||
| Calgary Family Assessment Model | 338 | ||
| McGill Model of Nursing | 338 | ||
| Relational Practice | 338 | ||
| Family Home Visits | 340 | ||
| Planning for Home Visits | 340 | ||
| Engagement | 342 | ||
| Family Assessment | 344 | ||
| Interventions | 345 | ||
| Termination and Evaluation | 346 | ||
| Postvisit Documentation | 346 | ||
| Appraisal of Family Health Risks and Capacity | 347 | ||
| Biological Risk Assessment | 348 | ||
| Environmental Risk Assessment | 350 | ||
| Behavioural Risk Assessment | 352 | ||
| Family Interventions | 353 | ||
| Calgary Family Intervention Model | 353 | ||
| Family Health Risk Reduction | 355 | ||
| Family Empowerment | 355 | ||
| Family Resiliency | 356 | ||
| Care Planning With Families | 356 | ||
| Advantages and Challenges of Mutual Goal Setting | 357 | ||
| Clinical Judgement | 358 | ||
| Community Resources | 358 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 360 | ||
| References | 361 | ||
| 13 Working With Groups, Teams, and Partners | 364 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 364 | ||
| Objectives | 364 | ||
| Key Terms | 364 | ||
| Working With Groups | 365 | ||
| Group Process | 366 | ||
| Group Development | 368 | ||
| Group Roles | 368 | ||
| Group Norms | 369 | ||
| Group Leadership | 370 | ||
| Group Conflict | 371 | ||
| Group Evaluation | 374 | ||
| Working With Health Care Teams and Partners | 374 | ||
| Team Building | 374 | ||
| Partnerships | 374 | ||
| Interprofessional Partnerships | 374 | ||
| Interprofessional Education | 377 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 378 | ||
| References | 380 | ||
| 14 Indigenous Health | 382 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 382 | ||
| Objectives | 382 | ||
| Key Terms | 382 | ||
| Indigenous Peoples in Canada: Definitions | 383 | ||
| Population Snapshot of Indigenous Peoples | 383 | ||
| The Health Status of Indigenous People | 383 | ||
| The Historical and Legislative Context of Indigenous Health Issues | 384 | ||
| Precolonization and Colonization | 385 | ||
| Precolonization | 385 | ||
| Colonization | 385 | ||
| Key Events and Legislation | 386 | ||
| First Nations Peoples Treaties | 386 | ||
| The Indian Act | 389 | ||
| The Consequences of Colonization and Historical Trauma | 389 | ||
| Residential School Legacy | 389 | ||
| The Sixties Scoop | 390 | ||
| Indigenous Health Advocacy Actions | 390 | ||
| Indigenous Nursing in Canada | 390 | ||
| The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada | 391 | ||
| Decolonization | 391 | ||
| Indigenous Determinants of Health | 392 | ||
| Proximal Determinants of Health | 393 | ||
| Health Behaviours | 393 | ||
| Physical Environments | 393 | ||
| Employment, Income, and Social Status | 393 | ||
| Education | 393 | ||
| Access to Adequate Food | 393 | ||
| Intermediate Determinants of Health | 393 | ||
| Health Care Systems | 393 | ||
| Educational Systems | 394 | ||
| Community Infrastructure, Resources, and Capacities | 394 | ||
| Environmental Stewardship | 394 | ||
| Cultural Continuity | 394 | ||
| Distal Determinants of Health | 394 | ||
| Colonialism | 394 | ||
| Racism and Social Exclusion | 394 | ||
| Self-Determination | 395 | ||
| CHN in Practice: A Comprehensive Case Study | 395 | ||
| Developing an Exercise and Wellness Program for Indigenous Women in Northern Creek | 395 | ||
| Background | 395 | ||
| Community Health Assessment | 395 | ||
| Planning for a Community Health Nursing Intervention | 397 | ||
| Primary Prevention: Health Promotion and Risk Reduction | 397 | ||
| CHN Considerations Regarding Planning | 397 | ||
| Preparing to Implement the Exercise and Wellness Program for Indigenous Women | 398 | ||
| Implementation and Evaluation | 401 | ||
| Evaluation Report | 401 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 405 | ||
| References | 406 | ||
| 15 Working With Vulnerable Populations | 410 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 410 | ||
| Objectives | 410 | ||
| Key Terms | 410 | ||
| Vulnerability: Definition and Influencing Factors | 411 | ||
| Determinants of Health | 412 | ||
| Factors Predisposing People to Vulnerability (Health Inequities) | 413 | ||
| Poverty | 414 | ||
| Poverty and Health | 415 | ||
| Homelessness and Housing Instability | 417 | ||
| Understanding the Concept of Homelessness | 417 | ||
| Effects of Housing Instability on Health | 418 | ||
| Homelessness and At-Risk Populations | 419 | ||
| Violence | 420 | ||
| Homicides and Stalking | 420 | ||
| Social and Community Factors That Influence Violence | 420 | ||
| Population Characteristics | 420 | ||
| Community Resources and Facilities | 421 | ||
| Violence as a Form of Abuse | 421 | ||
| Bullying | 421 | ||
| Domestic Violence | 422 | ||
| Female Genital Mutilation | 423 | ||
| “Honour”-Based Violence: Honour Killings | 425 | ||
| Assault | 425 | ||
| Sexual Assault | 425 | ||
| Community Mental Health | 427 | ||
| At-Risk Populations for Mental Illness | 428 | ||
| Children | 428 | ||
| Adolescents | 429 | ||
| People With Serious and Persistent Mental Illness | 429 | ||
| Determinants of Mental Health | 430 | ||
| Older Adults | 430 | ||
| The Community Health Nurse’s Collaborative Role in Community Mental Health Care | 431 | ||
| Collaboration With Law Enforcement | 431 | ||
| Collaboration in Crisis Intervention and Prevention | 431 | ||
| Suicide | 432 | ||
| Substance Use Problems and Community Health | 434 | ||
| Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles and Resiliency Factors | 435 | ||
| Substance Use Education | 436 | ||
| Harm Reduction | 436 | ||
| Vulnerability of Children and Youth | 438 | ||
| Adolescent Sexual Behaviour and Pregnancy | 439 | ||
| Early Identification of the Pregnant Adolescent | 440 | ||
| Special Issues in Caring for Pregnant Adolescents and Their Children | 440 | ||
| Community Health Nurses and Vulnerable Populations: Roles and Levels of Prevention | 441 | ||
| The Roles of the Community Health Nurse | 444 | ||
| Levels of Prevention and the Community Health Nurse | 447 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 450 | ||
| References | 451 | ||
| Unit IV Specific Domains of Community Health Practice | 457 | ||
| 16 Communicable and Infectious Disease Prevention and Control | 458 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 458 | ||
| Objectives | 458 | ||
| Key Terms | 458 | ||
| Historical Perspectives | 459 | ||
| Determinants of Health | 460 | ||
| Communicable Diseases | 461 | ||
| Agent, Host, and Environment | 461 | ||
| Agent Factor | 462 | ||
| Host Factor | 462 | ||
| Environmental Factor | 463 | ||
| Modes of Transmission | 463 | ||
| Disease Development | 463 | ||
| Disease Spectrum | 464 | ||
| Surveillance of Communicable Diseases | 464 | ||
| List of Notifiable Diseases | 465 | ||
| Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention | 465 | ||
| The Role of Community Health Nurses in Disease Prevention and Control | 466 | ||
| Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | 467 | ||
| Influenza | 467 | ||
| H1N1 Flu Virus | 474 | ||
| Smallpox | 474 | ||
| Non–Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | 474 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 474 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Infections | 475 | ||
| HIV and AIDS | 475 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 480 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 481 | ||
| Ebola Virus Disease | 482 | ||
| Waterborne and Foodborne Diseases | 483 | ||
| Vectorborne Diseases | 484 | ||
| Prevention of Tickborne Diseases | 484 | ||
| Diseases of Travellers | 486 | ||
| Malaria | 486 | ||
| Diarrheal Diseases | 487 | ||
| Zoonoses | 487 | ||
| Rabies | 487 | ||
| Parasitic Diseases | 487 | ||
| The Community Health Nurse’s Role in Providing Preventive Care | 488 | ||
| Primary Prevention | 488 | ||
| Assessment | 488 | ||
| Interventions | 489 | ||
| Interventions to Prevent Risky Sexual Behaviour | 489 | ||
| Drug Use Interventions | 490 | ||
| Community Education on Communicable Diseases | 490 | ||
| Evaluation | 490 | ||
| Secondary Prevention | 490 | ||
| Testing and Counselling for Clients With HIV | 490 | ||
| Partner Notification | 491 | ||
| Tertiary Prevention | 491 | ||
| Monitoring Care | 491 | ||
| Clients With Tuberculosis | 491 | ||
| Clients With HIV or AIDS | 491 | ||
| Supporting Immunization | 492 | ||
| Engaging in Surveillance of Communicable and Infectious Diseases | 492 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 493 | ||
| References | 495 | ||
| 17 Environmental Health | 498 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 498 | ||
| Objectives | 498 | ||
| Key Terms | 498 | ||
| Environmental Concepts and Principles | 499 | ||
| Environmental Concepts | 499 | ||
| The Four Environmental Principles | 500 | ||
| Environmental Principle 1: Everything Is Connected to Everything Else | 500 | ||
| Environmental Principle 2: Everything Has to Go Somewhere | 500 | ||
| Environmental Principle 3: Impact Is Proportional to Dose | 501 | ||
| Environmental Principle 4: Today’s Solution May Become Tomorrow’s Problem | 501 | ||
| The Environment as a Determinant of Health | 502 | ||
| Environmental Influences on Community Health | 503 | ||
| Environmental Pollutants | 503 | ||
| Environmental Health Management in Canada | 504 | ||
| Governmental Protection of Environmental Health | 504 | ||
| Canada’s Ecological Footprint | 505 | ||
| Canada’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Targets | 509 | ||
| Key Areas of Environmental Health Concern: Air, Water, and Food | 509 | ||
| Air | 509 | ||
| Water | 510 | ||
| Food | 511 | ||
| Environmental Epidemiology | 511 | ||
| Environmental Health Assessment | 512 | ||
| Community Health Nursing Assessment and Referral Practices | 514 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 516 | ||
| Risk Communication | 516 | ||
| Reducing Environmental Health Risks | 519 | ||
| Risk Management | 519 | ||
| The Environment and Children’s Health | 520 | ||
| Community Health Nurses’ Roles in Environmental Health | 522 | ||
| Environmental Ethics and Environmental Justice | 523 | ||
| Environmental Advocacy | 524 | ||
| The Community Health Nurse and Environmental Health Policy | 524 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 526 | ||
| References | 528 | ||
| 18 Disaster Management | 531 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 531 | ||
| Objectives | 531 | ||
| Key Terms | 531 | ||
| Types of Disasters | 532 | ||
| Natural Disasters | 533 | ||
| Human-Made Disasters | 533 | ||
| SARS and Expanded Disaster Preparedness | 534 | ||
| Canada’s Emergency Management Framework | 534 | ||
| Disaster Prevention and Mitigation | 535 | ||
| Disaster Preparedness | 536 | ||
| Personal Preparedness | 537 | ||
| Professional Preparedness | 537 | ||
| Community Preparedness | 539 | ||
| Influenza Pandemic Preparedness | 541 | ||
| Public Health Nurses and the H1N1 Outbreak | 542 | ||
| Disaster Response | 545 | ||
| The Role of the Community Health Nurse in Disaster Response | 546 | ||
| Shelter Management | 546 | ||
| Disaster Recovery | 547 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 549 | ||
| References | 550 | ||
| Glossary | 553 | ||
| List of Appendices | 568 | ||
| Appendix 1 Canadian Community Health Nursing Standards of Practice | 569 | ||
| Standard 1: Health Promotion | 569 | ||
| Standard 2: Prevention and Health Protection | 570 | ||
| Standard 3: Health Maintenance, Restoration and Palliation | 570 | ||
| Standard 4: Professional Relationships | 571 | ||
| Standard 5: Capacity Building | 571 | ||
| Standard 6: Access and Equity | 572 | ||
| Standard 7: Professional Responsibility and Accountability | 572 | ||
| Appendix 2 CNA Backgrounder: “Social Determinants of Health and Nursing: A Summary of the Issues” | 574 | ||
| What’s the Issue? | 574 | ||
| Why Is This Issue Important? | 574 | ||
| How This Issue Relates to the Health of Canadians | 574 | ||
| Poverty | 574 | ||
| Economic Inequality | 575 | ||
| Social Status | 575 | ||
| Stress | 575 | ||
| Education and Care in Early Life | 575 | ||
| Social Exclusion | 575 | ||
| Employment and Job Security | 576 | ||
| Social Support | 576 | ||
| Food Security | 576 | ||
| How This Issue Relates to the Functioning of the Health Care System | 576 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 576 | ||
| Diabetes | 576 | ||
| Why Is This Issue Important to Nurses? | 576 | ||
| What Has the CNA Done to Address This Issue? | 577 | ||
| What Can Nurses Do About This Issue? | 577 | ||
| Individual Nursing Practice | 577 | ||
| Reorienting the Health Care System | 578 | ||
| Healthy Public Policies | 578 | ||
| Where Can You Go for Further Information? | 578 | ||
| Further Reading | 578 | ||
| References | 578 | ||
| Appendix 3 Declaration of Alma-Ata | 580 | ||
| I | 580 | ||
| II | 580 | ||
| III | 580 | ||
| IV | 580 | ||
| V | 580 | ||
| VI | 580 | ||
| VII | 580 | ||
| VIII | 581 | ||
| IX | 581 | ||
| X | 581 | ||
| Appendix 4 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion | 582 | ||
| Health Promotion | 582 | ||
| Prerequisites for Health | 582 | ||
| Advocate | 582 | ||
| Enable | 582 | ||
| Mediate | 582 | ||
| Health Promotion Action Means: | 582 | ||
| Build Healthy Public Policy | 582 | ||
| Create Supportive Environments | 583 | ||
| Strengthen Community Action | 583 | ||
| Develop Personal Skills | 583 | ||
| Reorient Health Services | 583 | ||
| Moving Into the Future | 583 | ||
| Commitment to Health Promotion | 584 | ||
| Call for International Action | 584 | ||
| Appendix 5 The Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model | 585 | ||
| Appendix 6 Community-as-Partner Model | 588 | ||
| Appendix 7 The Calgary Family Assessment Model and the Calgary Family Intervention Model | 590 | ||
| Assessing the Needs of the Family: The Calgary Family Assessment Model | 590 | ||
| Structural Assessment | 590 | ||
| Internal Structure | 590 | ||
| Composition | 590 | ||
| Gender | 590 | ||
| Sexual Orientation | 590 | ||
| Rank Order | 591 | ||
| Subsystems | 591 | ||
| Boundaries | 591 | ||
| External Structure | 591 | ||
| Extended Family | 591 | ||
| Larger Systems | 591 | ||
| Context | 592 | ||
| Ethnicity | 592 | ||
| Race | 593 | ||
| Social Class | 593 | ||
| Religion and Spirituality | 593 | ||
| Environment | 593 | ||
| Structural Assessment Tools | 593 | ||
| Developmental Assessment | 593 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 594 | ||
| Instrumental Functioning | 594 | ||
| Expressive Functioning | 594 | ||
| Emotional Communication | 595 | ||
| Verbal Communication | 595 | ||
| Nonverbal Communication | 595 | ||
| Circular Communication | 595 | ||
| Problem Solving | 595 | ||
| Roles | 595 | ||
| Influence | 595 | ||
| Beliefs | 595 | ||
| Alliances and Coalitions | 596 | ||
| Family Intervention: The Calgary Family Intervention Model | 596 | ||
| Asking Interventive Questions | 596 | ||
| Offering Commendations | 597 | ||
| Providing Information | 597 | ||
| Validating or Normalizing Emotional Responses | 597 | ||
| Encouraging Illness Narratives | 597 | ||
| Encouraging Family Support | 598 | ||
| Supporting Family Caregivers | 598 | ||
| Encouraging Respite | 598 | ||
| References | 598 | ||
| Appendix 8 CNA Position Statement: “Nurses and Environmental Health” | 600 | ||
| CNA Position | 600 | ||
| Background | 601 | ||
| References | 602 | ||
| Appendix 9 Non–Vaccine-Preventable Infectious Diseases | 603 | ||
| References | 609 | ||
| Appendix 10 Viral Hepatitis Profiles | 610 | ||
| References | 614 | ||
| Index | 615 | ||
| A | 615 | ||
| B | 616 | ||
| C | 617 | ||
| D | 622 | ||
| E | 623 | ||
| F | 625 | ||
| G | 626 | ||
| H | 627 | ||
| I | 629 | ||
| J | 631 | ||
| K | 631 | ||
| L | 631 | ||
| M | 632 | ||
| N | 632 | ||
| O | 633 | ||
| P | 634 | ||
| Q | 636 | ||
| R | 636 | ||
| S | 637 | ||
| T | 638 | ||
| U | 639 | ||
| V | 639 | ||
| W | 640 | ||
| Y | 640 | ||
| Z | 640 | ||
| Endsheet | IBC1 |